Heracleum sphondylium
Heracleum sphondylium | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Apiales |
Family: | Apiaceae |
Genus: | Heracleum |
Species: | H. sphondylium
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Binomial name | |
Heracleum sphondylium | |
Synonyms[2] | |
Homotypic synonyms
Heterotypic synonyms
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Heracleum sphondylium, commonly known as hogweed or common hogweed, is a
Description
Heracleum sphondylium is a
Heracleum sphondylium is most commonly a
The characteristic 'farm yardy' smell or the observation that pigs would eat the foliage and roots of hogweed is perhaps the origin of its common name.[9]
Heracleum sphondylium is smaller than
Similar species
Heracleum sphondylium is often confused with Heracleum sibiricum,[12] also known as Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum. The latter is similar to the typical subsp. sphondylium except that it has yellowish-green flowers that are actinomorphic throughout the umbel arrangement.[13]
Taxonomy
Heracleum sphondylium is one of five species of Heracleum described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 (the other four being H. alpinum, H. austriacum, H. panaces, and H. sibiricum).[14]
Subspecies
Since the morphology of Heracleum sphondylium is highly variable throughout its range,
Flora Europaea | WFO | POWO | |
---|---|---|---|
H. s. subsp. algeriense (Coss. ex Batt. & Trab.) Dobignard | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. alpinum (L.) Bonnier & Layens | Yes | Yes | Yes |
H. s. subsp. artvinense (Manden.) P.H.Davis | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. aurasiacum (Maire) Dobignard | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. carpaticum (Porcius) Soó | Yes | ||
H. s. subsp. cyclocarpum (K.Koch) P.H.Davis | Yes | ||
H. s. subsp. elegans (Crantz) Schübl. & G.Martens | Yes | ||
H. s. subsp. embergeri Maire | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. flavescens (Willd.) Soó | Yes | ||
H. s. subsp. granatense (Boiss.) Briq. | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. montanum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Briq. | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. orsinii (Guss.) H.Neumayer | Yes | Yes | Yes |
H. s. subsp. pyrenaicum (Lam.) Bonnier & Layens | Yes | Yes | Yes |
H. s. subsp. sibiricum (L.) Simonk. | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. suaveolens (Litard. & Maire) Dobignard | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummitt | Yes | Yes | Yes |
H. s. subsp. transsilvanicum (Schur) Brummitt | Yes | Yes | Yes |
H. s. subsp. trifoliolatum (Blanch.) Kerguélen | Yes | Yes | |
H. s. subsp. verticillatum (Pančić) Brummitt | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Unlike WFO, POWO recognizes subsp. carpaticum, subsp. cyclocarpum, and subsp. sibiricum at species rank,
Other infraspecies
The marginal flowers of Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium are typically
In 1961, the Polish botanist Maria J. Gawłowska constructed the following taxonomy for Heracleum sphondylium:[27]
- Heracleum sphondylium var. sphondylium
- Heracleum sphondylium var. chaetocarpoides Gawł.[31]
The typical variety of Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium is here designated as Heracleum sphondylium var. sphondylium. It is distinguished from var. chaetocarpoides by the
Neither f. stenophyllum nor f. dissectum are validly published names since Gawłowska did not properly specify the basionym in each case. The name f. subregulare is not a correct name (see above). The remaining names are validly published. According to Plants of the World Online, each of the names in the previous list is a synonym for Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium.[36]
Based on Gawłowska's taxonomy, var. sphondylium (along with each of its four forms) has an ovary overgrown with soft, blunt, spreading hairs whereas the ovary of var. chaetocarpoides (and each of its four forms) has short, stiff, ascending hairs with pointy tips.[37] The hairs of var. chaetocarpoides may be so short, they may not be visible to the naked eye.
