Federally Administered Tribal Areas

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"FATA" redirects here. For other uses of the acronym, see Fata (disambiguation).

Federally Administered Tribal Areas
وفاق کے زیر انتظام قبائلی علاقہ جات
فدرالي قبايلي سيمې
Semi-autonomous territory of Pakistan
1947–2018
Flag of FATA
Flag
Coat of arms of FATA
Coat of arms
Khyber Pakthunkhwa
31 May 2018
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
British Administrated Tribal Areas
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Today part ofKhyber Pakhtunkhwa

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas,

Frontier Crimes Regulations
.

On 24 May 2018, the

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly on 27 May 2018, and passed with majority vote. On 28 May 2018, the President of Pakistan signed the FATA Interim Governance Regulation, a set of interim rules for FATA until it merges with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within a timeframe of two years.[2] The 25th Amendment received assent from President Mamnoon Hussain on 31 May 2018, after which FATA was officially merged with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[3]
So it's a illegal bill in pakistan. And the pak istablisment stopped the public of FATA by gun point.because 99% Fata public REJECTED the FATA MERJER.

History

State emblem of Pakistan
This article is part of the series
Former administrative units of Pakistan
Original provinces
Princely states
One-unit provinces
Other subdivisions

Although the British never succeeded in completely calming unrest in the region,

Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR), which granted large amounts of power to local leaders along the North-West Frontier as part of the process of indirect rule.[5][6][7] Due to "the extremely harsh, inhuman and discriminatory provisions" contained within the FCR, the legislation came to be known as the "black law."[7]

After independence

The annexed areas continued to be governed through the Frontier Crimes Regulations after the creation of Pakistan in 1947, by the Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, and into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.[8]

According to the United States Institute of Peace, the character of the region underwent a shift beginning in the 1980s. Mujahideen entered to fight against the jirgas as allies of the CIA Operation Cyclone; both were opposed to forces of the Soviet Union prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall and collapse of Soviet Union.[9]

In 2001, the

special operations forces since 2002 and is located six kilometers from the Pakistani border. It is considered the most dangerous location in Afghanistan.[11][12]

Since the

North Waziristan. The operations displaced about two million people from the tribal areas, as schools, hospitals, and homes have been destroyed in the war.[13]

With the encouragement of the

North Waziristan, eight more times between 2004 and 2006, and faced further Pakistani Taliban resistance. Peace accords entered into in 2004 and 2006 set terms whereby the tribesmen in the area would stop attacking Afghanistan, and the Pakistanis would halt major military actions against the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, release all prisoners, and permit tribesmen to carry small guns.[10]

On 4 June 2007, the National Security Council of Pakistan met to decide the fate of Waziristan and take up a number of political and administrative decisions to control "Talibanization" of the area. The meeting was chaired by President Pervez Musharraf and it was attended by the Chief Ministers and Governors of all four provinces. They discussed the deteriorating law and order situation and the threat posed to state security. To crush the armed militancy in the Tribal regions and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, the government decided to intensify and reinforce law enforcement and military activity, take action against certain madrasas, and jam illegal FM radio stations.[14]

Merger with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

On 2 March 2017, the federal government considered a proposal to merge the tribal areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations.[15] However, some political parties opposed the merger, and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan.[13]

The proposed merger was near finalized at a meeting presided over by President Mamnoon Hussain at the Presidency in January 2017. The Prime Minister gave approval after discussing the issue with all the stakeholders.[16] By March 2017, the federal cabinet approved the merger of FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and other reforms.[17]

National Implementation Committee on FATA Reforms

On 18 December 2017, the National Implementation Committee (NIC) on FATA Reforms, chaired by

sunset clause to be replaced entirely once a proper judicial system is in place in the tribal region.[18]

Constitutional amendment

On 24 May 2018, the

Dawar Kundi of the PTI
.

On 25 May 2018, Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was passed with a majority in the Senate of Pakistan. A total of 69 votes was needed for the bill to be approved; the vote was 71–5 in favor of the amendment for FATA, K-P merger.[1]

On 27 May 2018,

Thirty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was passed with a majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly. A total of 83 votes was needed for the bill to be approved, the vote was an 87–7 in favor of the amendment for FATA, K-P merger.[1]

Qabailistan proposal

Main article: Qabailistan

Parliamentarians from tribal areas took strong exception to a resolution adopted by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa assembly asking for merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with their province. The Awami National Party also made similar demands that the FATA be merged with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These proposals were opposed by tribal parliamentarians in Islamabad.[19] The name Qabailistan was proposed for FATA as a new province separate from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[20] The Qabailistan proposal never got any traction and was dropped in favor of merging FATA into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.[20][19][3]

Geography

Tari Mangal in the Kurram District

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas were bordered by

Balochistan
to the south.

