Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate
Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate | |
---|---|
Born | Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate 1 April 1887 Pamplona, Spain |
Died | 2 September 1972 Pamplona, Spain | (aged 85)
Nationality | Spanish |
Occupation | self-government official |
Known for | Pamplona icon |
Political party | Traditionalist Communion |
Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate (1887–1972) was a Spanish folk customs expert, a
Family and youth
Ignacio's paternal grandfather,
Ignacio was born after the family had moved from Leitza to Pamplona. He received secondary education in the Piarist
Married (1927) to Carmen Abarrategui Gorosábel,[14] Ignacio fathered 10 children.[15] Joaquín (Joaquíncho) was active in El Pensamiento Navarro;[16] Javier was director of Archivo General de Navarra and is author of historical and historiographical works related to the province,[17] while Cruz Maria directed B-class movies.[18] Most of the family remained Carlist,[19] some of them engaged in politics.[20] A few of his grandchildren became public figures; Ignacio Baleztena Navarrete[21] represents Navarre at the EU headquarters in Brussels,[22] Joaquin Baleztena Gurrea is a well known Pamplona physician[23] while Carola Baleztena is a TV starlet[24] and gossip media celebrity.[25]
Early public activity
Allegedly already as a child Ignacio took part in street protests against
Public servant
In 1918 Baleztena joined the Carlist-
Baleztena was vital to development and re-organisation of Archivo General de Navarra,[51] the place where he spent more and more time as researcher starting late 1920s[52] and which turned into his primary employment in the 1930s, when he was discharged from most other duties. In 1928 nominated the municipal Delegado de Turismo,[53] resuming the function in the 1940s as Secretario del Comité Provincial de Turismo.[54] In 1940 he founded Museo de Recuerdos Históricos in Pamplona, intended as Carlist cultural outpost;[55] he was managing it as a director until the museum, due to run-down conditions of the building and amidst controversial circumstances, shut down in the mid-1960s.[56] Since 1949 he was director of Museos de Navarra.[57] Active in a number of mostly culture-related municipal and provincial bodies, like Comisión de Monumentos or Instituto Principe de Viana.[58] By the end of his life he became an iconic and proverbial Pamplona figure, dubbed "aitacho".[59]
Man of feasts
Since early youth Baleztena demonstrated particular interest in everything related to
Baleztena remained particularly fascinated by the
Baleztena's interest in feasts and customs is peculiar as it combined three different approaches: this of a scientist (
Vascólogo and Vascófilo
Baleztena's
In 1925 Baleztena co-founded
Politician
Since early youth Baleztena was active in juvenile Jaimist organisations. In 1919 he took part in
In the spring of 1936 Baleztena negotiated Carlist support with
The Baleztenas voiced against a union with
See also
- Carlism
- Joaquín Baleztena Ascárate
- Basque nationalism
- Pamplona
- Leitza
- Festivale of San Fermín
- Gigantes y cabezudos
- romeria
- Marcha de Oriamendi
Footnotes
- ^ see the Geni genealogical service available here
- ^ named "Torrea" and "Petrorena"; Javier Baleztena Abarrategui, Premín de Iruña blog available here, entry 08.09.11
- ^ Ángel García-Sanz Marcotegui, Elites económicas y políticas en la Restauración. La diversidad de las derechas navarras, [in:] Historia contemporánea, 23 (2001), pp. 623-5; Annuario Riera of 1902 lists him among 20 "most important" rural owners in the merindad of Pamplona, see here
- ^ José Andrés-Gallego, Pedro Pegenaute Garde, Navarra ca.1900-ca.1975, s.l., available here Archived 2014-11-08 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 546-547
- ^ compare David Allegría Suescun, Historia del abastecimiento de agua en la Comarca de Pamplona available here
- ISBN 8447521451, 9788447521456 p. 910, Josean Garrues-Irurzun, Public utility of water and private service of production and distribution of electricity in Pamplona, 1893-1961, Madrid 2008, available here
