Hyacinthe Rigaud
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Hyacinthe Rigaud | |
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Académie de Peinture et de Sculpture | |
In office 1733–1735[a] | |
Monarch | Louis XV |
Preceded by | Louis de Boullogne |
Succeeded by | Guillaume Coustou |
Jacint Rigau-Ros i Serra (Catalan pronunciation:
Biography
Rigaud was born in Perpignan, then part of the Crown of Aragon, a few months before Spain ceded the city to France under the Treaty of the Pyrenees (7 November 1659). His family, the Rigau, were Catalan; he was the son of a tailor, the grandson of painter-gilders from Roussillon, and the elder brother of another painter (Gaspard).[1]
Rigaud was baptised with his Catalan name in the old
He was trained in tailoring in his father's workshop, but perfected his skills as a painter under
Since Rigaud's paintings captured very exact likenesses along with the subject's costumes and background details, his paintings are considered precise records of contemporary fashions.
Family
Hyacinthe's father, Josep Matias Pere Ramon Rigau, was a tailor (sastre in Catalan) in the parish of Saint-Jean de Perpignan, "as well as a painter",[2] descended from a line of well-established artists in the Perpignanian basin who had been commissioned to decorate several tabernacles and other panels for liturgical use. Few of these have survived to the present (Palau-del-Vidre, Perpignan, Montalba-d'Amélie, Joch...). Hyacinthe's grandfather, Jacinto major,[c] and even more Jacinto's father, Honorat minor,[d] were heads of the family and the local art world from 1570 to 1630; probably as much as gilders as painters,[3] since in their studios were to be found "many prints and books treating on the art of painting, and other things, such as brushes and palettes for painting".[4]
Working for the collège Saint-Éloi in his city since 1560, and acting as representative of its guild of painters and gilders, on 22 November 1630 Jacinto major and other gilders and colleagues[e] participated in the development of the statutes and minutes of the city's collège Saint-Luc .[5] Honorat minor is generally identified as the painter of The Canonisation of Saint Hyacinthe, formerly in Perpignan's Dominican convent and now at Joch,[6] the tabernacle of the church of Palau-del-Vidre (28 March 1609) and the retable at Montalba near Amélie-les-Bains. The father of Honorat minor is generally identified as the painter of the retable of Saint-Ferréol (1623) in the église Saint-Jacques de Perpignan and formerly in the couvent des Minimes, whilst Honorat major is usually identified as the painter of the paintings of the retable of the église Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste at Peyrestortes.[7]
On 13 March 1647, Hyacinthe's father Matias Rigau, married Thérèse Faget (1634–1655), daughter of a carpenter.[f] Widowed shortly after, he decided to speedily remarry, to Maria Serra, daughter of a Perpignan textile merchant (pentiner in Catalan), on 20 December 1655.[8] In 1665, he acquired a house "en lo carrer de las casas cremades" (now rue de l'Incendie, near the cathedral) and received the income from a parcel of vineyards in the Bompas territory.[4] By his second marriage, he also acquired a house on place de l'Huile, but he soon sold it.[4]
Journey to Lyon
Little is known about Rigaud's activities in
Even if they had only been registered from 1681 onwards, the date when he moved to
In her thesis on the engravers from the Drevet family,[14] Gilberte Levallois-Clavel revealed certain aspects of the private relations between Rigaud and Pierre Drevet; their friendship came about at the beginning of the 1700s, after the painter produced a portrait of the engraver, in which he depicted himself as well.[15]
In 1681, when Hyacinthe Rigaud decided to move to Paris, inspired by Drevet who was also attracted to the capital, he had already established a good reputation amongst the local clientele, from Switzerland to Aix-en-Provence.[16]
Going back to the artist's biography,
In reality, Rigaud painted a second painting, bearing the three stances presented to Coysevox: an oval painting kept in a private collection, copied by
The year 1695 also saw the production of two versions of Christ expiant sur la Croix, with a distinct Flemish influence, proof of Rigaud's rare incursion into the domain of historical depictions or the "great genre". He bequeathed his mother the first version which would then, at her death, be left to the Grands Augustins convent in Perpignan, and gave the second, in 1722, to the Dominican convent of his city of birth.
In spring 1696, Hyacinthe Rigaud returned to Paris, where he painted one of his most important portraits of the year. This was in fact solicited by the duke of Saint-Simon, to depict Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, an abbot, using a skillful subterfuge that remains notable in the history of painting.
In 1709, he was made a noble by his hometown of Perpignan. In 1727, he was made a knight of the Order of Saint Michael.
Following the death of directeur Louis de Boullogne on 28 November 1733, Rigaud proposed that the four rectors of the Académie, Nicolas de Largillière, Claude-Guy Hallé, Guillaume Coustou, and himself, rotate the post.[17][18] This oligarchy would persist until the election of Coustou as sole director on 5 February 1735.[19]
Rigaud died in Paris on 29 December 1743 at the age of 84.
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House.
