Hunza (princely state)
Hunza هنزه ( Burushaski ) | |
---|---|
c. 1200–1974 | |
Status | Independent Kingdom (until 1892) British India (1892–1947) Princely state of Pakistan (1947–1974) |
Official languages | Persian (official court language until 1947)[1] Urdu (after 1947) |
Demonym(s) | Hunzakutc |
Government | Principality |
Establishment | 1200s |
History | |
• Established | c. 1200 |
• Disestablished | 24 September 1974 |
Area | |
• Total | 11,660 km2 (4,500 sq mi) |
Website http://hunzastate.org | |
Today part of | Pakistan |
This article is part of the series |
Former administrative units of Pakistan |
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Hunza (
The princely state bordered the
History
Hunza was an independent
The Hunzai people maintained their relationship with China, recognizing China as their
From 1847, the
In the late 19th century Hunza became embroiled in the
Prince Muhammad Nafis Khan was the primary claimant of the Mir-ship of Hunza as the eldest son of Mir Ghazan Khan I. However, the British installed his younger brother Muhammad Nazim Khan as Mir in September 1892.
Territorial claims
Historically the people of Hunza cultivated and grazed areas to the north and the Mir claimed those areas as part of Hunza's territories. Those areas included the
According to Kanjuti traditions, as related by McMahon, the Mir's eighth ancestor, Shah Salim Khan, pursued nomadic Khirghiz thieves to Tashkurghan and defeated them. "To celebrate this victory, Shah Salim Khan erected a stone cairn at Dafdar and sent a trophy of a Khirghiz head to the Chinese with a message that Hunza territory extended as far as Dafdar". The Kanjutis were already in effective possession of the Raskam and no question had been raised about it. The Mir's claims went a good deal beyond a mere right of cultivation. He "asserts that forts were built by the Hunza people without any objection or interference from the Chinese at Dafdar, Qurghan, Ujadhbhai, Azar on the Yarkand River and at three or four other places in Raskam."[16]
McMahon was able roughly to define the territorial limits of Kanjut. "The boundaries of Taghdumbash,
In 1898 Captain H. P. P. Deasy substantially corroborated McMahon's information. Deasy resigned his commission to devote himself to trans-Himalayan exploration. An item of special interest was Deasy's description of the limits of Raskam. Starting from Aghil Dewan or pass, in the
The Chinese completed the reconquest of Xinjiang in 1878. Before they lost southern parts of the province to Yakub Beg in 1863, their practical authority, as Ney Elias and Younghusband consistently maintained, had never extended south of their outposts at Sanju and Kilian along the northern foothills of the Kun Lun range. Nor did they establish a known presence to the south of the line of outposts in the twelve years immediately following their return.[19] Ney Elias, who had been Joint Commissioner in Ladakh for several years, noted on 21 September 1889 that he had met the Chinese in 1879 and 1880 when he visited Kashgar. "They told me that they considered their line of 'chatze', or posts, as their frontier – viz., Kugiar, Kilian, Sanju, Kiria, etc.- and that they had no concern with what lay beyond the mountains" i.e. the Kun Lun range in northern Kashmir.[20]
In March 1899 the British proposed, in a Note from Sir
Until 1937 the inhabitants of the Taghdumbash Pamir paid tribute to the Mir of Hunza, who exercised control over the pastures,[22]
Relationship with Jammu and Kashmir
Although never ruled directly by neighbouring
Accession to Pakistan
On 3 November, 1947, the ruler,
"I declare with pleasure on behalf of myself and my State accession to Pakistan."
List of Rulers
The hereditary rulers, the "Mirs" were assisted by a council of Wazirs or ministers. Details of early rulers are uncertain, with the first definite dates from 1750 onwards.