- ^ elected on the Carlist-Basque ticket listed, García-Sanz 2001, pp. 623-5
- ^ see Joaquín Baleztena Muñagorri entry at Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia available here
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 22.06.11
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 12.11.10
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 17.10.11
- ^ Eugenio was Teniente de Alcalde of Pamplona, while Juan Pedro was the Alcalde himself, see Araiza genealogy available here
- ^ see BALEZTENA ASCARATE, Pedro María entry at Gran Enciclopedia Navarra available here Archived 2014-11-08 at the Wayback Machine, or Pedro María Baleztena Ascarate entry at Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia available here; Luis Baleztena Abarrategui, son of Ignacio, was also a locally known athlete, see Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia available here
- ^ (1905-1992), daughter of Benito Abarrategui Zubía and Ascensión Gorosabel Eguidazu, see Geni genealogy service available here
- ^ Geni genealogy service available here, see also the obituary in ABC 09.02.92 available here
- ^ see obituary in ABC 22.10.13 available here
- ^ for bibliography see Dialnet service available here
- ^ for filmography, see here
- Juan Carlos de Borbón and his wife to Pamplona, the Baleztenas kept all windows and shutters closed (except the premises inhabited by Joaquincho Baleztena), see ABC 22.10.13 available here
- ^ Silvia Baleztena Abarrategui unsuccessfully ran for the Cortes in 2011 on the Derecha Navarra y Española ticket. The Baleztena house in Leitza remains a highly contested political symbol until today; during the wedding of Joaquíncho in 1971 it was protected by the police against ETA; in 1996 and 2012 it was assaulted by the Basque nationalists with the Spanish banner torn away from the balcony and burnt down, see ABC 20.08.96 available here and ABC 16.08.12 available here
- ^ son of Joaquincho Baleztena and Pancha Navarrete, co-founder of UPN and an activist bent on fighting ETA
- ^ appointment of a 31-year-old for a 78,000 euro job raised many eyebrows, though comments focused on Pancha Navarrete rather than on the Baleztena family, see Noticias de Navarra 19.12.13 available here Archived 2014-11-07 at archive.today
- ^ specialising in geriatrics and co-founder of Peña Mutilzarra; the association, founded in 1992, declares itself unpolitical and dedicated to traditional local customs; see its website available here
- ^ for filmography see here, for a sample of her movie performance see here
- ^ compare here
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 04.06.13
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 18.11.10; Baleztena continued to research, organize and design the Leitza santiburcios also later on, see Premín de Iruña blog, entry 25.08.12, compare also the 1996 santiburcios assault on Casa Baleztena, ABC 20.08.96
- ^ he kept writing plays also later on, mostly comedies mixing absurd humour with political mockery: Bromicas de Cupido, El Capitán Cornoboutt o una invernada en los hielos, El ópalo de los Duques de Olofgrado, Abundio, te la cedo, Futri contra Campiñarri, De cómo Kilikizarra murió y estiró la garra, Cirilo por San Fermín pasó aventuras sin fin, Los caballeros de la Luna, El submarino de Dositeo, Los misterios de Mendillorri, quoted after Jaime del Burgo, Catálogo bio-bibliográfico, Pamplona 1954, p. 144, available here
- ^ his extravert and jolly behaviour produced conflict with the college authorities, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 17.11.10
- ^ where he met and admired de Unamuno, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 17.11.10, Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 12.11.10. These juvenile attempts marked Baleztena's fascination with performing arts, especially pantomime, disguise, masks, puppetry etc
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 15.11.10
- ^ del Burgo 1954, p. 144.
