Internal passport
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An internal or domestic passport is an
When
Summary
Countries that currently have internal passports in the strict sense (to control internal migration) include:
The following countries issue internal passports as main identity documents for travel and identification purposes (analogous to
- Russian Federation (Russian internal passport)
- Turkmenistan (Turkmen internal passport, "raýatlyk pasporty")
Internal passports are known to have been issued and used previously by:
- Russian Empire and its successor states,
- France, until 1862
- Confederate States of America
- slave states prior to the Civil War)
- Soviet Union (see Soviet Union internal passport),
- Ottoman Empire,
- Italy (passaporto per l'interno) [when?]
- Lithuania, between 1919 and 1940, not intended for traveling; but rather acting as personal identification documents entitling the user to Lithuanian citizenship.[1]
- South Africa, during apartheid
- South Korea ( until 2008)
- Iraq (until 2016, replaced by National Card)
- Nazi Germany (from 1938 until 1943)
- Sweden (until 1860)
- Ukraine (until 2020; new document occasionally called "passport card" but carries no restrictions on internal migration)
Terminology
In many countries, the word "passport" is only used in modern language to denote a document issued for the purpose of international travel, which is subject to discretionary permission. However, in some post-Soviet countries, the word "passport" is implied to merely mean a primary identification document, especially if has the form of a booklet. Nevertheless, it is also extended by analogy to other forms of identification documents. For example, Ukrainian identity cards that are replacing old-fashioned internal passport booklets are still called паспорт (pasport, "passport").[2]
Types
Canada
In 1885 the "pass system" was introduced in Canada, to restrict and control the movement of First Nations people within Canada. Instituted at the time of the North-West Rebellion, it remained in force for 60 years despite having no basis in law.[3] Any First Nation person caught outside his Indian reserve without a pass issued by an Indian agent was returned to the reserve or incarcerated.
France
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In
A
Internal passports were finally abolished in France in 1862.[6]
Booklet and notebook of circulation of travellers
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In France, the "livret de circulation" (booklet of circulation) and its variant the "carnet de circulation" (notebook of circulation) provided to those of no fixed abode were particularly constraining and discriminatory obligations imposed on itinerants.
At the end of 2012, when examining a
South Africa
In
Soviet Union and its successors
The internal passport system of the
In 1932, the "passport regime" was reintroduced, its declared purpose to improve the registration of population and "relieve" major industrial cities and other sensitive localities of "hiding kulaks and dangerous political elements" and those "not engaged in labor of social usefulness". The "passportization" process developed gradually involving factories, large, medium, and small cities, settlements, and rural areas, and finally became universal by the mid-1970s.
Internal passports were used in the Soviet Union for identification of persons for various purposes. In particular, passports were used to control and monitor the place of residence by means of the propiska, a regulation designed to control the population's internal movement by binding a person to his or her permanent place of residence. For example, a valid propiska was necessary to receive higher education or medical treatment, although these services were not limited to the location registered. Besides marriage to a resident of another area, university education was the most popular way of circumventing one's propiska and residing elsewhere. Also, since only a minority of dwellings were privately owned, having a propiska at a certain address meant that one had the right to live there.
All residents were required by law to record their address in the document and to report any relevant changes to a local office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. [citation needed] For example, citizens needed to submit photographs of themselves for their passport, taken when they were issued the document at age 16, and again at ages 25 and 45. [citation needed]
Formally, passports were not necessary for traveling per se in late Soviet Union. Bus, train, and air tickets were sold without names, and identification documents were not necessary for boarding buses and trains (and only became necessary to board a plane in the mid-1970s) except when traveling to/from border-adjacent areas and controlled cities. Nevertheless, passports were necessary for temporary propiska in a number of situations such as checking in a hotel or renting a private dwelling (no marks were placed in the document).
Moreover, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Soviet internal passports, accompanied with a special leaflet, were valid for traveling to most Comecon countries and Yugoslavia as a member of a touristic group. The leaflet functioned as an equivalent of exit visa stamped in international passports; destination countries did not require entry visas at that time.
The Russian Federation
In 1992, passports, or other photo identification documents, became necessary to board a train. Train tickets started to bear passenger names, allegedly as an effort to combat speculative reselling of the tickets.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union invoked the need to distinguish Russian citizens among the citizens of the former Soviet Union.
On 9 December 1992, special leaves were introduced which were affixed in Soviet passports, certifying that the bearer of the passport was a citizen of Russia. These leaves were optional unless travelling to the other former Soviet republics which continued to accept Soviet passports; for other occasions, other proofs of citizenship were accepted as well. Issuance of the leaves continued until the end of 2002.
