Pamplona

Coordinates: 42°49′N 1°39′W / 42.817°N 1.650°W / 42.817; -1.650
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Pamplona (disambiguation).
Pamplona
Iruña (Basque)
Pampeluna
Municipality
Pamplona / Iruña
Pamplona City Hall
Fueros monument
Cathedral
Plaza del Castillo
Festival of San Fermín
UTC+2
(CEST)
Patron saint
Websitewww.pamplona.es

Pamplona (Spanish pronunciation: [pamˈplona] ⓘ; Basque: Iruña [iɾuɲa]),[a] historically also known as Pampeluna in English, is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre, in Spain.

Lying at near 450 m (1,480 ft) above sea level,

Arga river,[6] a second-order tributary of the Ebro. Precipitation-wise, it is located in a transitional location between the rainy Atlantic northern façade of the Iberian Peninsula and its drier inland. Early population in the settlement traces back to the late Bronze to early Iron Age,[7] even if the traditional inception date refers to the foundation of Pompaelo by Pompey during the Sertorian Wars circa 75 BC.[8] During Visigothic rule Pamplona became an episcopal see, serving as a staging ground for the Christianization of the area.[9] It later became one of the capitals of the Kingdom of Pamplona/Navarre
.

The city is famous worldwide for the

Osasuna, the only Navarrese football club to have ever played in the Spanish top division
.

History

Main article: History of Pamplona
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Pamplona.
The city walls of Pamplona

Foundation and Roman times

In the winter of 75–74 BC, the area served as a camp for the

civitas stipendiaria in the jurisdiction of the conventus of Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza).[12]

Early Middle Ages

Pamplona, at the centre of numerous military campaigns during the eighth century
Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España, MS 7415
)

During the

Duchy of Vasconia (Councils of Toledo unattended by several Pamplonese bishops between 589 and 684). In 466 to 472, Pamplona was conquered by the Visigoth count Gauteric,[15]
but they seemed to abandon the restless position soon, struggling as the Visigoth kingdom was to survive and rearrange its lands after their defeats in Gaul. During the beginning of the sixth century, Pamplona probably stuck to an unstable self-rule, but in 541, Pamplona, along with other northern Iberian cities, was raided by the Franks.

Around 581, the Visigoth king Liuvigild overcame the Basques, seized Pamplona, and founded in the town of Victoriacum.

Saint Fermin as the first bishop of Pamplona and his baptising of 40,000 pagan inhabitants in just three days, the first reliable accounts of a bishop date from 589, when bishop Liliolus attended the Third Council of Toledo. After 684 and 693, a bishop called Opilano is mentioned again in 829, followed by Wiliesind and a certain Jimenez from 880 to 890. Even in the 10th century, important gaps are found in bishop succession, which is recorded unbroken only after 1005.[17]

At the time of the

Yusuf al Fihri, sent an expedition north to quash Basque unrest near Pamplona, resulting in the defeat of the Arab army.[20]

From 755 until 781, Pamplona remained autonomous, probably relying on regional alliances. Although sources are not clear, it seems apparent that in 778, the town was in hands of a Basque local or a Muslim rebel faction loyal to the Franks at the moment of

Battle of Roncevaux), out of fear that the anti-Frankish party strong in the town might use the position against him. After Abd al-Rahman I's conquest, Pamplona and its hinterland remained in a state of shaky balance between Franks, regional Andalusian
lords and central Cordovan rule, all of whom proved unable to permanently secure dominance over the Basque region. To a considerable extent, that alternation reflected the internal struggles of the Basque warrior nobility.

After the Frankish defeat at Roncevaux (778), Pamplona switched again to Cordovan rule, after Abd-al-Rahman's expedition captured the stronghold in 781. A wali or governor was imposed, Mutarrif ibn-Musa (a Banu-Qasi) up to the 799 rebellion. In that year, the Pamplonese—possibly led by a certain Velasko—stirred against their governor, but later the inhabitants provided some support for the Banu Qasi Fortun ibn-Musa's uprising. This regional revolt was shortly after suppressed by the Cordovan emir Hisham I, who re-established order, but failed to retain his grip on the town, since the Pamplonese returned to Frankish suzerainty in 806.[21] A Muslim cemetery containing about 200 human remains mingled with Christian tombs was unearthed in 2003 at the Castle Square, bearing witness to an important Muslim presence in the city during this period, but further research was stopped by the destruction of this and other historic evidence as decided by the city council, headed by mayor Yolanda Barcina.[22][23]

Following a failed expedition to the town led by

Cordoban emirate
.