The seven Tribal Areas laid in a north-to-south strip adjacent to the west side of the six Frontier Regions. The geographical arrangement of the seven Tribal Areas in order from north to south was:

FR Dera Ismail Khan
.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
190174,756—    
19111,622,094+36.03%
19212,825,136+5.71%
19312,259,288−2.21%
19412,377,599+0.51%
19511,332,005−5.63%
19611,847,195+3.32%
19722,491,230+2.76%
19812,198,547−1.38%
19982,746,490+1.32%
20175,001,676+3.21%
Source: [21][22]: 9 [23]: 7 

The total population of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas was estimated in 2000 to be about 3,341,080 people, or roughly 2% of Pakistan's population. Only 3.1% of the population resides in established townships.

Balochistan, Sindh and Gilgit-Baltistan.[25]

Languages

Languages of Federally Administered Tribal Areas
(2017 Census of Pakistan)[26]
Pashto
 
 98.4%
Urdu
 
 0.49%
Punjabi
 
 0.28%
Sindhi
 
 0.10%
Balochi
 
 0.08%

According to the

2017 census of Pakistan, 98.4% of the population of FATA had Pashto as mother tongue, followed by 0.49% Urdu, 0.28% Punjabi, 0.10% Sindhi and 0.08% spoke Balochi.[27]

Religions

Religions in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas[28]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 99.6%
Others†
 
 0.4%
Distribution of religions
†Includes
Christian
.

Over 99.6% of the population was

Hanafi Fiqh
.

According to a report by the government of Pakistan there were around 50,000 religious minority members living in former FATA region.These included 20,000 Sikh, 20,000 Christians and 10,000 Hindus.[29]

Government and politics

Main article: Administrative System of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas

Democracy and parliamentary representation

In 1996, the Government of Pakistan finally granted the Federally Administered Tribal Areas the long requested "adult franchise", under which every adult would have the right to vote for their own representatives in the Parliament of Pakistan.[9][30] The Federally Administered Tribal Areas were not allowed to organize political parties.[30] Islamist candidates were able to campaign through mosques and madrasas, as a result of which mullahs were elected to represent the Federally Administered Tribal Areas in the National Assembly in 1997 and 2002.[9] This was a departure from prior tribal politics, where power was focused in the hands of secular authorities, Maliks.[9]

Women and elections

All of the FATA's adults were legally allowed to vote in the

Khyber Agency.[32]

Administration

Main article: Administrative System of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas

The region was controlled by the Federal government of Pakistan for more than seventy years until its merger with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. On behalf of the President, the Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly NWFP) used to exercise the federal authority in the context of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

The

Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR) also continued to operate. According to now repealed Article 247 of Constitution of Pakistan, The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and any of the High Court of Pakistan did not extend to FATA and Provincially Administered Tribal Areas
(PATA). The Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly had no power in FATA, and can exercise its powers in PATA only for that which was part of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

The

Pashtun tribes who inhabit the areas were semi-autonomous, with cordial relations with the Pakistan government.[33]

Relations with the Pakistani Military

In 2001, the

Pakistani military entered the Federally Administered Tribal Areas for the first time which was previously governed by Frontier Corps. In 2010, The New America Foundation and Terror Free Tomorrow conducted the first comprehensive public opinion survey in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The results showed that, on the issue of fighting militancy in the region, the people of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas overwhelmingly support the Pakistani military.[34] Nearly 70 percent back the Pakistani military pursuing Al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters in the Tribal Areas. According to a survey, when asked how the Federally Administered Tribal Areas should be governed, 79 percent said it should be governed by the Pakistani military.[34]

In 2014, about 929,859 people were reported to be

North Waziristan as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb, a military offensive conducted by the Pakistan Armed Forces along the Durand Line.[35][36]

Administrative divisions

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) consisted of two types of areas, the Tribal Agencies, and Frontier Regions. There were seven Tribal Agencies and six Frontier Regions.

