History of slavery in Illinois
Slavery in what became the
During the early decades of statehood, the number of slaves in Illinois dwindled. In the decade before the
Colonial period
During the French
The institution of slavery continued after Britain acquired the eastern Illinois Country in 1763 following the French and Indian War. At the time, nine hundred slaves lived in the territory, although some of the French would take at least three hundred with them as they left the future state of Illinois for lands west of the Mississippi River (in future Missouri).[5]
United States territory
Slavery continued following the American Revolutionary War, when the territory was ceded to the United States. The first legislation against slavery was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory. However, territorial laws and practices allowed human bondage to continue in various forms. Territorial governors Arthur St. Clair and Charles Willing Byrd supported slavery and did not enforce the ordinance. When the Indiana Territory (which included the future State of Illinois) was split from the Northwest Territory in 1800, residents petitioned the United States Senate to allow slaves. A proposal offered emancipation to Illinois-born male slaves at age thirty-one and female slaves at age twenty-eight. Southern-born slaves were to be slaves for life. No response to the proposal was ever issued.[5]
The Illinois Territory, created in 1809, kept the Indiana Territory's Black Code, which restricted free blacks and required them to carry documents to prove their freedom.[1] Slaveowners could keep their workers in bondage by forcing them to sign indentures of very long length (40 to 99 years), threatening them with sale elsewhere if they refused. Furthermore, free black people could be kidnapped and sold in St. Louis or states where such sales were legal.[6] The Illinois Salines, a U.S. government-run salt works near Shawneetown was one of the largest businesses in the Illinois Territory; it exploited between 1,000 and 2,000 slaves hired out from masters in slave states (primarily Kentucky) to keep the salt brine kettles continuously boiling.
Slavery during statehood
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2018) |
While Illinois'
Slavecatchers from Missouri would travel to Illinois either to recapture escaped slaves, or kidnap free blacks for sale into slavery, particularly since Illinois' legislature tightened the Black Code to state that recaptured escaped slaves would have time added to their indentures. The following year a law barred blacks from being witnesses in court cases against whites, then two years later barred blacks from suing for their freedom. In Phoebe v Jay, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, previously Coles' anti-convention and abolitionist ally, held that the 40-year indenture of Phoebe (entered into in 1814) could be transferred to Joseph Jay's heir, his son William Jay, arguing that the new state's Constitution superseded the anti-slavery provisions of the Northwest Ordinance.[9]
Despite these laws tolerating de facto slavery, in a series of legal decisions beginning with Cornelius v. Cohen in 1825, the
In one of the predecessors of the
The
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Snively, Ethan A. (1901). "Slavery in Illinois". Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society.
- ^ "Slavery in Illinois".
- ^ "Slavery In Illinois, Freedom Trails: 2 Legacies of Hope". Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
- OCLC 248319257.
- ^ ISBN 978-0786458721.
- ^ "Chapter 16: Illinois".
- ^ "This Week In Illinois History: Salt In Our State's Wounds (March 3, 1803)". Northern Public Radio. 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
- JSTOR 40186845.
- ISBN 9780786426393.
- ^ Dexter, Darrel (2004), "Slavery In Illinois: How and Why the Underground Railroad Existed", Freedom Trails: Legacies of Hope, Illinois Freedom Trail Commission
- ^ "Moore v. People :: 55 U.S. 13 (1852) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center". Justia Law.
- ISBN 9781476602301– via Google Books.
- ^ a b Bridges, Roger D. The Illinois Black Codes. http://www.lib.niu.edu/1996/iht329602.html
- ^ "The Illinois Colored Convention of 1853". Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
- ^ "Illinois: First State to Ratify 13th Amendment". NBC Chicago.
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