During this period, Pamplona was not properly a town, but just a kind of fortress. In 924,

Cordovan sources describe Pamplona as "not being especially gifted by nature", with its inhabitants being poor, not eating enough, and dedicated to banditry. They are reported to speak Basque for the most part, which "makes them incomprehensible".[24] On the 24 July, after Christian troops and citizens fled, troops from Cordova sacked Pamplona, destroying houses and buildings including its celebrated church.[25]

The town only regained its urban and human shape after the end of raids by Vikings and Andalusians on the province. Especially after 1083, traffic on the

Way of St James brought prosperity and new cultures via travelers from north of the Pyrenees.[26]

Three boroughs and one city

See also: Privilege of the Union

From the 11th century, reviving economic development allowed Pamplona to recover its urban life. The bishops of Pamplona recovered their ecclesiastical leading role; during the previous centuries, isolated

San Nicolás; the population of local Navarrese mainly confined to the original urban nucleus, the Navarrería, was swelled by Occitan
merchants and artisans.

The boroughs showed very distinct features both socially and culturally, and were almost always engaged in quarrels among themselves. The most dramatic episode was the burning of the borough San Nicolás in 1258 and the destruction of the Navarrería by the other two boroughs and the massacre of its population in 1276. The site was abandoned for nearly 50 years. With regards to the outer defence walls of the city, the southern side was the weakest flank of the city, and the Navarrese king Louis I built a castle in the early 14th century in the site known today as Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square).

Eventually, King Charles III decreed the unification of the boroughs in a single city in 1423. The feuds between boroughs had been partly ignited by disputes over the use of the gulf dividing the three boroughs, so after Charles III's unification, the gulf was filled and on its site a common space laid out on the present-day city hall. The walls dividing the boroughs were demolished.

During the late 15th century, Pamplona bore witness to power struggles between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies and external military interventions. Several times, the stronghold was taken over by different factions and foreign forces, like the ones sent by

Catherine I was a minor and often absent from Pamplona, but eventually she married John III
in 1494, an event celebrated with joy in the city. However, Navarre continued divided.

Historically, a

halacha, or religious laws. In 1498, the Jewish population was either expelled or forced to convert to Christianity.[28]

  • The Monumento a los Caídos, Francoist memorial, subject to debate about its potential demolition
    The Monumento a los Caídos, Francoist memorial, subject to debate about its potential demolition
  • Estafeta Street
    Estafeta Street
  • Running of the Bulls
    Running of the Bulls
  • Seconds before the beginning of the San Fermín Festival—Town Hall Square: Everybody has a red handkerchief above their heads until a firework is exploded at 12 pm; putting it around their neck afterward
    Seconds before the beginning of the San Fermín Festival—Town Hall Square: Everybody has a red handkerchief above their heads until a firework is exploded at 12 pm; putting it around their neck afterward

A fortress-city

After the

Ferdinand V ordered in 1513 the demolition and removal of the medieval castle and the city's monasteries, as well as the building of a new castle in a very close place. In 1530, with Navarre under Spanish military occupation, the Castilian viceroy was still expecting a "French invasion", and in fear of a possible revolt of the city dwellers, he requested an additional 1,000-strong force from what he called "healthy land", i.e. Castile, besides the 1,000 stationed already in Navarre.[29]

The progress of

Vespasiano Gonzaga. The citadel in the south of the town is a pentagonal star fort. Phillip had the city bounded by walls that made it almost a regular pentagon. The modernization of the walls was intended mainly to keep locals in check[30] and strengthen the outpost Pamplona had become on the border with independent Navarre
, a close ally of France. The walls that exist today date from the late 16th to 18th centuries.

During the 18th century, Pamplona was considerably beautified and its urban services improved. A continuous water supply was established and the streets were paved, among many other enhancements. Rich aristocrats and businessmen also built their mansions. In the 19th century, this fortress-city played a key role in several wars in which Spain was involved.