Reign | Mirs of Hunza[28] |
---|---|
1680-1697 | Salim Khan II |
1697-1710 | Shah Sultan Khan |
1710–1735 | Shahbaz Khan |
1735-1750 | Shahbeg Khan |
1750–1790 | Shah Khusro Khan |
1790-1804 | Mirza Khan |
1803–1825 | Salim Khan III |
1825– 1863 | Ghazanfur Khan |
1863–1886 | Mohammad Ghazan Khan I |
1886–1891 | Safdar Ali Khan |
1891–1938 | Mohammad Nazim Khan KCIE |
1938–1945 | Mohammad Ghazan Khan II |
1945–1974 | Mohammad Jamal Khan
|
1974 – present |
Geography
The Hunza valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438 metres (7,999 feet). The former capital
For many centuries, Hunza has provided the quickest access to
Hunza was easily defended as the paths were often less than half a metre (about 18") wide. The high mountain paths often crossed bare cliff faces on logs wedged into cracks in the cliff, with stones balanced on top. They were also constantly exposed to regular damage from weather and falling rocks. These were the much feared "hanging passageways" of the early Chinese histories that terrified all, including several famous Chinese Buddhist monks.
Demographics
Most of the people of Hunza are
See also
- Hunza Valley
- Hunza District
- Northern Areas
- Karakoram Highway
- Karakoram Mountains
- Nagar
References
- JSTOR 41928023. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ISBN 9788120608504.
- ^ a b c "Law, Culture, and Governance in Hunza".
- ^ Oriental Institute (Woking, England), East India Association (London, England) (1892). The Imperial and asiatic quarterly review and oriental and colonial record. Oriental Institute. p. 74. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The Draft History of Qing, volume 529, Revised Edition, 1977, Zhonghua Book Company.
- ^ a b Edward Frederick Knight (1893). Where three empires meet: a narrative of recent travel in Kashmir, western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 331. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- ^ Ralph Patteson Cobbold (1900). Innermost Asia: travel & sport in the Pamirs. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 22. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
mir of hunza who sold the kirghiz to the chinese as slaves for 120 rupees.
- ^ Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers 1970, pp. 90–.
- ^ John Biddulph (1880). Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. Office of the superintendent of government printing. pp. 28–.
Ghazanfur 1847.
- ^ Forty-one years in India – From Subaltern To Commander-In-Chief, Lord Roberts of Kandahar – The Hunza-Nagar Campaign
- ISBN 9788120608504.
- ^ Hopkirk, The Great Game 2006, p. 461.
- ^ History of The Northern Areas of Pakistan By Prof. A.H. Dani, Islamabad 1991
- ^ Lin, Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers 2010, pp. 111–.
- ^ Lall, Aksaichin and Sino-Indian Conflict 1989.
- ^ For. Sec. F., October 1896, 533/541 (534)
- ^ For. Sec. F.July 1898,306/347 (327)
- ^ For. Sec. F., August 1899, 168/201 (175)
- ^ Lall, Aksaichin and Sino-Indian Conflict 1989, pp. 56–57, 59, 95.
- ^ For. Sec. F. October 1889, 182/197.
- ^ Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers 1970, pp. 74–75, 366.
- ^ Kreutzmann, H. Yak Keeping in Western High Asia
- ^ Emma Nicholson's letter to Ambassdor Khalid Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hari Singh
- ^ Kasnehru
- ^ "Legal Document No 140 – the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 1956". Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
- ^ Jinnah Papers The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan, First series volume VIII, Editor: Z.H.Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan 2003 Pg 113
- ^ Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Pakistan Princely States". Retrieved 3 October 2007.
- ^ Falling rain – Location of Baltit Archived 22 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- JSTOR 41928023.
Bibliography
- Hopkirk, Peter (2006), The Great Game, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-1-84854-477-2
- Lall, J. S. (1989), Aksaichin and Sino-Indian Conflict, Allied Publishers
- ISBN 978-0-203-84497-7.
- Mehra, Parshotham (1991), ""John Lall, Aksai Chin and Sino-Indian Conflict" (Book review)", China Report, 27 (2): 147–154, S2CID 153622885
- ISBN 978-0-19-908839-3
- Woodman, Dorothy (1970) [first published in 1969 by Barrie & Rockliff, The Cresset Press], Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries, Praeger