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 20.11.10
- ISBN 8493508187, pp. 523-530
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 15.11.10
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 23.11.10; Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia says it was in 1912
- ISBN 8481363995, 9788481363999, p. 83
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 31.01.11
- ^ Pablo Lucas Jaurrieta Múzquiz, married to his sister Silvia, see Geni genealogical service available here
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 03.02.11
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 10.02.11. Some sources claim he engaged in politics half-heartedly, as his genuine passion was culture, see here Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 28.03.11
- ^ Premín de Iruñablog, entry 18.02.11, Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
- ^ consisting of 7 members: 3 for Pamplona, 1 for Aoiz, Estella, Tafalla and Tudela. Actually, Baleztena was declared victorious with no competition fielded. He replaced an Integrist, Juan José Juanmartiñena, as the Jaimistas changed their alliance strategy, see Elena Floristan Imizcoz, María Luisa Garde Etayo, El manifesto constitutivo de la Alianza Foral (1921), [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 148, Andrés-Gallego, Pegenaute 1975, p. 570
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 26.05.11, Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
- ^ some of his fellow members resigned in protest against the imposed changes, but Baleztena chose to stay in, see Francisco Miranda Rubio, Política y Foralidad en Navarra durante la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 66,(2005), pp. 345
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entries 22.03.11, 27.06.11; he demanded reinstating traditional Navarrese establishments, Andrés-Gallego, Pegenaute 1975, p. 572
- ^ Baleztena clashed with some fellow Carlists led by Pradera, who vehemently opposed the monument as a means fostering Basque separatism, see Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis], Valencia 2009, p. 359, José Javier López Antón, Trayectoria ideológica del carlismo bajo Don Jaime III (1909-1931): aproximación y estudio de los postulados regionalistas del Jaimismo Navarro (1918-1931), [in:] Aportes 6/15 (1991), p. 46
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 12.03.11, Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedi
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 26.05.11
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 22.09.11
- ISBN 8481363294, 9788481363296, p. 30; the book mentions the episode when discussing emergence of "navarrismo de orientación claramente fascista"', though it is not clear whether, according to author, Baleztena represented or opposed "fascismo navarro"
- ^ del Burgo 1954, p. 144
- ^ initially it was intended to be named Museo de las Guerras Carlistas; the name was abandoned due to the pressure on part of the Francoist regime, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 9.1.14; the building is now hosting Museo Pablo Sarasate, see turismo.navarra available here
- ^ some authors claim Baleztena was director of "Museo de Navarra", which seems to be a currently existing museum in Pamplona, see Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, La reorganización del carlismo vasco en los sesenta. Entre la pasividad y el "separatismo, [in:] Vasconia: Cuadernos de historia - geografía, 38 (2012), p. 1115, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania 69/231 (2009), p. 185, Egaña 2005, p. 83. On the other hand, del Burgo 1954, p. 144 claims he was director of "Museos de Navarra", which sounds like a department within the provincial administrative board
- ^ ABC 24.09.1972
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 09.11.10; "pappy" or "daddy" in English; between 1940 and 1970 Pamplona changed from a mid-size provincial city of 50,000 inhabitants, providing services for the neighboring rural area, to an anonymous industrial urban centre of 150,000 people, "el Japón con boina roja", see Micheltorena 2005, p. 69. Currently none of the tourist leaflets distributed by the Pamplona tourist office mentions Baleztena and the staff is unaware of the Baleztena name
- ^ the old medieval ritual was reinstated by the city council around the year of 1860, see sanfermines.net available here
- ^ the figure of King Baltasar was later sort of reserved for Ignacio Baleztena; when due to age he was unable to carry the harness, member of his family took over, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 30.11.10
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 30.11.10
