Erzurum

Coordinates: 39°54′31″N 41°16′37″E / 39.90861°N 41.27694°E / 39.90861; 41.27694
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Erzurum
Kümbets (Üç Kümbetler), K-95 and K-125 ski jumping towers at the Mt. Palandöken ski resort, Atatürk
Monument
UTC+3 (TRT)
ClimateDfb
Websitewww.erzurum.bel.tr

Erzurum (

city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province
and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010.

The city uses the double-headed eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif that has been a common symbol throughout Anatolia since the Bronze Age.[3]

Erzurum has winter sports facilities and hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade.[4]

Name and etymology

The city was originally known in Armenian as Karno K'aghak' (Armenian: Կարնոյ քաղաք), meaning city of Karin, to distinguish it from the district of Karin (Կարին).[1] It is presumed its name was derived from a local tribe called the Karenitis.[5] An alternate theory contends that a local princely family, the Kamsarakans, the Armenian off-shoot of the Iranian Kārin Pahlav family, lent its name to the locale that eventually became the city.[6]

During Roman times, Erzurum was named Theodosiopolis (

Arabs as Kālīkalā (adopted from the original Armenian name Karno K'aghak' (Armenian: Կարնոյ քաղաք), meaning 'Karin City', to distinguish it from the district of Karin (Կարին).[1]

It received its present name after its conquest by the

Romans) to distinguish it from their former residence.[8][9][10][1]

Some older sources derive the name Erzurum from the

Rûm'.[8][5]

During the brief period it came under Georgian rule,[when?] the city was known as Karnu-kalaki (Georgian: კარნუ-ქალაქი).[11]

History

Further information: Erzurum Province § History

Early history

Yakutiye Medresesi
in the city center

The surroundings of Erzurum at the

Urartian period presumably belonged to Diauehi.[12]

Later, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the

Sassanid Persia in 387 AD, the city passed into the hands of the Romans who fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor Theodosius I.[14]

As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors

Anastasius I and Justinian I both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.[15]

Middle Ages

"A Prospect of Erzeron the Capital of Armenia" from Joseph Pitton de Tournefort's 1717 book Relation d'un voyage du Levant
Çifte Minareli Medrese (Twin Minaret Madrasa) is the symbol of the city and appears on its coat of arms
.

Theodosiopolis was conquered by the

Byzantine emperors.[16]

In 931, and again in 949, Byzantine forces led by

Melike Mama Hatun
, sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.

Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and

Safavid Persia, until the Ottomans under Selim I in 1514 conquered it through the Battle of Chaldiran
. During Ottoman imperial rule, the city served as the main base of military power in the region.

It served as the capital of the

Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35),[20]
but the city returned to Ottoman possession following his death in 1747.

Modern history

In 1821, during the last major

Russo-Ottoman War of 1877–78. However, in February 1878, the Russians took Erzurum without resistance, but it was again returned to the Ottoman Empire, this time under the Treaty of San Stefano. There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the Hamidian massacres (1894–1896).[22][23]

World War I and Turkish War of independence

Turkish murderers pose with the heads of their Armenian victims: Bishop of Erzurum Smbat Saatetian (left) and Protestant Armenians leader (right).
Sanasarian College was one of the premier Armenian educational institutions in Erzurum on the eve of the First World War. Its faculty was murdered during the 1915 genocide.

The 40,000-strong Armenian population was deported from the city and killed en masse during the 1915 Armenian genocide. Their cultural institutions, including churches, clubs, and schools, were looted, destroyed, or otherwise left derelict. When Russian forces occupied Erzurum in 1916, there were scarcely 200 Armenians left alive.[24]

The city was also the location of

Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, one of the key founders of the modern Turkish Republic, resigned from the Ottoman army in Erzurum and was declared an "Honorary Native" and freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The Erzurum Congress of 1919 was one of the starting points of the Turkish War of Independence.[25]

Inspectorate General

In September 1935 Erzurum was made the seat of the newly created third

Democrat Party.[28]

Ecclesiastical history

Theodosiopolis was important enough in the Late

Patriarchate of Constantinople
.