On 8 July 1997, the current design of the Russian internal passport was introduced. Unlike the Soviet passports, which had three photo pages, the new passports have one. A passport is first issued at the age of 14 and then replaced upon at the ages of 20 and 45. The text in the passports is in Russian. Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages.
A passport exchange was begun; the deadline was initially set at end of 2001 but then prolonged several times and finally set at 30 June 2004. The government had first regulated that having failed to exchange one's passport would constitute a punishable violation. However, the Supreme Court ruled to the effect that citizens cannot be obliged to exchange their passports. The Soviet passports ceased to be valid as means of personal identification since mid-2004, but it is still legal (though barely practicable) to have one.
The propiska was formally abandoned soon after adoption of the current Constitution in 1993, and replaced with "residency registration" which, in principle, was simply notification of one's place of residence.
Nevertheless, under the new regulations, permanent registration records are stamped in citizens' internal passports just as were propiskas. That has led to the widespread misconception that registration was just a new name for the propiska; many continue to call it a "propiska". The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering.
Unlike with the propiska, it is not an offense not to have registration unless one resides in a particular dwelling for more than 90 days. From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute. De facto citizens have no restriction on where they reside (with the exception of closed cities or near borders). Still, many civil rights are dependent on registration, such as the right to vote.
In November 2010, the
Belarus
In Belarus, internal passports and passports for travelling abroad were merged into one kind of document in 1991. Passports are the primary means of identification for citizens of Belarus both in homeland and abroad. Belarusian citizens must have a passport after they have reached the age of 14; passports can also be issued to younger children for travelling abroad. Passports are valid for 10 years regardless of age.
Apart from visa pages, a considerable number of pages in Belarusian passports are designated for "internal" records, such as place of residence and marriage. Citizens had to obtain special stamp enabling the passport bearer to cross the border of the Union State before 2005 when the Constitutional Court ruled the practice not conforming to the Constitution.[citation needed]
Combination of primary identification document with international passport causes significant inconvenience to bearers who cannot certify their identity while their passports are processed for visas in embassies and consulates. A passport can also be easily invalidated by a careless foreign passport control official by placing a stamp in a reserved page.
China and neighbors
The internal passport system in China and some neighbors evolved from an ancient huji system of
People's Republic of China
This section is missing information about 居住证制度 ([local] living permit system).(February 2021) |
The
Korea
Vietnam
Germany
The
Sweden
Internal passports were abolished in Sweden in 1860.[10]
United States of America
Throughout the
Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in the night time by Indian, Negro, and Molatto Servants and Slaves to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty, No Indian, Negro, or Molatto is to be from Home after 9 o'clock.
Notices emphasizing the curfew were published in The New Hampshire Gazette in 1764 and 1771.[11]
Internal passports were required for African Americans in the southern
Such an internalized passport in the U.S. today would be unconstitutional under the Privileges and Immunities Clause.
See also
- 101st kilometre
- Closed city
- Hukou system
- International passport
- Propiska
- Wolf ticket (Russia)
- Real ID Act
- Internally displaced person
- Internal colonialism
- Internal migration
- Statute of Cambridge 1388
- Subnational citizenship
References
Citations
- ^ "Internal Passports". Litvak SIG. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ "ID card of the citizen of Ukraine". Archived from the original on 2018-07-03. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
- ^ Cram, Stephanie (February 19, 2016). "Dark history of Canada's First Nations pass system uncovered in documentary". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
- ^ Victor Hugo, les Misérables
- ^ ISBN 2859442170.
- ^ Anne Morddel (16 January 2011). "Passports". French Genealogy Blog. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ Россия упрощает регистрацию и хочет отменить паспорта, BBC Russian, 18 ноября 2010
- ^ (in Russian) АО «УЭК» сообщает о закрытии проекта по выпуску универсальных электронных карт Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Halim Shahirasul. "Civilian Identity Card (Kennkarte)". PaperToTravel. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ Hans Högman. "Domestic Travel Certificates". History. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ OCLC 845682328. Archived from the originalon 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
- ^ Acts and laws of His Majesty's province of New-Hampshire, in New-England: With sundry acts of Parliament. Laws, etc. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Daniel Fowle. 1759. p. 40.
- ^ "Celebrating Black Americana" (video). video.pbs.org. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ISBN 0-87462-325-1.
Sources
- Report on Ukraine's Constitutional Court striking down internal passport laws, from Ukrainian Weekly at the Wayback Machine (archived September 27, 2004)
- Tim Lott writing on British “internal passports”
- About CAPPS II at the Wayback Machine (archived October 5, 2003)