Imleria badia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Imleria badia
I. badia under beech and oak

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Imleria
Species:
I. badia
Binomial name
Imleria badia
(Fr.) Vizzini (2014)
Synonyms[2]
  • Boletus castaneus ß badius Fr. (1818)
  • Boletus castaneus var. badius (Fr.) Fr. (1828)
  • Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr. (1832)
  • Rostkovites badia (Fr.)
    P.Karst.
    (1881)
  • Viscipellis badia (Fr.)
    Quél.
    (1886)
  • Ixocomus badius (Fr.) Quél. (1888)
  • Suillus badius (Fr.) Kuntze (1898)
  • Xerocomus badius (Fr.)
    E.-J.Gilbert
    (1931)
Imleria badia
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate
Stipe is bare
Spore print is olive to olive-brown
Ecology is
mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Imleria badia,

bay- or chestnut-coloured cap, which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter up to 15 cm (6 in). On the cap underside are small yellowish pores that turn dull blue-grey when bruised. The smooth, cylindrical stipe, measuring 4–9 cm (1+1⁄2–3+1⁄2 in) long by 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) thick, is coloured like the cap, but paler. Some varieties have been described from eastern North America, differing from the main type in both macroscopic and microscopic morphology
.

First described scientifically by

bioaccumulate some trace metals from the soil, such as mercury, cobalt, and nickel. Additionally, the mushroom contains a pigment that concentrates radioactive caesium; specimens collected in Europe following the 1986 Chernobyl disaster contained several times more caesium-137
than those collected before the incident.

Taxonomy

The bay bolete was first named as Boletus castaneus ß badius (i.e. a

polyphyletic, and the genus was not accepted by some mycologists. The stickiness of its wet cap distinguishes the species from others classified in Xerocomus, and hence it was left in Boletus until Alfredo Vizzini placed it in its own genus in 2014.[11][12] Genetic analysis published in 2013 shows that Imleria badia is related to B. pallidus and B. glabellus; the three species form a clade known informally as the badius clade within a larger group (informally called anaxoboletus) in the suborder Boletineae. Other clades within the group include the Tylopilus, porcini (= Boletus sensu stricto) and Strobilomyces clades, as well as two other groups composed of members of various genera including Xerocomus (the taxa designated as Xerocomus species in this clade are not Xerocomus species and require new taxonomic designations) and Xerocomellus.[13]

Both the common and scientific names refer to the bay cap colour.

The species Boletus limatulus, originally published by Charles Christopher Frost in 1874,[14] was later redescribed, "with a slight tinge of irritation at the time, energy and gasoline spent", as a variety of I. badia by Wally Snell in 1945 (as Xerocomus badius var. limatulus).[15] The taxon name comes from the Latin limatulus, "rather polished" or "refined".[16] Varieties glaber and macrostipitatus were described from Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1976.[17]

The starting date of fungal taxonomy had been set as January 1, 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries, the "father of mycology".

Royoporus badius the combination Boletus badius Pers. and if the bay bolete was classified in the genus Boletus, the name would be unavailable and the names Boletus glutinosus Krombh. or B. spadiceus Krombh. (non Fr.) would have to be used instead.[18]

The species name is the Latin adjective badia, meaning "chestnut brown".[19] The common name is likewise derived from the colour of the cap, likened to the coat of a bay horse. Alternate common names of a similar derivation include bay-brown bolete and bay-capped bolete,[20] and it is known as bolet bai in French.[21] It is also known as the false cep.[20] Variety glaber was named for its smooth (Latin: glaber, "without hairs") stipe, and macrostipitatus for its large (Latin: macro, "large") stipe.[17]

Description

With wet and sticky cap
The pore surface stains bluish-grey when injured.

Imleria badia fruit bodies have a

cap cuticle is difficult to separate from the flesh underneath.[22] On the cap undersurface, the pores are initially cream to pale yellow, but become greenish yellow or olive with age. They stain dull blue to bluish-grey when bruised or cut, and are easily removed from the flesh.[21] The pores are initially circular, becoming more angular with age,[23] and number about one or two per millimetre. The tubes are 0.8–1.5 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) long,[24] and are adnate to depressed around the area of attachment to the stipe.[25]