Its historically recorded Suffragan Bishops were :

Council of Theodosiopolis (593)

After the long

Chalcedonian fraction of the Armenian Church. In 593, regional council of western Armenian bishops met in Theodosiopolis, proclaimed allegiance to the Chalcedonian Definition and elected John (Yovhannes, or Hovhannes) of Bagaran as new Catholicos of Chalcedonian Armenians.[30]

As Ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic

Antonio Gregorio Vuccino was its last archbishop.[31]

Demographics

In 1829 Erzurum had 130,000 inhabitants, including 30,000 Armenians.[32] In 1909, there were 60,000 inhabitants, including 15,000 Armenians (2,500 families).[32] Armenians mainly lived in the northern and northwestern districts of the city.[32] On the eve of the First World War, 37,480 Armenians lived in the kaza of Erzurum, with 43 churches, three monasteries and 52 schools.[32] All but about 200 Armenians were executed during the Armenian genocide.[32]

Today, the city has a Lom population.[33]

Economy

Further information: Erzurum Province
Jewelry shops in Taşhan
Erzurum Administrative Justice Palace

One of the largest source of income and economic activity in the city has been Atatürk University. Established in 1950, it is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism also provides a portion of the province's revenues. The city is a popular destination in Turkey for winter sports at the nearby Palandöken Mountain.

Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips.

For now, Erzurum is the ending point of the

Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senator Richard Lugar.[36][37]

Tourism

Erzurum Regional Research Hospital
Palandöken in August 2009, as seen from downtown Erzurum.
A mosque view in Erzurum.

Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the 13th century

Çifte Minareli Medrese (the "Twin Minaret" madrasa). Visitors may also wish to visit the Çobandede Bridge, which dates back to late 13th century,[38] the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque and the Grand Mosque.[39]

Culture

Yakutiye Medresesi
, Erzurum.

Cuisine

Cağ Kebab
of Erzurum.

One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is

Cağ Kebab. Although this kebab
variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining widespread popularity around Turkey.

Kadayıf Dolması is an exquisite dessert made with walnut.

Other regional foodstuffs include Su böreği (wet pastry), ekşili dolma (sour stuffed vegetables), kesme çorbası (soup), ayran aşı yayla çorbası (nomads soup), çiriş, şalgam dolması (stuffed turnip), yumurta pilavı (egg pilaf), and kadayıf dolması.[38]

Education

Atatürk University in Erzurum

The Erzurum Technical University[40] and the Atatürk University[41] are located in Erzurum.

Sanasarian College was formerly in Erzerum.

Sports

Venues

2011 Winter Universiade opening in Kazım Karabekir Stadium.
The K-95 (left) and K-125 (right) ski jumping towers at Kiremitliktepe.

International events hosted

Erzurum has hosted the following international winter sports events:

The city's initial football club Erzurumspor, which during 1998–2001 played in the Turkish Super League, was forced to relegate to the Turkish Regional Amateur League due to financial problems. It was finally dissolved in 2015.

After dissolution of Erzurumspor due to financial problems, Erzurum is presented by

Turkish Super League
in 2018-19 and 2020-21 seasons.

Erzurum's football venue, the

Cemal Gürsel Stadium
, has a seating capacity for 21,900 spectators. To be able to carry out the competitions of the Winter Universiade, a ski jumping ramp, an ice hockey arena and a curling hall were built in Erzurum.

Frank Lenz disappearance

In May 1894 American bicyclist Frank Lenz disappeared outside the city on the final leg of his quest to circumnavigate the globe on a bike.[42]

Climate

Erzurum has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb, Trewartha climate classification: Dcb) with very cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. The average maximum daily temperature during August is around 28 °C (82 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), on 31 July 2000. ; January is the coldest month, with an average minimum daily temperature around −16 °C (3 °F). The coldest recorded temperature is −37.2 °C (−35.0 °F) on 28 December 2002. Snow cover is frequent in winter, but the dry nature of the climate usually prevents large accumulation.

Climate data for Erzurum (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.4
(50.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		21.4
(70.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		32.3
(90.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.5
(97.7) 		33.3
(91.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		36.5
(97.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.5
(83.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		16.4
(61.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		12.7
(54.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.2
(13.6) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		5.3
(41.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.9
(3.4) 		−14.7
(5.5) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−1.9
(28.6)
Record low °C (°F) −36.0
(−32.8) 		−37.0
(−34.6) 		−33.2
(−27.8) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−34.3
(−29.7) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−37.2
(−35.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 16.2
(0.64) 		19.4
(0.76) 		34.9
(1.37) 		55.9
(2.20) 		72.4
(2.85) 		42.1
(1.66) 		21.9
(0.86) 		16.5
(0.65) 		22.7
(0.89) 		46.8
(1.84) 		25.6
(1.01) 		21.3
(0.84) 		395.7
(15.58)
Average precipitation days 10.63 11.07 12.8 14.93 16.8 10.73 6.93 6.17 5.3 10.3 8.77 11.23 125.7
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		79.9 79.6 75.5 68.0 65.7 60.8 53.6 49.7 52.8 65.8 74.3 81.4 67.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 108.5 121.5 155.0 183.0 235.6 300.0 331.7 316.2 252.0 201.5 144.0 89.9 2,438.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.5 4.3 5.0 6.1 7.6 10.0 10.7 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.8 2.9 6.7
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[43]
Source 2:
NOAA (humidity, 1991–2020)[44]

Notable natives

Details of the Çifte Minareli Madrasa
Yakutiye Medrese
Russo-Turkish War
of 1877–1878.