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 02.12.10
- ^ in 1920 Baleztena published his first book, Iruñerías, a collection of his earlier pieces published in Radica and styled as tales from old Pamplona. His other books are Relaciones de la Santa Sede con los Monarcas navarros y sus legitimos herederos (1921), La Insignia de las Cinco Llagas (1932), Los toros en Navarra (1932), Los gigantes de Pamplona. Historia de esos simpáticos monigotes que tantosratos felices han proporcionado a Premin de Iruña (1933), De cómo Kilikizarra murió y estiró la garra (1935), Recuerdos históricos- El Capitán D. Manuel Vidondo y la batalla de Gulina (1942), see del Burgo 1954, p. 144
- ^ he contributed to numerous newspapers, mostly Navarrese ones (El Pensamiento Navarro, Pregón, Diario de Navarra), though also to El Pueblo Vasco (San Sebastián), Euskalerria (Montevideo), Vida Vasca (Vitoria), La Fiesta Brava (Barcelona), Estampa Tradicionalista (Tolosa), Tradición Vasca (San Sebastian), listed after del Burgo 1954, 144; his pen-names were Premín de Iruña, Tiburcio de Okabío and José Miel, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 10.11.10. For a sample see El Siglo Futuro 04.07.1935, available here
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 13.12.10
- ^ like Cabalgata de Reyes, Premín de Iruña blog, entries 20.12.10 and 23.10.10
- ^ like Las tribus de Israel, Angelico de Aralar and Un presente de Zabulon, Premín de Iruña blog, entries 03.04.12, 14.04.12
- ^ like Rey en las calles, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 21.06.14
- ^ also Carnavales de antaño or Fiesta del Rey de la Faba, Premín de Iruña blog, entries 30.11.13, 21.03.11
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 05.06.14
- ISBN 8415313314, 9788415313311, p. 53
- ISBN 9788423531653, pp. 299-322. The Javierada of 2014 attracted 24,000 people, see navarrese local service available here
- ^ officially the pilgrimage was organised by Hermandad de Caballeros Voluntarios de la Cruz, the organisation co-founded by Baleztena, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 03.12.13; see also Javier Ugarte, El carlismo hacia los años treintadel siglo xx. Un fenómeno señal, [in:] Ayer 38 (2000), p. 173
- ^ sort of organizing committee, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 02.07.12
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 13.12.10
- ^ both were worked out together with Baleztena's friend and musician Silvano Cervantes Iñigo, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 13.12.10;
- ^ he also the author of other popular songs, like La Antoni e Ignacio, Levántate pamplónica, El cordero de Francisco, La procesión del Viernes Santo, listed after del Burgo 1954, p. 144
- ^ sanfermines.com service available here
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 11.01.11
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 13.12.10
- Falangists. The same year in Javier the locals prepared banners reading "Carlos e Irene, vosotros si podeis entrar", a reference to incidents earlier that year, when Juan Carlos de Borbón and his wife turned back to Aragonhaving learnt that the locals await them with sticks and stones, Javier Lavardín [José Antonio Parilla], Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976, pp. 175, 240
- ^ in 1960s Baleztena-style Traditionalist feasts and celebrations, strongly saturated with religious element, were subject to increasing secularisation until the confessional dimension disappeared altogether, see Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El proceso de secularización de lasfiestas carlistas, [in:] Zainak. Cuadernos de Antropología-Etnografía, 26 (2004), pp. 781-802; first attempts to vandalise Carlist monuments, like graffiti on the Pamplona Monument of the Fallen walls, started to appear in the mid-1960s, see Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, Navarra y el carlismo durante el régimen de Franco: la utopía de la identidad unitaria, [in:] Investigaciones históricas: Época moderna y contemporánea 17 (1997)p. 302
- José Miguel de Barandiarán
- ISBN 9780511132636, pp. 177-195
- ^ he demonstrated vivid interest only in carnivalesque, ludic forms of entertainment closely related to folk customs, with much less focus on opera, drama theatre (except puppetry), literature etc
- ^ Dronda Martínez 2013, pp. 21-22