Tribal Agencies

The Tribal Agencies were further divided into

Tehsils. According to the Election Commission of Pakistan, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas consisted of the following subdivisions and tehsils:[37]

Agency / FR Subdivision Tehsil
Bajaur Agency Khaar Khara Bajaur
Utman Khel
Salarzai
Nawagai Nawagai
Mamund
Barang
Bar Chamarkand
Mohmand Agency Lower Mohmand Yake Ghund
Ambar Utman Khel
Pindiali
Prang Ghar Utmankhel
Upper Mohmand Safi
Upper Mohmand
Halim Zai
Khyber Agency Jamrud Jamrud
Mula Gori
Landi Kotal Landi Kotal
Bara Bara
Orakzai Agency Lower Orakzai Lower
Central
Upper Orakzai
Ismail Zai
Upper
Kurram Agency Lower Kurram Lower Kurram
Central Kurram
Central Kurram F.R.
Upper Kurram Upper Kurram
North Waziristan Agency Mirali Mir Ali
Spinwam
Shewa
Miramshah Miran Shah
Datta Khel
Ghulam Khan
Razmak Razmak
Dossali
Gharyum
South Waziristan Agency Ladha Ladha
Makin
Sararogha
Sarwakai Serwekai
Tiarza
Wanna Wana
Birmil
Toi Khullah

Frontier Regions

Main article: Frontier Regions

The Frontier Regions were named after their adjacent settled Districts in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The administration of the FR was carried out by the

DCO / DC
of the neighbouring named district. The overall administration of the frontier regions was carried out by the FATA Secretariat, based in Peshawar and reporting to the Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The six regions were:

  • Frontier Region Bannu
  • Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan
  • Frontier Region Kohat
  • Frontier Region Lakki Marwat
  • Frontier Region Peshawar
  • Frontier Region Tank

Economy

Main article:
Economy of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas

The Former FATA region was amongst the most impoverished parts of the nation. Despite being home to 2.4% of Pakistan's population, it made up only 1.5% of Pakistan's economy with a

poverty level.[39]

Due to the Former FATA region's tribal organization, the economy was chiefly pastoral, with some agriculture practiced in the region's few fertile valleys. Its total irrigated land was roughly 1,000 square kilometres.[40] The region was a major center for opium trafficking, as well the smuggling of other contraband.[40]

Foreign aid to the region was a difficult proposition, according to Craig Cohen, an analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. Since security is difficult, local nongovernmental organizations were required to distribute aid, but there was a lack of trust amongst NGOs and other powers that hampered distribution. Pakistani NGOs were often targets of violent attacks by Islamist militants in the Former FATA region. Due to the extensive hostility to any hint of foreign influence, the American branch of Save the Children was distributing funding anonymously in the region as of July 2007.[40] The concept of setting up Reconstruction Opportunity Zones (ROZs) in the former FATA region and Afghanistan was an element in the United States Government's counter-terrorism and regional economic integration strategies.[41]

Social issues

Health

There was one hospital bed for every 2,179 people in the former FATA region, compared to one in 1,341 in Pakistan as a whole. There was one doctor for every 7,670[42] people compared to one doctor per 1,226 people in Pakistan as a whole. 43% of the former FATA region's citizens had access to clean drinking water.[37] Much of the population is suspicious about modern medicine, and some militant groups are openly hostile to vaccinations.

In June 2007, a Pakistani doctor was blown up in his car "after trying to counter the anti-vaccine propaganda of an imam in

Bajaur", Pakistani officials told The New York Times.[40]

Education

The Former FATA region had a total of 6,050 government education institutions out of which 4,868 were functional. Out of these 4,868 functional institutions, 77 percent (3,729) were primary schools. Total enrolment in government institutions was 612,556 out of which 69 percent were studying at primary stage. Total number of working teachers in FATA was 22,610 out of which 7,540 were female. The survival rate from Grade KG to Grade 5 was 36 percent while the transition rate from primary to middle in public schools in Ex-FATA was 64 percent (73 percent for boys and 45 percent for girls).[43]

Literacy Map of FATA (2007).[44]

The Former FATA region has one university,

FR Kohat, which was approved by Mir Hazar Khan Khoso in May 2013.[45] Classes commenced on 24 October 2016, under the direction of Dr. Mohammad Tahir Shah, former professor of geology at University of Peshawar.[46] The university plans to open sub-campuses at Khar, Miran Shah, and Parachinar.[47]

The Former FATA region's literacy rate is 22%, which is well below the nationwide rate of 56%. 35.8% of men, and only 7.5% of women received education, compared to a nationwide 44% of women.[44][48]

Agency Literacy rate 2007[44]
Male Female Total
Khyber
 57.2% 10.1% 34.2%
Kurram
 37.9% 14.4% 26.5%
South Waziristan
 32.3% 4.3% 20%
Orakzai
 29.5% 3.4% 17%
Mohmand
 28.5% 3.5% 16.6%
Bajaur Agency
 27.9% 3.1% 16.5%
North Waziristan (1998)[49]
 26.77% 1.47% 15.88%