The flesh is mostly whitish or yellowish in some places; underneath the cap cuticle, it is brownish-pink or reddish brown.[26] Initially firm, it begins to soften under the cap in older mushrooms.[20] In some parts of the cap, such as the junction of the cap and the stipe,[22] the flesh stains pale blue when injured or exposed to air, particularly in damp weather.[20] This change is sometimes faint,[21] and not persistent, as it eventually reverts to its original colour.[22] The stipe is 4–9 cm (1+1⁄2–3+1⁄2 in) long by 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) thick, and is similar in colour to the cap but paler, and sometimes with a rose-coloured tinge.[24] Its surface has faint longitudinal ridges, a fine powdering,[17] and fine reticulations (a net-like pattern of ridges) at the apex.[25] It often has a whitish region at the base[24] and the top,[22] and white mycelium at the base.[17] Unlike the bulbous stipe of many other boletes, the stipe of B. badius remains relatively slim and cylindrical.[27] The flesh of the stipe gets tougher with age.[20] Its smell has been described as fruity.[21]

The

cystidia found on the faces of the tubes) are fuse-shaped and ventricose, with dimensions of 50–60 by 10–14 µm.[23]

Variety B. b. macrostipitatus differs from the main form by its grey-orange cap, shorter stipe measuring 5–7 cm (2–3 in), longer spores (15–18 by 4–5 µm), and longer pleurocystidia (30–55 by 10–14 µm).[24] The variety B. b. glaber has a smooth (glabrous) stipe, and smaller pleurocystidia (35–40 by 10–15 µm) and cheilocystidia (25–30 by 9–12 µm).[17]

Several

ammonium hydroxide solution turns the cap cuticle a greenish to bluish colour. Application of iron(II) sulphate solution causes the flesh to stain a dull bluish-green, while the pores turn golden brown with a drop of dilute potassium hydroxide.[24]

Similar species

The similar colouration may cause confusion with

Xerocomus bubalinus can be mistaken for I. badia, but it has a paler yellow-brown cap flushed with pinkish-red, and is not sticky when wet.[31]

Ecology, distribution and habitat

The mushrooms often appear in huge numbers, allowing for large collections.

Although the bay bolete is predominantly a

Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) have also been described.[33]

The bay bolete is common in

Atlantic Maritime Ecozone of eastern Canada.[40] Fruit bodies appear singly or scattered on the ground, or on decaying tree stumps, and can be well hidden by pine needles and ferns. Fruiting tends to peak three or four days after rain during warm weather.[41] They can be prolific, especially in highland areas that are humid and shady.[22] It is commonly found under white pine, spruce, and hemlock,[26] and also occurs under deciduous trees, especially beech.[22] It can also occur in grassy or mossy areas at or near forest margins;[21] Italian restaurateur and cook Antonio Carluccio recalled picking them in the grounds of Blenheim Palace.[41] It does not occur on calcareous (chalky) soils.[27]

I. badia fruit bodies are less affected by insects than other boletes.[28] Orbatid mites such as Carabodes femoralis, Nothrus silvestris and Oribatula tibialis eat them,[42] as do squirrels.[41] Several microbial pathogens can damage the fruit bodies, and have had an effect on populations in China, including soft rot caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and black mould caused by Mucor, Sepedonium, Paecilomyces, and Diasporangium species.[37]

Uses

Dried in Poland

Often considered a poor relation of the cep (

cider vinegar, wine, or extra virgin olive oil,[45] and later used in sauces or soups.[41]

The fruit bodies can be used to make mushroom dyes. Depending on the mordant used, colours ranging from yellow, orange, gold, and green-brown can be obtained. Without mordant, a yellow colour is produced.[46]

Research

In laboratory experiments,

methyltryptophan (6.55), melatonin (0.71), and indoleacetonitrile (2.07).[51] Fruit body extracts have been shown to slow the growth of certain tumour cell lines in cell culture.[49][52]

Polish studies found that although the mushroom bioaccumulates

organochlorine compounds.[55] Different methods of preparation for consumption affect the leaching rate of cadmium, lead, and mercury.[56] After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, several studies showed I. badia bioaccumulates radioactive caesium, 137Cs.[57] 137Cs is produced in nuclear power plants following the chain decay of 235U to 137Te, and has a half-life of thirty years. A German study showed that mushrooms collected from 1986 to 1988 had radiocaesium contents that were 8.3 to 13.6 times greater than mushrooms collected before the accident in 1985.[58] This caesium-sequestering effect is caused by a brown pigment, the polyphenol compound norbadione A, which is related to a family of mushroom pigments known as pulvinic acids.[59] Norbadione A has been investigated for its ability to provide a protective effect against the damaging effects of ionizing radiation. Tests with cell cultures and mice show that although it has some protective effect, it is toxic to cells in higher doses.[60] A new series of alkali chelators based on the structure of norbadione A has been reported.[61] The mushroom may have potential as a bioremediation agent to clean up contaminated sites.[62]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Though he wrote, "forte distincta species; sed ex unico a me viso specimine distinguere potui, neque debui" (Perhaps a distinct species, but I could not state it definitely from the only specimen I have seen, nor should I.)