- ISBN 847030531X, 9788470305313, Javier Ugarte Tellería makes repeated parallel references to Carlism and Nazism, e.g. comparing alliance between Carlism and upper strata to alliance between NSDAP and plutocracy (p. 38), Navarrese social fabric to East Prussian social fabric (p. 40), Requete standby of July 36 to SA standby in January 1933 (p. 148), Traditionalist means of cultural mobilization to Nazi means of cultural mobilization (p. 160), Navarrese conservative stronghold to Bavarian conservative stronghold (p. 231), mechanism of Spaniards embracing authoritarianism to mechanisms of Germans embracing authoritarianism (p. 245), the role of Bible to the role of Mein Kampf (p. 250), Carlists dumping electoral strategy to Hitler dumping insurrectionist strategy (p. 262), provocative Requete demonstrations to provocative SA demonstrations (p. 273), marginalization of socially radical Carlist aetistas to marginalization of socially radical Rohm faction in SA (p. 293, 426), Navarrese sense of foralism to German sense of Heimat (p. 306). Ignacio Baleztena is mentioned by Ugarte as a politician and "extravagant figure" rather than as a man of culture. Another author highlighting similarity between Carlist and Nazi cultural policy advances a somewhat competitive thesis, namely that the two promoted not traditional, but modern means of social mobilisation, named "reactionary modernism", see Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, Paradójicos reaccionarios: la modernidad contra la República de la Comunión Tradicionalista, [in:] El Argonauta Espanol 9 (2012), available here
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 03.06.14, compare also Caspistegui 1997, esp. p. 314
- ^ his father spoke Basque as his mothertongue; his mother, María Dolores Ascárate Echeverría, was bilingual (her father was castellano-speaker, her mother was Basque-speaker), Premín de Iruña blog, entry 12.04.11
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 14.04.11
- ISBN 079143964X, 9780791439647, p. 166
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 23.11.10
- ^ it was issued in Spanish, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 24.11.10; it was aimed directly against the euzkadiano periodical Napartarra, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 09.02.11
- ^ his Arraiza Baleztena cousins were the very founders of the society, see Francisco Javier Arraiza Baleztena entry at Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia available here
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 12.04.11, he specialised in studying popular feasts, e.g. in the 1920 congress he was Secretary of the Comisión de Festejos, see here
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 17.02.11
- ^ the previous ones were in Bilbao, San Sebastian and Vitoria; Premín de Iruña blog, entry 22.03.12, 23.03.12
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 26.04.11, Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 17.02.12
- ^ introducing dances posed as traditional, though in fact heavily redesigned or plainly invented, like xingola-dantza, el aurresku, la espatadantza de Amaia, la uztai-dantza, Banako, Binako y Launako, la zahagi-dantza, makil-dantza, see Muthiko web page available here Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 01.02.12; some define his Carlism as lifestyle rather than ideology, and consider his cultural activities - Muthiko in particular - part of this outlook, see here Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine; similar approach was demonstrated in Gipuzkoa by the Gipuzkoan Carlist Jefe, Antonio Arrue, see Manuel Martorell, Antonio Arrue, el carlista que colaboró en el relanzamiento de Euskaltzaindia, [in:] Euskera: Euskaltzaindiaren lan eta agiriak 56/3 (2011), pp. 847-872
- ^ "Muthiko web page". Archived from the original on 2014-10-05. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
- ^ the Navarrese version of theatre de guignol
- ^ like electoral meetings, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 24.2.12
- ^ the group was considered "foco de falcondismo", see Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 268, 352; during the sanfermines of 1939 Ramón Serrano Suñer intervened with Luis Arellano to prevent Muthiko from shouting "Viva el Rey", Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 247; "gritaremos todos juntos: ¡Viva el Rey!" was the customary cry which used to commence all Muthiko performances, Muthiko web page Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 351
- ^ including arrests, suspensions, sealing of the premises, etc Muthiko web page Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 353
- ^ "Muthiko web page". Archived from the original on 2014-10-05. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
- ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p.284
