History of slavery in Florida

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Tampa newspaper ad offered reward for returning an enslaved teenager, Nimrod, escaped from a plantation on the Hillsborough River

Slavery in Florida is more central to Florida's history than it is to almost any other state. Florida's purchase by the United States from Spain in 1819 (effective 1821) was primarily a measure to strengthen the system of slavery on Southern plantations, by denying potential runaways the formerly safe haven of Florida.

Few enslaved Africans were imported into Florida from Cuba in the period of Spanish colonial rule, as there was little for them to do—no mines, no plantations. Starting in 1687, slaves escaping from English colonies to the north were freed when they reached Florida and accepted Catholic baptism. Black slavery in the region was widely established after Florida came under British then American control. Slavery in Florida was theoretically abolished by the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln, though as the state was then part of the Confederacy this had little immediate effect.

Slavery in Florida did not end abruptly on one specific day. As news arrived of the end of the

migrant farm workers and trafficked sex workers
.

Slavery before arrival of the Europeans

Enslavement predates the period of European colonization and was practiced by various indigenous peoples.[1] Florida had some of the first African slaves in what is now the United States in 1526,[2] as well as the first emancipation of escaping slaves in 1687 and the first settlement of free blacks in 1735.[3]

Spanish era

See also:
Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies and Negro Fort

Exploration era (1513-1526)

The first European known to have explored the coasts of Florida was the Spanish explorer and governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de León, who likely ventured in 1513 as far north as the vicinity of the future St. Augustine, naming the peninsula he believed to be an island "La Florida" and claiming it for the Spanish crown.[4][5] It is likely that slaves were included in the voyage, but they were not recorded.

First Spanish occupation (1536–1763)

The old Spanish slave market that was constructed in accordance with King Phillip II's Spanish Royal Ordinance of 1573.[6] (1886)

In 1528, a slave named Estevanico ("Little Steven") was brought to the area as part of the Narváez expedition, which then continued on to Texas.[7][8][9] More African slaves arrived in Florida in 1539 with Hernando de Soto.[10][11]

When the Spanish founded the colonial settlement of

Pensacola. Under Spanish colonial rule, the enslaved in Florida had rights. They could marry, own property, and purchase their own freedom. Free blacks, as long as they were Catholic, were not subject to legal discrimination. No one was born into slavery. Mixed "race" marriages were not illegal, and mixed "race" children could inherit property.[12]
: 8 

In October 1687, eleven enslaved Africans made their way from Carolina to Florida in a stolen canoe, and were emancipated by the Spanish authorities. A year later, Major William Dunlop, an officer in the Carolinaa militia, arrived in Florida to ask for compensation for Spanish attacks on Carolina and the return of the Africans to their enslaver, Governor Joseph Morton. The Spanish chose to compensate Morton instead, submitting a report to King Charles II on the event. On November 7, 1693, Charles II issued a decree freeing all slaves escaping from English North America who accepted Catholicism, similar to the May 29, 1680 Spanish decree for slaves escaping from the Lesser Antilles and the September 3, 1680, and June 1, 1685, decrees for escaping French slaves.[3]

The "last slave house" located in Lincolnville and historically part of the Spanish "Buena Esperanza" plantation that operated from 1700 to 1763

In the early 1700s,

Yamasee and Creek. These raids, in which villages were destroyed and local Native Americans were either killed or captured to be later sold as slaves to English colonists, drove the local Native Americans to the hands of the Spanish, who attempted to protect them as best they could from the raids. However, the strength of the Spanish dwindled and as the raids continued the Spanish and Spanish-allied natives were forced to retreat farther and farther back into the peninsula. The raids were so frequent that there were few natives left to capture, and so the Yamasee and the Creek began bringing fewer and fewer slaves to the Carolina colonies and were unable to effectively continue the trade. The retreat of the Spanish was only ended when the Yamasee and Creek entered what would later be known as the Yamasee War with the Carolina colony.[13]

Fort Mose historic site

Since 1688, Spanish Florida had attracted numerous

Prospect Bluff, future site of the famous Negro Fort
.