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Plaque.
Clientele
Rigaud is inseparable from his best-known work, a 1701 painting of Louis XIV in his coronation costume which today hangs in the Louvre in Paris,[20] as well as the second copy also requested by Louis XIV that now hangs at the Palace of Versailles.[21]
He is renowned for his portrait paintings of Louis XIV, the royalty and nobility of Europe, and members of their courts and considered one of the most notable French portraitists of the classical period. For Jacques Thuillier, professor at the Collège de France:
Hyacinthe Rigaud was one of those French painters who knew the highest celebrity under the Ancien Régime. This admiration was deserved both for the surprising abundance of his work and for its constant perfection.[22]
According to the French art historian
True "photographs",[24] faces that Diderot called "letters of recommendation written in the common language of all men",[25] Rigaud's works today populate the world's major museums.
Legacy
Rigaud's works today populate the world's major museums. The exact number of paintings he produced remains in dispute, since he left a highly detailed catalogue but also more than a thousand different models which specialists agree he used.
The Musée d'art Hyacinthe Rigaud , a museum dedicated to Rigaud's artwork, opened in Perpignan in 1833.[27] The museum has since expanded to include works by Aristide Maillol, Raoul Dufy, and other artists.[28] It received over 65,000 visitors in 2017 following its renovation and a temporary exhibition dedicated to Picasso.[29]
Selected works
- Portrait of Graf oil on canvas, 166 cm × 132 cm (65 in × 52 in), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
- Portrait of Philippe de Courcillon, Marquis de Dangeau, 1702, oil on canvas, 162 cm × 150 cm (64 in × 59 in), Musée national du château de Versailles et des Trianons, Versailles
- Portrait of Louis XIV, 1701, oil on canvas, 279 cm × 190 cm (110 in × 75 in), Musée du Louvre, Paris
- Portrait of Louis XIV, c. 1700, oil on canvas, Centre Block, Parliament of Canada, Ottawa
- ditto, oil on canvas, 238 cm × 149 cm (94 in × 59 in), Museo del Prado, Madrid
- ditto, oil on canvas, 1694 (full shot portrait), Musée du Louvre, Paris
- ditto, oil on canvas, 1715 (full shot portrait, "State Portrait"), Musée national du château de Versailles et des Trianons, Versailles
- Portrait of the artist's mother, 1695, oil on canvas, 83 cm × 103 cm (33 in × 41 in), Musée du Louvre, Paris
- Portrait of Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne
- Studies of Spaniels And Whippets, And A Study of a White Headdress, oil on canvas
- Portrait of Louis Bossuet, location unknown[30]
- Portrait of a Scholar, oil on canvas, Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia
- Portrait of Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon, France
- Portrait of Louis XV of Franceat the age 5, wearing the Coronation Robes, 1715, oil on canvas, Musée national du château de Versailles et des Trianons, Versailles
- Portrait of Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, c. 1719, oil on canvas, Musée national du château de Versailles et des Trianons, Versailles
- Portrait of La comtesse de Selles Marguerite-Henriette de Labriffe , 1712, oil on canvas
- Portrait of Charles Auguste d'Allonville de Louville, Marquis de Louville, 1708, oil on canvas, private collection
- Portrait of Frederiksborg Palace, Denmark
- Portrait of Sébastien Bourdon, drawing, 1731, 36.1 cm × 24.9 cm (14.2 in × 9.8 in), Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt am Main
- Portrait of Louis Antoine de Pardaillan de Gondrin, Marquis d'Antin, c. 1710
- Portrait of Augustus II the Strong, oil on canvas, 1715, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
- Portrait of Martin van der Bogaert, drawing, c. 1700, 37.4 cm × 28.7 cm (14.7 in × 11.3 in), Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main
- Portrait of a young scholar, drawing, 1685, 31.4 cm × 25.5 cm (12.4 in × 10.0 in), Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt am Main
- Portrait of Cardinal Henri Oswald de La Tour d'Auvergne, 1732, oil on canvas, 142 cm × 113 cm (56 in × 44 in), private collection.
- Portrait of Nicolas Le Camus, drawing, c. 1701, 38.4 cm × 29.4 cm (15.1 in × 11.6 in), Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt am Main
Paintings
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Robert de Cotte (1656-1735)
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Portrait of Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres (1674–1723)
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Louis of France, Dauphin (1661-1711), "Le Grand Dauphin"
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Portrait of Charles Le Brun
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Frederick IV of Denmark as Crown Prince
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Portrait of Louis XV, (1727–1729), Versailles
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La Menasseuse
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Portrait of Suzanne de Bourbers de Bernâtre
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Charles de Saint-Albin, Archbishop of Cambrai
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Portrait of the Duke of Broglie (1671–1745), half-length, in armor with a velvet-lined, leopard skin mantle and the Sash of the Order of Holy Spirit, the baton of a Marshal of France in his left hand
References
Notes
- ^ The directorship of the Académie was shared until February 1735 between Rigaud and the three other rectors: Guillaume Coustou, Claude-Guy Hallé, and Nicolas de Largillière
- ^ there are reportedly other names (sources vary): different last names at birth: Hyacinthe-François-Honoré-Mathias-Pierre Martyr-André Jean Rigau y Ros or François Hyacinthe Rigaud, or Hyacinthe Riguad and Hiacint Rigau, different first names at birth: Jyacintho, Francisco, Honorat, Matias, Pere, Martir, Andreu, and Joan
- ^ died in 1631. On 25 July 1617, in the église de La Réal in Perpignan, he married Madalena Roat. She was the widow of Pera Roat and on 1 November 1634 remarried in the église Saint-Mathieu in Perpignan, to Antoni Balasco.