During the

Enrique José O'Donnell.[31]
: 334 

View of Pamplona during the 1850s

During the Carlist Wars (1833–1839 and 1872–1876) Pamplona was each time controlled by the liberals, not just because the few liberals that lived in Navarre were mainly Pamplonese, but also because of the governmental control over the fortified city. Although Carlist rebels easily ruled the countryside, the government army had no problem in dominating the walled capital of Navarre. Nevertheless, during the last Carlist war, modern artillery operated by Carlists from surrounding mountains showed that the old walls would not be enough in the face of a stronger enemy. Thus, the government decided to build a fort on the top of mount San Cristóbal, just 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Pamplona.

Due to its military role, the city could not grow outside its walled belt. Furthermore, building in the closest area to the walls was banned to avoid any advantage for a besieger; thus the city could only grow by increasing its housing density. Higher and narrower houses were built and courtyards gradually disappeared. During the 19th century,

railway came in 1860. Nevertheless, industry in Pamplona and Navarre as a whole was weak during the century of the Industrial Revolution
. Basically, no industrial development was feasible in such a constrained fortress-city.

After a slight modification of the star fort allowed an expansion of just six blocks in 1888, the

First World War
demonstrated that the fortified system of Pamplona was already obsolete. In 1915, the Army allowed the destruction of the walls and abolished the building ban in the city's surroundings. The southern side of the walls was destroyed and the other three remained as they did not hinder urban growth. The star fort continued to serve as a military facility until 1964, but just as a garrison.

Pamplona has in recent years taken great care to integrate and preserve its fortifications for modern use. In October 2014, working with the city of Bayonne, Pamplona hosts an international conference 'Fortified Heritage: Management and Sustainable Development', the website is in English, French, and Spanish.[32]

Available on a growing website are two free e-books, with copious colour photographs, on Pamplona's fortifications. Published in 2011 is 'Five living centuries of an impregnable fortress' about the city citadel[33] and 'A walk round the Pamplona fortifications'.[34]

Industrialization and modernization

Demographic evolution (1900–2005)

Freed from its military function, Pamplona could lead the process of

industrialization and modernization in which Navarre was involved during the 20th century, especially during its second half. The urban growth has been accompanied by the development of industry and services. Population growth has been the effect of an intense immigration process during the 1960s and 1970s: from the Navarrese countryside and from other less developed regions of Spain, mainly Castile and León and Andalusia. Since the 1990s the immigration is coming mainly from abroad
.

Pamplona is listed as a city with one of the highest standards of living and quality of life in Spain.[35] Its industry rate is higher than the national average,[citation needed] although it is threatened by delocalization. Crime statistics are lower than the national average but cost of living, especially housing, is considerably higher.[36] Thanks to its small size and an acceptable public transport service, there are no major transport problems.

Geography

Pamplona is located in the middle of Navarre in a rounded valley, known as the

Arga River
, a tributary of the Ebro. The city has developed on both sides of the river.

Aerial view of Pamplona, 2017

Climate

The climate of Pamplona is classified as an

Northern Spain, thus more similar to the oceanic coastal climate in nearby Basque locations than typical Spanish Mediterranean areas are, but rainfall is significantly lower than in Bilbao and especially San Sebastián
, as well as the climate is harsher than in the northern coastal areas (colder winter lows, warmer summer highs) because of the altitude of 450 metres (1,480 ft) and its inland location.

