Juraj Križanić
Juraj Križanić | |
---|---|
Born | c. 1618 |
Died | 12 September 1683 Vienna |
Burial place | Obrh, near Ozalj, Croatia |
Other names | Georgius Crisanius, Yuriy Krizhanich |
Education | University of Bologna |
Occupation | missionary |
Known for | pan-Slavism |
Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Juraj Križanić (c. 1618 – 12 September 1683), also known as Jurij Križanič, Yuriy Krizhanich, Iurii Krizhanich,
However, he was not a pan-Slavist if this meant seeking the political unity of all Slavic peoples under Russian leadership.[8] He considered that the only possible role for the tsar to 'correct' or unify the orthography and script used in Slavic-language books and awaken Slavic consciousness was through works conducive to education and logic. In extremis the South Slavs might join with the Russian tsar as a sovereign of the same language and people if the Catholic rulers supported his leadership in a war against the Ottomans.
After lengthy travels and fifteen years of exile in
Biography
Early life, education, and early missionary work
Križanić was born in Obrh, near
Time in Russia
Križanić managed to secure permission from the papacy for a brief visit to
After having lived roughly a year and a half in the Russian capital, Križanić arrived in
His appeal to the Tsar to head the Slavs in the fight against the Germans shows a remarkable political foresight.[citation needed] Tsar Aleksei died in January 1676; Križanić was freed from exile by the new Tsar, Feodor III,[11] on 5 March 1676.
Final years
Križanić remained in Moscow until 1678, when he travelled to Vilnius and later to Warsaw.[12] He lived in Poland and joined the Jesuits. He accompanied a Polish force on its way to liberate besieged Vienna from the Ottomans during the 1683 Battle of Vienna. He died near Vienna on 12 September 1683 while participating with the Ukrainian troops fighting alongside the troops of the Polish king Jan Sobieski in the city's defence against the Turks.[1]
Ideas and theories
Križanić was one of the earliest proponents of Pan-Slavism. The language he created and used in his writing was called Ruski jezik ("Russian language"), but in reality it was a mixture of several Slavic languages and was devised to serve as a symbol of and even to promote Slavic unity. He wanted to unite the Slavic nations under the Russian Tsar and unite Catholic and Orthodox against the German Protestants and Turkish Muslims.[10]
A key component of Križanić's theories concerning necessary reforms for the Russian state were his "Five Principles of Power." His five principles were: Full autocracy (essentially absolute monarchy), closed borders, compulsory labor or a ban on idleness, government monopoly of foreign trade, and ideological conformity. Križanić argued that Russia would be strengthened if immigration were tightly restricted and if native Russians were prohibited from leaving the country without justification.
His works, which also include writings on music and economics, were re-discovered and printed in the mid-19th century.
Important works
- The Križanić Memorandum of 1641 (1641)
- Asserta Musicalia (1656)[4]
- Gramatično izkazanje ob ruskom jeziku (1659-1666)
- On Politics also known as the Politika (in original "Razgovory o vladatelstvu") (1666)
- On Divine Providence (in original "De Providentia Dei") (1667)
- Holy Baptism (1669)
- An Interpretation of Historical Prophesies (1674)
- Chinese Foreign Trade (1675)
- History of Siberia (1680)
References
- ^ a b c d e f John M. Letiche and Basil Dmytryshyn, Russian Statecraft: The Politika of Iurii Krizhanich", Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985
- ^ a b Albe Vidaković, Yury Krizanitch's Asserta musicalia (1656) and his other musical works, Zagreb: Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1967
- ^ Ivan Golub, Juraj Križanić's 'Asserta Musicalia' in Caramuel's newly discovered autograph of 'Musica', International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Dec., 1978), pp. 219-278. Published by: Croatian Musicological Society
- ^ a b Stanislav Tuksar, Two hitherto lost works by Juraj Križanić (Asserta musicalia and Tabulae Novae, exhibentes musicam) found in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France in Paris, Arti musices vol. 45, no. 1, 2014
- ^ a b (in Czech) Radomír Vlček, Ruský panslavismus - realita a fikce. Prague: Historický ústav AV ČR, 2002. s. 43.
- ^ (in French) Paulin-Gérard Scolardi, Krijanich, Messager de l'unité des Chrétiens et du panslavisme, Paris: Éditions A. et J. Picard, 1947
- ^ L. Puškarev, Jurij Križanić, Očerk žizni i tvorčestva, Moskva: Nauka, 1984.
- ^ Goldstein, Ivo, Croatia - A History (2011), Hurst&Company, London, pp 45.
- ^
Scholz, Birgit (2000). Von der Chronistik zur modernen Geschichtswissenschaft: die Warägerfrage in der russischen, deutschen und schwedischen Historiographie. Volume 5 of Veröffentlichungen des Osteuropa-Instituts München: Reihe Forschungen zum Ostseeraum, ISSN 0948-9592 (in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 94. ISBN 9783447043427. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
Es folgte ein Studium der Philosophie in Graz, wobei [Križanić] auch die deutsche Sprache lernte, und ein Studium der Theologie in Bologna, wo er Italienisch lernte.
- ^ a b c Marshall T. Poe, "A People Born to Slavery": Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1476-1748, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2000. pp.181–188
- ^
Golub, Ivan (1983). Juraj Križanić: sabrana građa o 300-obljetnici smrti, 1683-1983. TomVolume 2 of Croatica christiana / Fontes. Zagreb: Kršćanska sadašnjost. p. 311. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
Juraj Križanić, pardoned by the young tsar Fedor Alexeievitch, returned to Moscow from his Siberian exile, and used all his power of persuasion to obtain the permission to leave Russia.
- ^
Steindorff, Ludwig (2020). Geschichte Kroatiens: Vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Regensburg: Verlag Friedrich Pustet. ISBN 9783791761725. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
1676 aus der Verbannung entlassen, gelangte Križanić 1678 nach Polen [...].
- ^ Yuri Druzhnikov, Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism Pg 36-37. Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism by Юрий Дружников
Sources
- Vatroslav Jagić: Istoriia slavianskoi filologii, St. Petersburg, 1910
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 11 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 613.
- James H. Billington (29 December 1985). "The First Kremlinologist". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-02-01.