- ^ His year of birth unknown, on 5 July 1617 in the église de La Réal in Perpignan he married Antiga Franch, widow of Antoni Franch
- ^ Joan Antoni Marti, Guillem Andreu, Thomas Blat et Jaume Fuster
- ^ Joan Antoni Faget had already died, in 1647. The marriage contract was witnessed before Honoré Sunyer in Perpignan.
- ^ Jean Lafitte dit Lafita (died 1737), bailiff of Perpignan; his wife Claire-Marie-Madeleine-Géronime, the artist's sister; and their eldest daughter, Marie.
Citations
- ^ a b Catalogne Nord.com. "Catalan Art & The Artists – Painting". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
- ^ a b Colomer 1973, p. 11
- ^ Julien Lugan, Peintres et doreurs en Roussillon aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Canet, éditions Trabucaire, 2006.
- ^ a b c Colomer 1973, p. 13
- ^ Lugand, op. cit. p. 248.
- ^ After Marcel Durliat. Cited by Olivier Poisson, "Les Rigau (d)", in Terres Catalanes, n°10, March 1996, p. 54–55.
- ^ O. Poisson, op. cit., p. 54.
- ^ Colomer 1973, p. 12
- ^ (in French) Henri Marcel Kühnholtz, Samuel Boissière, peintre de Montpellier, au XVIIe siècle, Montpellier, Castel, 1845.
- ^ (in French)Perreau 2004, p. 41
- ^ (in French) Roman 1919, p. 11
- ^ (in French) Roman 1919, p. 9
- ^ (in French) Roman 1919, p. 13
- ^ (in French) Gilberte Levallois-Clavel, Pierre Drevet (1663–1738), graveur du roi et ses élèves Pierre-Imbert Drevet (1697–1739), Claude Drevet (1697–1781), Lyon, 2005, édition numérique[permanent dead link]
- ^ (in French) Catalogue de l'exposition Visages du Grand Siècle, le portrait français sous le règne de Louis XIV, Nantes-Toulouse, 1997, 1998, p. 42-43
- ^ (in French) Ariane James-Sarazin, "Hyacinthe Rigaud et ces messieurs d'Aix-en-Provence", dans Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, 2003, t. 161, p. 67-113.
- ^ de Montaiglon, Anatole, ed. (1883). Procès-Verbaux de l'Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture, 1648-1793 (in French). Vol. V. Paris: J. Baur. pp. 127–128.
- ^ Michel, Christian (2018). The Académie Royale de Peinture Et de Sculpture: The Birth of the French School, 1648-1793. Getty Research Institute. p. 352.
- ISBN 978-1-4094-5742-8.
- musée du Louvre, Inv.7492)
- ^ Découverte du Château de Versailles: offre culturelle du Château de Versailles Archived 26 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in French) Jacques Thuillier, professor at the Collège de France, member of the Haut comité des célébrations nationales
- ^ (in French) Louis Hourticq, De Poussin à Watteau, Paris, 1921
- ^ Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d'Argenville 1745, p. 318
- ^ Jacques Proust, "Diderot et la Physiognomonie", CAIEF, 13, 1961, p.317–319.
- ^ (in French) Hyacinthe Rigaud – Portrait d'une clientèle
- ^ "L'histoire du musée". musee-rigaud.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "Les collections". musee-rigaud.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Torres, Maite (3 November 2017). "Musée Rigaud – 65.000 visiteurs depuis l'ouverture – «Une très belle surprise»". Made In Perpignan (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ J. Roman, Le livre de raison du peintre Hyacinthe Rigaud, Paris, 1919, p. 66
Further reading
- Colomer, Claude (1973). La Famille et le milieu social du peintre Rigaud (in French). Perpignan: Connaissance du Roussillon.
- Perreau, Stéphan (2004). Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659-1743), le peintre des rois (in French). Preface by Xavier Salmon. Montpellier: Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc. OCLC 58986292.
- Roman, Joseph (1919). Le Livre de raison du peintre Hyacinthe Rigaud (in French). Paris: Laurens.
External links
- Musee-rigaud - Official webpage of the Rigaud Museum.
- Hyacinthe-rigaud - Complete catalogue of Rigaud's works by French art historian Stéphan Perreau