Climate data for Pamplona (1991–2020), extremes (1953–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		30
(86) 		29.6
(85.3) 		33.5
(92.3) 		38.5
(101.3) 		42.3
(108.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		38.8
(101.8) 		30
(86) 		27
(81) 		20
(68) 		42.3
(108.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		18.1
(64.6) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.8
(78.4) 		30.8
(87.4) 		35.1
(95.2) 		37.2
(99.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.5
(83.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		18.8
(65.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.1
(43.0) 		13.3
(55.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2) 		1.7
(35.1) 		4.0
(39.2) 		5.8
(42.4) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		7.8
(46.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −3.8
(25.2) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		0.3
(32.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−5.2
(22.6)
Record low °C (°F) −12.4
(9.7) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−14.2
(6.4) 		−15.2
(4.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 73.5
(2.89) 		56.8
(2.24) 		65.5
(2.58) 		72.1
(2.84) 		60.6
(2.39) 		55.2
(2.17) 		33.6
(1.32) 		32.9
(1.30) 		46.2
(1.82) 		66.8
(2.63) 		85.6
(3.37) 		71.2
(2.80) 		720.1
(28.35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 10 9 9 11 10 6 4 4 7 10 11 12 103
Mean monthly sunshine hours 114 130 191 204 237 259 302 287 230 179 117 104 2,354
Source 1: Météo Climat[38]
Source 2: Infoclimat [39]
Climate data for Pamplona Airport(1981–2010), extremes (1953–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		30
(86) 		29.6
(85.3) 		33.5
(92.3) 		38.5
(101.3) 		40.2
(104.4) 		40.6
(105.1) 		38.8
(101.8) 		30
(86) 		27
(81) 		20
(68) 		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.4
(61.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.3
(82.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		18.4
(65.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		9.1
(48.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.4
(70.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		12.9
(55.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.2
(57.6) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		2.2
(36.0) 		7.4
(45.3)
Record low °C (°F) −12.4
(9.7) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−14.2
(6.4) 		−15.2
(4.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 62
(2.4) 		55
(2.2) 		59
(2.3) 		79
(3.1) 		65
(2.6) 		51
(2.0) 		38
(1.5) 		43
(1.7) 		49
(1.9) 		73
(2.9) 		80
(3.1) 		77
(3.0) 		734
(28.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 8.7 8 7.7 9.7 9.2 5.8 4.3 4.7 5.7 8.6 9.6 10.1 92.1
Average snowy days 2 2.6 1.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 1.5 9
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		78 72 66 65 63 59 57 58 62 69 76 78 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 90.9 129.3 180.7 187.2 235.4 271.5 317.1 281.0 215.1 162.2 108.1 86.8 2,265.3
Source 1:
Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[40]
Source 2:
Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[41]

Urbanism

Like many other European cities, it is very easy to distinguish what is so called the "old city" and the new neighborhoods. The oldest part of the old city is Navarrería, which corresponds with the Roman city. During the 12th century, the boroughs of Saint Sernin (San Saturnino or San Cernin) and Saint Nicholas (San Nicolás) were established. Charles III decreed the unification of the three places under a single municipality in 1423.

Old city of Pamplona

The city did not expand until the late 19th century. In 1888, a modest modification of the star fort was allowed, but it just permitted the building of six blocks. It was called the I Ensanche (literally, "first widening"). The southern walls were destroyed in 1915 and the II Ensanche ("second widening") was planned. Its plan followed the

apartment buildings
of five to eight floors.

After the Civil War, three new zones of Pamplona began to grow: Rochapea, Milagrosa, and Chantrea. Only the last one was a planned neighborhood, the other two being disorderly growths. In 1957, the municipality designed the first general ordination plan for the city, which established the guidelines for further urban development. According to this, during the 1960s and 1970s saw the creation of new neighborhoods like San Juan, Iturrama, San Jorge, Etxabakoitz, and Orvina.

Plaza del Castillo with Hotel La Perla visible (to the left of the tree)

The urban expansion of Pamplona exceeded the administrative limits of the city and involved municipalities like

Huarte
in a larger metropolitan area. During the 1980s and 1990s, new neighborhoods were born: Azpilagaña, Mendebaldea, and Mendillorri. Rochapea was profoundly renewed. The urban development of those new neighborhoods is very similar to other Spanish provincial capitals that experienced a similar aggressive economic development during the sixties and seventies. The urbanization of Pamplona, being from anterior designs, is not constrained by the grid plan. The apartment buildings are taller: never less than five floors and many taller than ten. Industry, which previously coexisted with housing, was moved to industrial parks (the oldest and the only one within municipal limits of Pamplona is Landaben).

In recent years,

Alzuza
, Artiberri and Sarriguren. And new districts emerged like Buztintxuri, Lezkairu and Ripagaina, the latter two being still under construction. These new suburbs have more room for green areas and recreative parks.

Economy

Burués building, current Chamber of Commerce of Navarra

Pamplona has shifted in a few decades from a little administrative and even rural town to a medium-size city of industry and services. The

Acciona Energía
.

Pamplona is the main commercial and services centre of Navarre. Its area of influence is not beyond the province, except for the

University of Navarre
and its teaching hospital, which provide private educational and health services nationwide.

Education and culture

Cordero al chilindrón, a dish which originated in Pamplona
Casall Palace

The city is home to two universities: the above-mentioned

Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
).

The two most important museums in Pamplona are the

Way of Saint James
.