British Florida (1763–1783)

Further information:
British Florida

Second Spanish occupation (1783–1821)

The former slaves also found refuge among the

Creek and Seminole, Native Americans who had established settlements in Florida at the invitation of the Spanish government. In 1771, Governor John Moultrie wrote to the Board of Trade that "It has been a practice for a good while past, for negroes to run away from their Masters, and get into the Indian towns, from whence it proved very difficult to get them back."[15] When British colonial officials in Florida pressured the Native Americans to return the fugitive slaves, they replied that they had "merely given hungry people food, and invited the slaveholders to catch the runaways themselves."[15]

After the

First Seminole War. The United States afterwards effectively controlled East Florida. According to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the US had to take action there because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them."[17][full citation needed] Spain requested British intervention, but London declined to assist Spain in the negotiations. Some of President James Monroe's cabinet demanded Jackson's immediate dismissal, but Adams realized that it put the U.S. in a favorable diplomatic position, allowing him to negotiate very favorable terms.[18][full citation needed
]

The Spanish had established outposts in Florida to prevent others from having safe ports to attack Spanish treasure fleets in the Caribbean and in the strait between Florida and the Bahamas.[3] Florida did not produce anything the Spaniards wanted. The three garrisons were a financial drain, and it was not felt desirable to send settlers or additional garrisons. The Crown decided to cede the territory to the United States. It accomplished this through the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, which took effect in 1821.

Treatment of Blacks under Spanish rule

Under the Spanish, enslaved workers had rights: to marry, to own property, to buy their own freedom. They were not chattel. Free Blacks, as long as they accepted Catholicism, were not subject to legal discrimination. No one was born into slavery. Mixed "race" marriages were not illegal, and mixed "race" children could inherit property, as later Zephaniah Kingsley's inheritors had to fight successfully for.

Zephaniah Kingsley

Main article: Kingsley Plantation

During the second Spanish period, when slaves continued to escape from their British, then American owners and take refuge in Florida, the North American slave trade was to a large extent centered on Florida. Besides those seeking to recover escaped slaves, the newly enslaved could be freely imported to Florida from Africa, and planters and their representatives went to Florida to buy them and then smuggle them into the U.S.

At the center of Florida's slave trade was the colorful trader and slavery defender, Quaker Zephaniah Kingsley, owner of slaving vessels (boats). He treated his enslaved well, allowed them to save for and buy their freedom (at a 50% discount), and taught them crafts like carpentry, for which reason his highly-trained, well-behaved slaves sold for a premium. After Florida became American, Kingsley, after trying unsuccessfully to prevent Florida from treating free Blacks as unwelcome (see below), left for what at the time was Haiti (today the Dominican Republic).

Territorial Florida, under American rule (1821–1845)

Selling a freedman to pay his fine: Monticello, Florida (1860)

organized territory of the United States on February 22, 1821. (See Adams–Onís Treaty.) Slavery continued to be permitted; however, Spanish racial policies were replaced with a rigid set of laws that assumed that all Black persons, slave or free, were uncivilized and inferior to whites, and suitable only for slavery.[19][20]
: 54 

The free Blacks and Indian slaves,

Andros Island,[22] founding Nicholls Town [sic], named for the Anglo-Irish commander and abolitionist who fostered their escape, Edward Nicolls [sic].[23]

Free People of Color and Their Perceived Danger

In 1827

manumitted (set free), and required the person freed to leave the Territory within 30 days.[24]
: 10 

In

Leon County, Florida, Florida's most populous[28] and wealthiest[26]: 140  county, which wealth was because Leon County had more slaves than any other county in Florida,[29] petitioned the General Assembly to have all free negroes removed from the state.[26]: 118  Legislation passed in 1847 required all free Negroes to have a white person as legal guardian;[26]: 120  in 1855, an act was passed which prevented free Negroes from entering the state.[26]: 119  Above it says 1827. "In 1861, an act was passed requiring all free Negroes in Florida to register with the judge of probate in whose county they resided. The Negro, when registering, had to give his name, age, color, sex, and occupation, and had to pay one dollar to register.... All Negroes over twelve years of age had to have a guardian approved by the probate judge.... The guardian could be sued for any crime committed by the Negro; the Negro could not be sued. Under the new law, any free Negro or mulatto who did not register with the nearest probate judge was classified as a slave and became the lawful property of any white person who claimed possession."[26]
: 121 

In 1830, free Blacks were 5.2% of Florida's African-American population; by 1860 they had declined to 1.5%.[24]: 10 

Florida a slave state (1845–1861)

Plantation house on Verdura plantation in Leon County, Florida, built in 1832, burned in 1885. Drawing produced in about 1870.

American settlers began to establish

Plantations of Leon County), slaves constituted 73% of the population. As elsewhere, their value was greater than all the land of the county put together. (References in History of Tallahassee, Florida#Black history
.)

