JBTZ trial
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The JBTZ trial or the JBTZ affair (
Background
In the late 1980s, Slovenia embarked on a process of liberal democratic reform, which went unparalleled in the other five Yugoslav republics. The Slovenian communist leadership, under Milan Kučan, was allowing an ever-greater degree of freedom of the press. The magazine Mladina was taking advantage of this and became extremely popular in Slovenia, deliberately testing the borders of press freedom with news and satire breaking old taboos. In 1987 it started more and more frequently attacking the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and its leadership, for instance labeling the defense minister, Branko Mamula, a "merchant of death" for selling arms to famine-stricken Ethiopia. Many of the articles were written by the young defense expert Janez Janša, who soon became a particular irritant for the JNA leadership. As far as the JNA were concerned, Mladina was attacking the army, the main protector of Yugoslav unity, and hence attacking Yugoslavia itself. When they realized that the Slovene government were not going to crack down on Mladina, they decided to do so themselves.
In 1988, Mladina got its hands on notes from a secret meeting of the central committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, detailing plans for arrest of journalists and dissidents in Slovenia. Their possession of these documents gave the JNA the pretext it needed. Shortly after, on 31 May, Janša, another Mladina journalist, David Tasić, and a Slovene sergeant in the JNA, Ivan Borštner, were arrested. Later the editor of Mladina, Franci Zavrl, was also arrested. They were charged with betraying military secrets, a charge that would have to be tried in a military court. Thus the government of Slovenia had no involvement in the proceedings.
The trial
The JNA was hoping to impose a level of control on Slovenia, and assert its authority in the republic. In the event however, the JBTZ trial, as it became known from the initials of the accused (Janša, Borštner, Tasić, Zavrl), was a complete failure for the JNA, and only served to alienate the Slovenes from Yugoslavia. Slovene public opinion rallied massively behind the four accused. A Committee for the defense of Human Rights was formed, and a petition drawn up in support of the four accused gathered 100,000 signatures. A demonstration on the central Congress Square of the Slovenian capital Ljubljana on 22 June was attended by at least 40,000 people. All protests passed off peacefully, giving the army no excuse to intervene.
The trial was held
Aftermath
The effect of the JBTZ trial was what James Gow and Cathie Carmichael calls the "homogenization" of Slovene politics: it gave all Slovenes, irrespective of political stance, something to agree on. The opposition, organized in the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights, was received by Janez Stanovnik, the communist president of Slovenia, who publicly expressed sympathy for their cause. The trial became an important catalyst for the organisation of political movements in Slovenia. It also gave added strength to the idea that Slovenia should seek a greater degree of independence from the Yugoslav central authorities, a development which ended with the declaration of complete independence on 25 June 1991. Janša took advantage of the publicity from the trial to become a known political figure, serving as the defense minister of Slovenia in 1990, and from 2004 to 2008, 2012 to 2013 and once again from 2020 as prime minister of independent Slovenia.
On 31 May 2013, a plaque commemorating the 25th anniversary of the event was unveiled on the building where the military court was held, in a ceremony attended by Janša, Tasić, and Zavrl.[1][2] The plaque and the building were vandalized with graffiti a few days later.[3] The plaque was stolen on 4 July 2013 and the building was again vandalized with graffiti.[4]
See also
- Aleksandar Vasiljević
- Kontraobaveštajna služba
Sources
- James Gow, Legitimacy and the Military – The Yugoslav Crisis, (London: Pinter, 1992)
- James Gow & Cathie Carmichael, Slovenia and the Slovenes: A Small State and the New Europe, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001)
- Laura Silber & Alan Little, The Death of Yugoslavia, (London: Penguin, 1995)
- Sabrina Petra Ramet, "Slovenia's road to democracy" in Europe-Asia Studies, 1993, vol. 45, issue 5
References
- ^ "Spominska plošča po aferi JBTZ odkrita." 2013. Delo (31 May). (in Slovene)
- ^ "Odkritje spominske plošče o aferi JBTZ: Roška je zdaj lepša." 2013. Demokracija (31 May). Archived 2013-09-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovene)
- ^ "FOTO: Stavba na Roški: ob obeležju JBTZ še grafit." 24ur.com (2 June 2013). (in Slovene)
- ^ "FOTO: Ukradli tablo JBTZ s stavbe na Roški cesti." 24ur.com (4 July 2013). (in Slovene)