Pamplona has hosted the Sarasate Violin International Competition biennially since 1991,[44] and the annual Punto de Vista International Documentary Film Festival, the most important Spanish documentary film festival, since 2004.

One of the more popular cultural expressions include the "

Gigantes
", which come out during festivals many times during the year. These are approximately 30-foot wooden statues that have a person inside that make them dance around the city. They represent each of the main continents of the world, including Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

Politics

Following the 2023 municipal election, the mayor of the city is Joseba Asiron (EH Bildu), also supported by the Socialist Party of Navarre, Geroa Bai, and Contigo Zurekin.[45]

Transportation

See also: Pamplona City Transport

Pamplona is linked by

buses use a new bus station
in the city centre that replaces the old one (1934).

The

railway station
will be built in the southern part of the city.

Within the city and surroundings there are also 23 daytime lines and 10 night lines of public buses, operated by TCC, the chartered company of the Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona.

Main sights

Several notable churches, most of its 16th- to 18th-century fortified system and other civil architecture buildings belong to the historic-artistic heritage of Pamplona.

Religious architecture

The most important religious building is the fourteenth century

he was injured in the battle and during the subsequent convalescence he decided to be a priest. The most remarkable twentieth century religious buildings are probably the new diocesan seminary (1931) and the classical-revival style memorial church (1942) to the Navarrese dead in the Nationalist side of the Civil War
and that is used today as temporary exhibitions room.

  • Pamplona Cathedral
    Pamplona Cathedral
  • San Lorenzo Church
    San Lorenzo Church
  • San Ignacio Church
    San Ignacio Church
  • San Saturnino Church
    San Saturnino Church
  • San Nicolás Church
    San Nicolás Church

Military and civil architecture

Plaza del Castillo
Pamplona town hall façade

From the prominent military past of Pamplona remain three of the four sides of the city walls and, with little modifications, the citadel or star fort. All the mediaeval structures were replaced and improved during 16th, 17th and 18th centuries in order to resist artillery sieges. Completely obsolete for modern warfare, they are used today as parks.

The oldest civil building today existing is a fourteenth-century house that was used as Cámara de Comptos (the court of auditors of the early modern autonomous kingdom of Navarre) from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. There are also several medieval bridges on the Arga: Santa Engracia, Miluce, Magdalena, and San Pedro. The medieval palace of Saint Peter, which was alternatively used by Navarrese kings and Pamplonese bishops, was used during the early modern age as the Viceroy's palace and later was the seat of the military governor of Navarre; from the time of the Civil War it was in ruins but was recently rebuilt to be used as the General Archive of Navarre.

The most outstanding Baroque civil architecture is from the eighteenth century: town hall, episcopal palace, Saint John the Baptist seminary, and the Rozalejo's, Ezpeleta's (today music school), Navarro-Tafalla's (today, the local office of

PNV
), and Guenduláin's (today, a hotel) mansions. The provincial government built its own Neoclassical palace, the so-called Palace of Navarre, during the nineteenth century.

Late nineteenth and early twentieth century Pamplonese architecture shows the tendencies that are fully developed in other more important Spanish cities: La Agrícola building (1912), several apartment buildings with some timid modernist ornamentation, etc. The most notable architect in twentieth century Pamplona was Víctor Eusa (1894–1990), whose designs were influenced by the European expressionism and other avant-garde movements.

Parks

Pamplona has many parks and green areas. The oldest is the Taconera park, whose early designs are from the seventeenth century. Taconera is today a romantic park, with wide pedestrian paths,

parterres
, and sculptures.

The Media Luna park was built as part of the II Ensanche and is intended to allow relaxing strolling and sightseeing over the northern part of the town.

After its demilitarization, the citadel (Ciudadela) and its surrounding area (Vuelta del Castillo) shifted into a park area with large lawns and modern sculptures.

The most remarkable parks of the new neighborhoods include the Yamaguchi park, between Iturrama and Ermitagaña, which includes a little

University of Navarre
; the Parque del Mundo in Chantrea; and the Arga park.

Sports

Monument to running of the bulls

Pamplona's bull ring, the Plaza de Toros de Pamplona, was rebuilt in 1923. It seats 19,529 and is the third largest in the world, after the bull rings of Mexico City and Madrid.

