Haplogroup E-V38
Haplogroup E-V38 (former E3a / E1b1a) | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 41,400 years BP[1] |
Coalescence age | 39,200 years BP[1] |
Possible place of origin | East Africa[2][3] |
Ancestor | E-P2 |
Descendants | E-M2, E-M329 |
Defining mutations | L222.1, V38, V100 |
Haplogroup E-V38, also known as E1b1a-V38, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-V38 is primarily distributed in Africa. E-V38 has two basal branches, E-M329 and E-M2.[2][a][b] E-M329 is a subclade mostly found in East Africa.[2] E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa, West Asia, and Southern Europe.
Origins
The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. This led the authors to suggest that E-V38 may have originated in East Africa. V38 joins the
Ancient DNA
Gad et al. (2021) indicates that the
At Cabeço da Amoreira, in
Distribution
E-V38's frequency and diversity are highest in West Africa. Within Africa, E-V38 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[13]
Subclades
E-M2
E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. E-M2 is a diverse haplogroup with many branches.
E-M329
E1b1a2 is defined by the
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-P29 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E* | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E |
E-M33 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1* | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1 | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a |
E-M44 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 |
E-M75 |
21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2a | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 |
E-M54 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2b | E2b | E2b | E2b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
E-P2 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E3* | E3 | E1b | E1b1 | E3 | E3 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 |
E-M2 |
8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a* | E3a | E1b1 | E1b1a | E3a | E3a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 |
E-M58 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1a1a | E1b1a1a1a |
E-M116.2 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E1ba12 | removed | removed |
E-M149 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a1a1c | E1b1a1a1c |
E-M154 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a1a1g1c | E1b1a1a1g1c |
E-M155 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a1a1d | E1b1a1a1d |
E-M10 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a1a1e | E1b1a1a1e |
E-M35 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b* | E3b | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E3b1 | E3b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | removed | removed |
E-M78 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1* | E3b1 | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E1b1b1a1 |
E-M148 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E3b1a3a | E3b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E1b1b1a1c1 |
E-M81 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2* | E3b2 | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E3b1b | E3b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a |
E-M107 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2a | E3b2a | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E3b1b1 | E3b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E1b1b1b1a1 |
E-M165 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2b | E3b2b | E1b1b1b2 | E1b1b1b1b1 | E3b1b2 | E3b1b2 | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b1a2a |
E-M123 |
25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3* | E3b3 | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E3b1c | E3b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1b2a |
E-M34 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3a* | E3b3a | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1b2a1 |
E-M136 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3ba1 | E3b3a1 | E1b1b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E3b1c1a | E3b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1b2a1a1 |
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[16] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[5] and subsequent published research.
- E1b1a (L222.1, V38, V100)
- E1b1a1 (DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, V95, Z1101, Z1107, Z1116, Z1120, Z1122, Z1123, Z1124, Z1125, Z1127, Z1130, Z1133)
- E1b1a2 (M329)
See also
Genetics
- African admixture in Europe
- Genetic genealogy
- Haplogroup D
- Haplogroup DE
- Haplogroup
- Haplotype
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Molecular phylogenetics
- Paragroup
- Subclade
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
Y-DNA E subclades
- Haplogroup E-L485
- Haplogroup E-M123
- Haplogroup E-M180
- Haplogroup E-M215
- Haplogroup E-M33
- Haplogroup E-M521
- Haplogroup E-M75
- Haplogroup E-M96
- Haplogroup E-P147
- Haplogroup E-P177
- Haplogroup E-P2
- Haplogroup E-V12
- Haplogroup E-V13
- Haplogroup E-V22
- Haplogroup E-V38
- Haplogroup E-M2
- Haplogroup E-V65
- Haplogroup E-V68
- Haplogroup E-Z820
- Haplogroup E-Z827
Y-DNA backbone tree
Notes
References
- ^ a b "E-V38 YTree".
- ^ PMID 21253605.
- ^ PMID 29526279.
- ^ "E-V43 YTree".
- ^ a b International Society of Genetic Genealogy (3 February 2010). "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades – 2010". Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ Adams, Jonathan. "Africa During the Last 150,000 Years". Archived from the original on 1 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
- S2CID 9951365.
- PMID 17662131.
- PMID 15856073.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - S2CID 9441236.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - S2CID 222824170.
- S2CID 247045502.
- PMID 14973781.
- ^ Plaster et al. Y-DNA E subclades
- ^ C.A., Plaster (2011-09-28). "Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia". discovery.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
- PMID 18385274.
Sources for conversion tables
- Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. PMID 11170891.
- Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. PMID 11420360.
- Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, PMID 10904265
- Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. PMID 11313742.
- Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. PMID 11481588.
- Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, PMID 11073453
- Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. PMID 10577926.
- Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. S2CID 12893406.
External links
- Haplogroup E1b1a FTDNA Project
- Distribution of E1b1a/E3a in Africa
- Spread of Haplogroup E3a, from National Geographic