Sports

FATA was home to the former domestic cricket team

FATA Cheetahs. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas cricket team gained first class status in 2015.[50]

See also

References

  1. Urdu
    : وفاق کے زیر انتظام قبائلی علاقہ جات
  1. ^ a b c "Senate approves FATA, K-P merger bill". The Express Tribune. Tribune. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  2. ^ "Tribespeople freed of FCR as president signs FATA governance regulation". geo.tv. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b "President signs 'Constitutional Amendment' to merge FATA with KP". The Nation. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  4. ISBN 978-0-8330-4152-4
    . The British annexed the area during the nineteenth century but never fully pacified the area.
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  6. ^ "Analysis: Pakistan's tribal frontiers". BBC. 14 December 2001. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
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  9. ^ a b c d e f Fair, C. Christine; Howenstein, Nicholas; Thier, J. Alexander (December 2006). "Troubles on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border". Washington, DC, USA: United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
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  11. ^ Pike, John. "Fire Base Shkin / Fire Base Checo". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  12. ISBN 9781568584065
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  13. ^ a b Zahra-Malik, Mehreen (6 February 2018). "In Pakistan, Long-Suffering Pashtuns Find Their Voice". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  14. Pakistan Herald Publications. Archived from the original
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  15. ^ Sikander, Sardar (2 March 2017). "Federal cabinet approves FATA's merger with K-P, repeal of FCR". The Express Tribune. Karachi, Pakistan. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  16. Jang Group of Newspapers
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  17. Jang Group of Newspapers
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  18. Pakistan Herald Publications
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  20. ^ a b "Qabailistan province proposed". Karachi, Pakistan: The News International. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  21. ^ "Preliminary 2017 census result" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  22. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215543
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  23. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739
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  25. ^ "Pak population increased by 46.9% between 1998 and 2011". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  26. ^ Kiani, Khaleeq (28 May 2018). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 18 August 2022. In Fata, 98.4pc had Pushto as mother tongue, followed by 0.49pc Urdu, 0.28pc Punjabi, 0.10pc Sindhi and 0.08pc Balochi.
  27. ^ Kiani, Khaleeq (28 May 2018). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 18 August 2022. In Fata, 98.4pc had Pushto as mother tongue, followed by 0.49pc Urdu, 0.28pc Punjabi, 0.10pc Sindhi and 0.08pc Balochi.
  28. ^ "Population by Religion" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  29. ^ "Tribal way: Lone church in South Waziristan continues services". Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  30. ^ a b c Tierney, 206.
  31. ISBN 0-312-21606-8
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  32. ^ "Poll doors closed on a third of FATA women". Press Trust of India. 17 February 2008. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  33. ^ Baker, Aryn (22 March 2007). "The Truth About Talibanistan". Time. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  34. ^ a b Bergen, Peter; Doherty, Patrick C.; Ballen, Ken (28 September 2010). "Public Opinion in Pakistan's Tribal Regions". Washington, DC, USA: New America Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  35. Pakistan Herald Publications
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  36. ^ "Air raids flatten 5 militant hideouts". The Express Tribune. Karachi, Pakistan. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  37. ^ a b "FATA – Official Web Portal". fata.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  38. Pakistan Herald Publications. Archived from the original
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  39. ISBN 978-0-87609-414-3
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  40. ^ a b c d Perlez, Jane (16 July 2007). "Aid to Pakistan in Tribal Areas Raises Concerns". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
  41. ^ Bolle, Mary Jane (15 October 2009). "Afghanistan and Pakistan Reconstruction Opportunity Zones (ROZs), H.R. 1318/H.R. 1886/H.R. 2410 and S. 496: Issues and Arguments" (PDF). Washington, DC, USA: Congressional Research Service.
  42. ^ Pakistan Smart Book (PDF) (First ed.). Sierra Vista, AZ, USA: TRADOC Cultural Center. January 2010.
  43. ^ "Pakistan Education Atlas 2015" (PDF).[dead link]
  44. ^ a b c "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)" (PDF). 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  45. ^ "PM approves FATA University in FR Kohat". Khyber News. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  46. Pakistan Herald Publications
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  47. ^ Mir, Rukhshan (25 July 2017). "FATA University To Establish Sub Campus At Bajaur Agency". UrduPoint. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  48. Pakistan Herald Publications. 8 September 2009. Archived from the original
    on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  49. ^ "Agency/FR wise Literacy Ratio of (Population 10 years and above) in FATA 1998 Census". Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  50. ^ Farooq, Umar. "FATA make it to Pakistan's first-class tournament". ESPNcricinfo. Bengalaru, India. Retrieved 1 November 2015.

External links

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