- ^ the years of 1962-1974 are considered "golden age" of the organisation by the current Muthikos; during that period the association opened new sections: mountain tourism, football, weight lifting and so on; its office was at the prestigious Plaza del Castillo; compare also the list of activities flavoured by anti-Francoism published at Muthiko web page[permanent dead link] l
- ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 210; Mariano Zufia, one of the socialist Partido Carlista leaders, was a dantzari in Muthiko, see Muthiko web page Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ compare the vision of Carlist participation in the Civil War offered by the official web site of Muthiko, "La realidad de todos es sabida, vista con la perspectiva y la objetividad que dan los años: los voluntarios son manipulados por los intereses de las clases dominantes y se ven envueltos en una lucha fratricida de tres años, pueblo contra pueblo, sin otro vencecor que la oligarquía" at Muthiko web page Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ see postcard collections at Muthiko web page Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine; note also the Muthiko graphical production, mocking the clergy and the popes
- ISBN 9788493884253, p. 20
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 21.02.11
- ^ Baleztena did not seem particularly belligerent or intransigent on dynastical side, as he did take part and possibly even strived to organise religious celebrations attended by Alfonso XIII, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 04.04.11
- ^ and even issued an electoral proclamation, see Alberto García Umbón, Las Proyectadas elecciones del general Berenguer en Navarra (1930), [in:] Cuadernos de sección. Historia-Geografía San Sebastián, 10 (2008), p. 218
- ISBN 9780521207294, p. 50
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 27.09.11; Irujo Aranzadi accused Ignacio of avoiding tangible commitments and breaking the agreement, Manuel Ferrer Muñoz, La Cuestión estatutaria en Navarra durante la Segunda República, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 52 (1991), pp. 197, 200, Manuel Ferrer Muñoz, Los frustrados intentos de colaboración entre el partido nacionalista vasco y la derecha navarra durante la segunda república, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), pp. 129, 132
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 27.09.11
- ^ Junta Regional Carlista de Navarra, headed by his brother Joaquin, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 28.09.11; Ignacio served later as a liaison between his expulsed brother and Navarrese Carlist authorities, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 15.02.12; he also sustained the movement financially, Blinkhorn 1975, p. 222
- ^ after its partial burning in April 1932 the family moved to Leitza and San Sebastián, Premín de Iruña blog, entries 02.11.11 to 22.12.11; his son claims that the perpetrators were led by an unidentified Teniente de Alcalde, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 16.01.12. The Baleztenas accused Gobiernador Civil, Manuel Andrés Casaus, of inertia; Baleztena was also engaged in extinguishing fire following assaults on other institutions, like El Pensamiento Navarro, El Diario de Navarra and finally, in March 1936, on Diputación Foral, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 27.04.12
- ISBN 9788499709758, p. 77
- ISBN 8487863523, 9788487863523, pp. 28-29, Arostegui 2013, pp. 103-104
- ^ Blinkorn 1975, pp. 238, 248; according to some "attitude of the Baleztenas was extremely difficult to grasp", see Martorell Peréz 2009, pp. 120-121. For dramatic discussion between the Baleztena-led Navarrese and Don Javier in San Jean de Luz on July 12 see Lizarza 2006, p. 106. Javier Baleztena Abarrategui notes there were differences amongst the Carlists, but presents the stance of his father as a struggle to maintain unity, see Premín de Iruña blog, entry 17.05.12.
- ^ the Pamplona house served as a press centre, the Leitza house served as military headquarters, Premín de Iruña blog, entries 06.06.12, 12.6.12
- ^ formed mostly by residents of Leitza, nearby villages and refugees from the neighboring Gipuzkoa,Premín de Iruña blog, entry 22.07.12
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entries 24.07.12, 31.07.12; though some episodes are contested, see Martorell Peréz 2009, p. 119
- ^ Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia claims he volunteered with his 6 sons, which seems unlikely given the oldest one was born in 1929
- ISBN 8487863523, p. 178; the rank-and-file soldiers of this battalion considered him "superhombre", Arostegui 2013, p. 407; formally he commanded a company (requeté), Arostegui 2013, p. 421; he continued to organise feasts and composed chants in the trenches, see Arostegui 2013, p. 871