Half of the forms lack the typical floral symmetry of the other forms. Similar to Petermann's subregulare, the marginal flowers of f. subaequale, f. intermedium, and f. commutatum are nearly actinomorphic, that is, the outer petals of the marginal flowers of a secondary umbel are only slightly enlarged, and either slightly incised at the apex or not incised at all. Only var. chaetocarpoides and its form f. intermedium were found to be common in Poland in 1961.[38]
As of August 2023[update], other infraspecific names are in use:
Tropicos[39] | WFO[16] | |
---|---|---|
H. s. var. akasimontanum (Koidz.) H. Ohba | Yes | |
H. s. var. angustifolium Jacq. | Yes | |
H. s. var. fontqueri O.Bolòs & Vigo | Yes | |
H. s. var. lanatum (Michx.) Dorn | Yes | |
H. s. var. nipponicum (Kitag.) H. Ohba | Yes | |
H. s. var. rarum (Gawlowska) Soó | Yes | |
H. s. var. tsaurugisanense (Honda) H. Ohba | Yes | |
H. s. f. atropurpureum (F.Malý) Nikolic | Yes | |
H. s. f. dissectum H.Ohba | Yes | Yes |
H. s. f. rubriflorum H.Ohba | Yes | Yes |
Etymology
The species name sphondylium, meaning "vertebrate", refers to the shape of the segmented stem.[citation needed]
Distribution and habitat
Heracleum sphondylium is native to most of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.[2][40] For example, it occurs in southern and southwestern Poland but much less so in other parts of the country.[41] The species has been introduced into North America.[42] In particular, it has been introduced to eastern Canada,[43] but reports of H. sphondylium in Canada are rare.[44] Some authorities claim that Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum (a synonym of Heracleum sibiricum) has been introduced in the United States,[19][45] but in New England, botanists have been unable to identify the taxon to subspecies rank.[46][47][48]
The plant is common in grassland, herb-rich meadows, in hedges, meadows and woods, road verges and railway embankments, waste and cultivated ground.[49]: 180 [8] It grows especially well on moist, improved nitrogen-rich soils.[50] It can occur in mountain areas up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft) of altitude.[citation needed]
Ecology
In Europe, the primary flowering season of Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium extends from June to September, with peak flowering and seed ripening occurring in July and August, respectively. In Great Britain, seed dispersal occurs during late September and early October, which usually coincides with the winds of the September equinox.[51][6]
The flowers are pollinated by insects such as beetles, wasps and especially flies.[52] As its name suggests, the small picture-winged fly Euleia heraclei is found on hogweed.[53] The leaves are commonly mined by the larvae of the leaf miner Phytomyza spondylii.[54]
Heracleum sphondylium was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a
Uses
In the 18th century, people on the Kamchatka Peninsula distilled a spirit called raka from a "sweet grass" that was most likely H. sphondylium.[56][57] The raka was flavored with blue-berried honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea).
Borscht derives from an ancient soup originally cooked from pickled stems, leaves and umbels of common hogweed. The young shoots are considered excellent eating by many foragers.[citation needed]
In eastern European countries and especially Romania, H. sphondylium is used as an aphrodisiac and to treat gynecological and fertility problems and impotence.[citation needed] It is also sometimes recommended for epilepsy.[citation needed] However, there are no clinical studies to prove its efficacy at treating any of these problems.
The seeds can be dried and used as a spice, with a flavour similar to that of cardamom.[citation needed]
See also
- Heracleum, the genus
- Other non-invasive[where?] Heracleum species: Heracleum maximum
- Tall invasive[where?] Heracleum species: Heracleum mantegazzianum, Heracleum sosnowskyi, and Heracleum persicum
- Species that can be mistaken for Heracleum sphondylium:[wild parsnip, garden angelica, wild angelica
References
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ^ a b c "Heracleum sphondylium L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Heracleum sphondylium". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
- ^ Sheppard (1991), pp. 235, 245–6.
- ^ a b Zych (2006).
- ISBN 0-90-115802X.
- ^ ISBN 978-185918-4783
- ^ "Common Hogweed - Identification, Edibility, Distribution". Galloway Wild Foods. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
- PMID 13941836.
- PMID 10357718.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium: Similar Species". iNaturalist.org. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- ^ a b Sheppard (1991), p. 236.