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T138329440A222969127.en
    . Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Synonymy: Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr., Syst. mycol., Index alphab. (Lundae): 56 (1832)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  3. ^ Fries EM (1828). Elenchus Fungorum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Greifswald: Ernestus Mauritius. p. 126.
  4. ^ Fries EM (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 392.
  5. ^ Karsten P. (1881). "Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue Mycologique Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 16–19.
  6. ^ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). Lutetia: Octave Dion. p. 156.
  7. ^ Quélet L. (1888). Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes (in French). Paris: Octave Doin. p. 412.
  8. ^ Kuntze, O. (1898). Revisio generum plantarum (in German). Vol. 3. Leipzig: A. Felix. p. 535.
  9. ^ Gilbert E-J (1931). Les Livres du Mycologue. Tome III: Les Bolets (in French). Paris: E. Le François. p. 92.
  10. ^ Noordeloos ME (2007). "Hoe raak ik thuis in de boleten – 7. De fluweelboleten (Xerocomus) van Nederland" [The genus Xerocomus in the Netherlands] (PDF). Coolia (in Dutch). 50 (1): 1–20.
  11. doi:10.33585/cmy.60104
    .
  12. ISSN 2049-2375
    .
  13. PMID 23931115
    .
  14. ^ Frost CC (1874). "Catalogue of boleti of New England, with descriptions of new species". Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 2: 100–05.
  15. JSTOR 3754872
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6
    .
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-3-7682-1062-1
    .
  18. JSTOR 1217835
    .
  19. ISBN 978-0-14-063005-3
    .
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-3-8331-1239-3
    .
  21. ^
    ISBN 978-0-584-10324-3
    .
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Alessio CL (1985). Boletus Dill. ex L. (sensu lato) (in Italian). Saronno: Biella Giovanna. pp. 323–27.
  23. ^
    ISSN 0372-333X. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  24. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1
    .
  25. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
    .
  26. ^
    ISBN 978-0-85486-016-6
    .
  27. ^
    ISBN 978-0-222-79409-3
    .
  28. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6
    .
  29. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0
    .
  30. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5
    .
  31. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60416-1
    .
  32. S2CID 24196528
    .
  33. JSTOR 3761052
    .
  34. ISBN 978-0-330-44237-4
    .
  35. ^ Sesli E. (2007). "Preliminary checklist of macromycetes of the East and Middle Black Sea Regions of Turkey" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 99: 71–74.
  36. ^ Natour RM, Salhab AS, El-Moumani AR, Saba EF (1992). "Wild mushroom in Jordan". Dirasat Series B Pure and Applied Sciences. 19 (2): 47–60.
  37. ^
    ISSN 1003-8310
    .
  38. ISBN 978-1-55407-115-9
    .
  39. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89054-395-5
    .
  40. ISBN 978-0-660-19835-4
    .
  41. ^
    ISBN 978-1-84400-040-1
    .
  42. S2CID 7299733
    .
  43. ^ Bennink A, de Vries B (2007). "Allergie voor boleten" [Allergic to boletes] (PDF). Coolia (in Dutch). 50 (1): 47–48.
  44. ISBN 978-0-7894-8986-9
    .
  45. ISBN 978-1-84215-243-0
    .
  46. ISBN 978-0-8156-0680-2
    .
  47. ISBN 978-1-926895-01-7
    .
  48. PMID 13808157
    .
  49. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58394-595-7
    .
  50. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2007.05.020
    .
  51. PMID 26434315
    .
  52. ISBN 978-3-642-33822-9
    .
  53. S2CID 5401125
    .
  54. S2CID 21445417
    .
  55. PMID 22889896
    .
  56. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00175-9
    .
  57. S2CID 6354011
    .
  58. ^ Paulus W, Reisinger A (1990). "Die Auswirkungen des Reaktorunfalls von Tschernobyl auf den Gehalt an radioaktivem Cäsium in den Fruchtkörpern der Mykorrhizapilzarten Lactarius rufus und Xerocomus badius im Fichtelgebirge" [The influence of the Chernobyl accident on radiocesium content in fruitbodies of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Lactarius rufus and Xerocomus badius collected in the Fichtelgebirge, East Germany] (PDF). Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 56 (2): 279–84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
  59. doi:10.1002/anie.198904531
    .
  60. doi:10.2174/157018012798192900
    .
  61. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2012.08.009
    .
  62. ISBN 978-1-60774-124-4
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imleria_badia&oldid=1197812628"