- ISBN 9788497349734, p. 714
- ^ e.g. on leaves to take part in funeral of Alfonso Carlos in Vienna in autumun of 1936, to host Don Javier in Leitza in the summer of 1937, to organise Pamplona homages in October 1937 or to celebrate birth of his son in April 1938
- ^ his son claims Baleztena viewed unification as treason on part of the militrary, see Premín de Iruña blog, entry 05.03.13. Some suggest the Baleztenas took advantage of paralysis of Carlist governing bodies and pushed with the unification, see Javier Ugarte Telleria, El carlismo en la guerra del 36: la formación de un cuasi-estado nacional-corporativo y foral en la zona vasco-navarra, [in:] Historia Contemporanea 38 (2009). pp. 69-70. Penas Bernaldo 1996, pp. 265-7, 270 quotes Ignacio saying that except the monarchical issue, there were no major discrepancies between Carlism and Partido Unico; anxious to stay loyal to Don Javier, Baleztena agreed that for the time being national interest demanded compliance. Blinkhorn 1975, pp. 288-9 claims that the Baleztenas pressed Don Javier to accept the unification. The latest work, Mercedes Peñalba Sotorrío, Entre la boina roja y la camisa azul, Estella 2013 does not mention either of the Baleztenas when describing the amalgamation process (though see p. 132). Some claim that the Baleztenas contested the intransigent opposition to unification of Fal Conde, but Don Javier kept considering them loyal, as he authorised Joaquín to enter the Falangist Consejo Naciónal, see Martorell Peréz 2009, pp. 38-40, 49. It remains undisputed that in July 1937 Don Javier entrusted Baleztena with reorganisation of Navarrese Carlism, see Aurora Villanueva Martinez, Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 19 (2003), p. 101
- ^ he engineered ice-cold welcome of Franco during his visit to Pamplona in the autumn of 1937, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 05.03.13
- ^ Baleztena participated in the Carlist efforts to save El Pensamiento Navarro from amalgamation in the Francoist propaganda machine; the plot consisted of converting the party newspaper into a paper owned by a shareholding company by creating Editorial Navarra; out of 600 shares, de Rodezno held 200, Arellano 150 and Baleztena brothers 50 each, Eduardo González Calleja, La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931-1937), [in:] El Argonauta español 9 (2012), p. 29
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 18.9.13
- ^ especially members of the French Resistance, though also fleeing Jews, providing shelter in Pamplona, Leitza and other locations, Premín de Iruña blog, entries 16.10.13, 25.01.14; see also Martorell Peréz 2009, pp. 266-8. Among the refugees there was Enrique Roberto Fernando María Luis Felipe de Orleans, the French pretendent to the throne, see ABC 22.10.13
- ^ the Baleztenas entertained the British Foreign Secretary Samuel Hoare in 1941, which was sort of political demonstration aimed against Spain joining the Axis, Premín de Iruña blog, entry 01.03.14; the Baleztenas opposed the apparently the pro-German stance taken by El Pensamiento Navarro, see Martorell Peréz 2009, pp. 263-264; for an opposite anti-British view, see here
- ^ Martorell Peréz 2009, p. 856, though there are other views. Villanueva Martínez 2003, p. 105 claims that Baleztena asked Fal to accept his resignation in 1942. Vazquez Prada 2012, p. 1131-3 presents the Baleztenas as pursuing an "independent" line until Joaquín was replaced as Navarrese jefe in 1957, though as late as the early 1960s he was appointed by Don Javier to represent Navarre in a planned Junta Foral Vasco-Navarra
- ISSN 2282-5681
- ^ Martorell Peréz 2009, p. 199
- ^ some scholars consider Hermandad de Caballeros Voluntarios de la Cruz, founded by Baleztena as religious pilgrimage group, an attempt to create semi-official Carlism organisation, Martorell Peréz 2009, pp. 190-191
- ^ in 1953 Fal talked to him on reconstruction of Carlist network, Martorell Peréz 2009, p. 344. The Baleztena grip on Navarrese Carlism is sometimes dubbed caciquismo, see Lavardín 1976, p. 160
- ^ Franco visited Pamplona to open new housing quarters and was scheduled to speak from the balcony of the Ayuntamiento building. Despite lavish decorations elsewhere, the neighboring Baleztena house was all closed and seemed abandoned, with immense portrait of San Francisco Javier on its facade. The bottom line of the message was manifestation of support to the Carlist regent, Don Javier. Indignant Franco cut down his speech to a minimum; the Baleztenas received threats from the Falangist Frente de Juventudes afterwards, Martorell Peréz 2009, p. 343.