There are two football teams in Pamplona. CA Osasuna (Club Atlético Osasuna (Basque for "Health")) who play professionally in La Liga, and CD Pamplona who play in Tercera Federación. Osasuna play their home games at El Sadar Stadium.

Other notable sports teams in Pamplona include

futsal), water polo and fencing (Campo de Deportes Larraina
).

The

Egüés, a municipality in the metropolitan area of Pamplona.[47]

Pamplona is also home to the headquarters of the International Federation of Basque Pelota (FIPV). Basque pelota is principally practiced in France, Spain, and North and South America, but also in other countries like Italy and Philippines.

Notable Athletes

Five time

Miguel Indurain
is arguably Pamplona's most famous athlete in any sport.

Former Arsenal goalkeeper Manuel Almunia was born in Pamplona and started his career at CA Osasuna.

Notable citizens

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Pamplona is

twinned
with the following cities:

Notes

  1. ^ Iruñea is the Basque name proposed by the Royal Academy of the Basque Language, but the Basque name recognized by the Government of Navarre is Iruña.

References

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "William Smith". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  • Collins, Roger (1990). The Basques. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell.
    ISBN 0-631-17565-2
    .
  1. ^ "Municipios: Pamplona/Iruña". Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  2. ^ "Población total Pamplona/Iruña a 2 de enero de 2020" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu.
  4. ^ "Fiesta de San Fermín". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-08-07.
  5. ISBN 84-89483-12-4
    .
  6. S2CID 134630943
    .
  7. ^ Cañada Palacio 1999, p. 189.
  8. ISBN 84-8136-300-6
    .
  9. ^ Cañada Palacio 1999, p. 191.
  10. ^ Ptolemy ii. 6. § 67; Strabo iii. § 161
  11. ^ Antonine Itinerary p. 455
  12. ^ Pliny the Elder iii. 3. s. 4.
  13. ^ Collins 1990, p.76
  14. ^ Collins 1990, p.102
  15. ISBN 84-8136-017-1
    .
  16. ISBN 84-8136-017-1
    .
  17. ^ Collins 1990, p.154
  18. ^ Collins 1990, p.116
  19. ^ Collins 1990, p.117
  20. ^ Collins 1990, p.119
  21. ^ Collins 1990, p.124
  22. ^ Rekalde, Angel (2014-01-08). "Las piedras de la plaza del Castillo". Noticias de Navarra. Pamplona. Archived from the original on 2014-08-18. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  23. ^ "El informe pericial de Aranzadi denuncia 'un expolio' arqueológico en la Plaza del Castillo". El País. 2002-02-16. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
  24. ISBN 84-235-2506-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  25. ISBN 84-8136-017-1
    .
  26. ISBN 84-235-2506-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  27. ^ "Pamplona". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  28. ^ Singer, Isidore; Kayserling, Meyer. "PAMPLONA". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  29. ISBN 978-84-7681-736-0
    .
  30. ^ [dead link‍]"200 años de la caída de la Ciudadela". Diario de Noticias. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved 2008-02-17. Article in Spanish
  31. ^ Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
  32. ^ congress.fortiuspamplonabayonne.eu Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "The Citadel of Pamplona". 6 May 2014.
  34. ^ "San Bartolome Fort". 6 May 2014.
  35. ^ "Pamplona, Bilbao and Gijón, the Spanish cities with the best quality of life". El Mundo (in Spanish). 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  36. ^ (in Spanish) habitathumano.com Archived 2007-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ "Pamplona, Spain Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  38. ^ "Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 3)" (in French). Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  39. ^ "Climatologie de l'année à Pamplona/Noain" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  40. ^ "Standard Climate Values for Pamplona". Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  41. ^ "Extreme Climate Values for Pamplona". 13 July 2020.
  42. ^ (in Spanish) Cener.com
  43. ^ See University of Navarre, Notable rankings
  44. ^ "Sarasate Live!". sarasatelive.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  45. ^ "Joseba Asiron (EH Bildu), nuevo alcalde de Pamplona". Ayuntamento de Pamplona / Iruñeko Udala (in Spanish). 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  46. ^ (in Spanish) History of the Airport of Pamplona, by Aena Archived 23 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "2009 Riders and teams Database - Cyclingnews.com". Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  48. ^ "National Commission for Decentralised cooperation". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-10-08. Retrieved 2013-12-26.

Bibliography

Further information: Timeline of Pamplona § Bibliography