Armenians

Turks

Others

Twin towns and sister cities

Notes and references

  1. ^
    OCLC 495469475
    .
  2. ^ Adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  3. ^ Chariton, Jesse David (2011). "The Mesopotamian Origins of the Hittite Double-Headed Eagle". UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research. XIV – via ResearchGate.
  4. ^ "25th Winter Universiade - Erzurum 2011 - Main Results". www.fisu.net. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
  5. ^ a b (in Armenian) Darbinian, M. "Erzurum," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, vol. 4, p. 93.
  6. ^ Pourshariati 2017.
  7. ISBN 0-19-504652-8
    ..
  8. ^ a b See Joseph Laurent's extensive note in his (in French) L’Arménie entre Byzance et l’Islam depuis la conquête arabe jusqu’en 886, 1919, new edition revised and updated by Marius Canard (Lisbon: Librairie Bertrand, 1980), pp. 87–88, note 83.
  9. ^ (in German) Markwart, Joseph. Südarmenien und die Tigrisquellen nach griechischen und arabischen Geographen (Vienna: Mechitharisten-Buchdruckerei, 1930), pp. 41, 334, 339.
  10. ^ Robert H. Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth: The Historical Geography of Bardzr Hayk" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003), pp 42–44.
  11. ^ Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 5, p. 412, Tb., 1980.
  12. ^ Kemalettin Köroğlu: The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom. In: Altan Çilingiroğlu/G. Darbyshire (Hrsg.): Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van. 6.–10. August 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 3 (Ankara 2005), p. 101.
  13. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 103.
  14. ^ Garsoïan, Nina G. "The Foundation of Theodosiopolis-Karin" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 63–72.
  15. ^ (in Armenian) Arakelyan, Babken N. "Hayastani Khoshor Kagh'ak'nere" [The Great Cities of Armenia] in Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmutyun [History of the Armenian People]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 3, p. 232.
  16. ^ Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 310, 320.
  17. ^ Whittow. The Making of Byzantium, p. 322.
  18. ^ Arakelyan. "The Great Cities of Armenia", pp. 232–233.
  19. ISBN 978-605-4567-52-2
    ); pp.133–134
  20. ^ John A Boyle. "Persia (RLE Iran A): History and Heritage" p 43
  21. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle, Vol.III, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, 1140.
  22. Dadrian, Vahakn N
    . Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 141.
  23. ISBN 0-06-055870-9
    .
  24. ^ Kévorkian, Raymond. The Armenian Genocide: A History. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 289-318.
  25. ^ See Richard G. Hovannisian, "The Competition for Erzerum, 1914–1921" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 378ff.
  26. ^ a b "Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri". Dergipark. p. 2. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  27. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8
    .
  28. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3
    .
  29. ^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 536, nº 80, e p. 551, nº 112
  30. ^ Meyendorff 1989, p. 108-109, 284, 343.
  31. ^ "Titular See of Aprus, Turkey". GCatholic. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  32. ^ a b c d e "Kaza Erzurum". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  33. ^ Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 369.
  34. ^ "Europe gas pipeline deal agreed". BBC News. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  35. ^ "Turkey, EU countries sign gas pipeline deal". Today's Zaman. 2009-07-13. Archived from the original on 2009-07-18. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  36. ^ "Nabucco Summits Begins". Turkish Press. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  37. ^ Ian Kelly (2009-07-13). "Signing Ceremony for the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Nabucco Pipeline" (Press release). United States Department of State. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  38. ^ a b Erzurum city guide, travel guide, hotel guide, tourism guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://erzurumguide.com/
  39. ISBN 9781527526013
    .
  40. ^ "Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi". www.erzurum.edu.tr. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  41. ^ "Atatürk University". Atatürk University.
  42. ^ "A lens on Lenz on the South Side".
  43. ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  44. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link
    )
  45. ^ Kévorkian. The Armenian Genocide, pp. 533-34.
  46. ^ "Erzurum ile Azerbaycan kenti Şuşa 'kardeş şehir' oldu". Yeşil Iğdır Gazetesi (in Turkish). 2022-09-22. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  47. ^ "Urmia, Erzurum sign sisterhood agreement". 7 April 2015.

Further reading

Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century

Sources and external links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Erzurum.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erzurum.
Bibliography – Ecclesiastical history
  • Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 441
  • Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Tomo I, coll. 437–438
  • Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 6, p. 402
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