- ^ Martorell Peréz 2009, p. 349
- ^ Premín de Iruña blog, entry 27.06.13; the Baleztenas voted against publishing Ecto de Estoril in Pensamiento, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffé, El papel del carlismo navarro en el inicio de la fragmentación definitiva de la comunión tradicionalista (1957-1960), [in:] Principe de Viana 2011, p. 402
- ^ in 1941 Samuel Hoare understood from the Baleztenas that they were - under some conditions - prepared to accept Don Juan as a Carlist claimant, see Samual Hoare, Complacent Dictator, London 1947, p. 141; during the emotional sessions of early 1956, Joaquin (the brothers are always referred to as very close to each other) addressed Don Javier "de Alteza", while the others used the "de Majestad" form, see Lavardin 1976, p. 27. The position of the Baleztenas is summarised by the author as "poca consistencia". Joaquin was also opposed (as the only member of the Navarrese junta) to Carlos Hugo appearing in Montejurra in 1957, Lavardín 1976 p. 40, and the family were not sure what to expect of him, Lavardín 1976, p. 160
- ^ by some the Baleztenas are counted among "los guipuzcoanos", a group (including also Antonio Arrue, Lascurain, marques del Valle de Santiago, Pablo Iturria, the young Larramendi, Gambra) which maintained personal rather than political rivalry with Fal, who was nevertheless accused by them of inactivity and inefficiency, see Lavardin 1976, p. 15
- ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania: Revista española de historia 69 (2009), p. 185, Vázquez de Prada 2011, p. 1115. In 1955 the Baleztenas were closely in touch with Don Javier, who even visited Leitza around the time he dismissed Fal, Lavardín 1976, p. 24. The same author claims the Baleztenas were criticised by younger Carlists for as running a clerical policy; a phrase was coined against them "menos accion catolica y mas accion carlista"
- ^ the pro-Juanista Carlists like Arauz de Robles or Rafael Olazábal criticised Fal as too rigid, see Martorell Peréz 2009, pp. 392-393; Joaquin was dismissed in 1957 as his intransingent stance towards Francoism was incompatible with the new Carlist policy, Lavardín 1976, p. 160
- ^ In 1963 the Baleztenas hosted princess Alicia, than 87, which was viewed as counterweight to the Carlos Hugo sister, princess Maria Teresa, at that time spending a year in Pamplona, see Lavardín 1976, pp. 160, 163.
- ^ e.g. in 1964 Dolores Baleztena defended Irene, the newly wed wife of Carlos Hugo, Lavardín 1976, p. 220
- ^ in 1968, weeks before his expulsion from Spain, Don Javier stayed in Leitza visiting Ignacio Baleztena, Lavardín 1976, p. 284
- ISBN 8431315644, 9788431315641 does not mention Ignacio Baleztena at all; for confrontation of different cultural visions see Josep Miralles Clement, Aspectos de la cultura política del carlismo en el siglo XX, [in:] Espacio, tiempo y forma 17 (2005), pp. 147-174, esp. the chapter La experiencia juvenil y estudiantil; see also MacClancy 2000
- ISBN 8477681929, 9788477681922
- ^ another crisis in El Pensamiento Navarro followed in 1971, see La Vanguardia 21.12.1971 available here
- ^ Josep Carlos Clemente, Breve historia de las guerras carlistas, Madrid 2011, p. 248, the paragraph titled Ignacio y Joaquin Baleztena, caciques de Franco en Navarra; Clemente 1977, p. 68 does not mention Ignacio and claims that it was his brother and his two sons who were expulsed in July 1970
Further reading
- María Teresa Alcocer Sanz, "Iruñerias" de Ignacio Baleztena [MA thesis in Periodismo, Universidad de Navarra], Pamplona 1983
- Ignacio Baleztena Ascarate entry at Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia online
- María Teresa Alcocer Sanz, BALEZTENA ASCÁRATE, Ignacio entry at Gran Enciclopedia Navarra online
- Javier Baleztena Abarrategui, Premín de Iruña blog online
- Jaime del Burgo, BALEZTENA [ASCARATE], Ignacio entry, [in:] Catálogo bio-bibliográfico, Pamplona 1954
- Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009
External links
- Baleztena by his son at Premín de Iruña blog
- Baleztena on Geni genealogical service
- Baleztena on Gran Enciclopedia Navarra
- Baleztena by del Burgo
- Baleztena on euskomedia
- Oriamendi in Basque video
- Oriamendi in Spanish video
- Pamplona Cabalgata de Reyes official site
- Javierada 2014 video
- Cabalgata de Reyes in Pamplona 2013 video
- Muthiko Alaiak web page Archived 2014-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
- Muthiko Alaiak performing 2013 video
- official municipal sanfermines website
- Baleztena house assaulted 1932 by contemporary press
- Baleztena house assaulted 2012 by contemporary press
- progressist movie vision of Leitza (playing Alsasua) July 36
- Ignacio Baleztena named fascist
- Ignacio by his daughter
- contemporary Carlist propaganda video