- ^ Linnaeus (1753), pp. 249–250.
- ^ Tutin et al. (1968).
- ^ a b "Heracleum sphondylium L.". World Flora Online. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "Heracleum carpaticum Porcius". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ "Heracleum cyclocarpum K.Koch". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Heracleum sibiricum L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ Brummitt (1971).
- ^ "Heracleum maximum W.Bartram". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. elegans (Crantz) Schübl. & G.Martens". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ Sheppard (1991), p. 235.
- ^ Gawłowska (1961), p. 34.
- ^ Petermann, Wilhelm Ludwig (1846). Analytischer Pflanzenschlüssel für botanischer Excursionen in der Umgegend von Leipzig. Leipzig: Carl Heinrich Reclam sen. p. 176. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium var. subregulare Peterm.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Gawłowska (1961).
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium f. stenophyllum (Gaudin) Gawł.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium f. dissectum (Le Gall) Gawł.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium f. subaequale Gawł.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium var. chaetocarpoides Gawł.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium f. spectabile Gawł.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium f. mirabile Gawł.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium f. intermedium Gawł.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium f. commutatum Gawł.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Gawłowska (1961), Fig. 1.
- ^ Gawłowska (1961), p. 38.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ Arne Anderberg. "Den Virtuella Floran: Heracleum sphondylium L." Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ^ Gawłowska (1957), p. 68.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium Linnaeus". Canadensys. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
- ^ MacDonald, Francine; Anderson, Hayley (May 2012). "Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario" (PDF). Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Gilman (2015), pp. 497–8.
- ^ Haines (2011), p. 342.
- ^ "Heracleum sphondylium — European cow-parsnip". Go Botany. Native Plant Trust. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ISBN 978-1408179505.
- ^ Sheppard (1991).
- ^ Sheppard (1991), p. 249.
- PMID 25754608. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ "Euleia heraclei". www.eakringbirds.com. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ "Phytomyza spondylii Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851". British Leaf Miners. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ "Which flowers are the best source of nectar?". Conservation Grade. 2014-10-15. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
- ISBN 9781780239385.
- ^ Hedrick, U. P., ed. (1972). Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. New York: Dover. p. 301. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
Bibliography
- Brummitt, R. K. (December 1971). "Relationship of Heracleum lanatum Michx. of North America to H. sphondylium of Europe". Rhodora. 73 (796): 578–584. JSTOR 23311734. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- Gawłowska, Maria J. (1957). "Research on the distribution of Heracleum sphondylium L. and Heracleum sibiricum L. in Poland". Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica. 3 (1): 61–68. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
- Gawłowska, Maria J. (1961). "Taxonomy of the species Heracleum sphondylium L. and Heracleum sibiricum L. occurring in Poland and neighbouring countries". Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica. 7 (1): 3–39. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
- Gilman, Arthur V. (2015). New Flora of Vermont. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, Volume 110. Bronx, New York, USA: The New York Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 978-0-89327-516-7.
- Haines, Arthur (2011). New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England. Illustrated by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Gordon Morrison. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17154-9.
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas (1st ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- Sheppard, A. W. (March 1991). "Heracleum sphondylium L.". Journal of Ecology. 79 (1): 235–258. JSTOR 2260795.
- Tutin, T. G.; Heywood, V. H.; Burges, N. A.; Valentine, D. H.; Walters, S. M.; Webb, D. A., eds. (1968). Flora Europaea. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-06662-X.
- Zych, Marcin (2006). "On flower visitors and true pollinators: The case of protandrous Heracleum sphondylium L. (Apiaceae)" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 263 (3–4): 159–179. S2CID 40995627. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
External links
- Data related to Heracleum sphondylium at Wikispecies
- Media related to Heracleum sphondylium at Wikimedia Commons
- "Heracleum sphondylium". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- West, Roger (2 August 2020). "Hogweed, Heracleum sphondylium ssp. sphondylium". Botany in Scotland. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- Hand, R. (2011). "Heracleum sphondylium". Euro+Med Plantbase. Retrieved 29 August 2023.