Florida secedes and becomes Confederate state (1861–1865)

Depiction of slaves being departed off the ship Williams in Key West (originally being captured by the U.S. Wyandotte)[32]

In January 1861, nearly all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved an ordinance of secession, declaring Florida to be "a sovereign and independent nation"—an apparent reassertion to the preamble in Florida's Constitution of 1838, in which Florida agreed with Congress to be a "Free and Independent State." According to William C. Davis, "protection of slavery" was "the explicit reason" for Florida's declaring of secession, as well as the creation of the Confederacy itself.[33]

Confederate authorities used slaves as teamsters to transport supplies and as laborers in

salt works and fisheries. Many Florida slaves working in these coastal industries escaped to the relative safety of Union-controlled enclaves during the American Civil War. Beginning in 1862, Union military activity in East and West Florida encouraged slaves in plantation areas to flee their owners in search of freedom. Some worked on Union ships and, beginning in 1863, with the Emancipation Proclamation, more than a thousand enlisted as soldiers and sailors in the United States Colored Troops of the military.[34]

Escaped and freed slaves provided Union commanders with valuable

intelligence about Confederate troop movements. They also passed back news of Union advances to the men and women who remained enslaved in Confederate-controlled Florida. Planter fears of slave uprisings increased as the war went on.[35]

In May 1865, Federal control was re-established, and slavery abolished.

Human trafficking in the 20th and 21st centuries

Main article: Human trafficking in Florida

After

forced labor.[37]

Florida has a large agricultural economy and a large immigrant population, which has made it a prime environment for forced labor,

National Human Trafficking Resource Center reported receiving 1,518 calls and emails in 2015 about human trafficking in Florida.[39]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slavery in Florida.

References

  1. ^ a b Lauber, Almon Wheeler (1913). "Enslavement by the Indians Themselves". Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States. Studies in history, economics and public law. Vol. 53 No. 3. Columbia University. pp. 25–48.
  2. ISBN 9780813018133
    .
  3. ^
    ISSN 1131-5571
    – via dialnet.unirioja.es.
  4. ISBN 978-0-8173-5257-8
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-4367-0883-8
    .
  6. ^ "St. Augustine's "Slave Market": A Visual History". Southern Spaces. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
  7. ISBN 067029814X
    .
  8. ISBN 9780826359827
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  9. ISBN 978-1-4834-8671-0
    .
  10. ^ Francis, J. Michael , Gary Mormino and Rachel Sanderson (2019-08-29). "Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492-1619". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2019-12-06.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara (2019-08-23). "Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  12. ISBN 978-1479837335
    .
  13. ^ Ethridge, Robbie Franklyn, and Sheri Marie Shuck-Hall. 2009. Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South. U of Nebraska Press.
  14. Florida Historical Quarterly
    . 94 (2): 192–221, at p. 195.
  15. ^ a b Miller, E: "St. Augustine's British Years," The Journal of the St. Augustine Historical Society, 2001, p. 38.
  16. ^ Rivers 2000, p. 6.
  17. ^ Alexander Deconde, A History of American Foreign Policy (1963) p. 127
  18. ^ Weeks (2002)
  19. ISBN 0813017726
  20. ^ Wu, Kathleen Gibbs Johnson (2009). "Manumission of Anna: Another Interpretation". El Escribano. St. Augustine Journal of History: 51–68.
  21. ^ "Notices of East Florida: with an account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, 1822, Open Archive, text available online, p. 42". Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  22. ^ Mulroy, Kevin. The Seminole Freedmen: A History (Race and Culture in the American West), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007, p. 26
  23. ISBN 978-1-85828-828-4
    .
  24. ^
    ISBN 0-8130-2400-5
    .
  25. ISBN 978-0-8021-2076-2
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  26. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Julia Floyd (1973), Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida 1821-1860, Gainesville: University of Florida Press
  27. ISBN 9780813044620
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  28. ^ "Florida Population 1840-2000 by County". Exploring Florida (University of South Florida). Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  29. S2CID 149519589
  30. ISBN 978-0-87024-338-7
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  31. ^ Tebeau & Marina 1999, p. 157
  32. ^ "Key West slave ship depiction". Florida Memory.
  33. ISBN 9780743227711
    . Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  34. ^ Murphree, R. Boyd. "Florida and the Civil War: A Short History" Archived 2010-04-26 at the Wayback Machine, State Archives of Florida. Retrieved on June 5, 2008.
  35. ^ Murphree (2008)
  36. ^ Cordner, Sascha (August 22, 2014). "What Might Future Florida Human Trafficking Legislation Look Like For 2015?". Florida State University. WFSU.
  37. ^ a b Coonan, Terry S. (2003). "Human Rights in the Sunshine State: A Proposed Florida Law on Human Trafficking". Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 31 (2). Archived from the original on 2014-09-09. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  38. ^ "The Unsavory Story Of Industrially-Grown Tomatoes". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10.
  39. ^ "United States Report: 1/1/2015 – 12/31/2015" (PDF). National Human Trafficking Resource Center. National Human Trafficking Resource Center. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

Further reading

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