Khitan (circumcision)
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Khitan (
Islamic male
Religious sources
The Quran itself does not mention circumcision explicitly in any verse.
According to some ḥadīth reports, Muhammad was born without a foreskin,[1][2][7] while others maintain that his grandfather, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, circumcised him when he was seven days old.[6][11] Some ḥadīth report that Heraclius, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, had referred to Muhammad as "the king of the circumcised".[1]
Some ḥadīth reports mention circumcision in a list of practices known as
Muhammad's wife Aisha supposedly quoted Muhammad as saying that "if the two circumcised parts have been in touch with one another,
Circumcision was introduced to many lands of the
Islamic scholars have diverse opinions on the obligatory nature of male circumcision, with some considering it mandatory (
Sunnī Islam
In the
Shī Islam
Within the
Alawism
Alawites, or Nusayrites in the coastal Levant region, mostly do not perform circumcision.[23]
Procedure
Circumcisions are usually carried out in health facilities or hospitals, and performed by trained medical practitioners.[3] The circumciser can be either male or female,[3] and is not required to be a Muslim but he must be medically trained.[6] There is no fixed age for circumcision in Islam,[2][3][4][7] and the age when boys get circumcised, and the procedures used, tends to change across countries, cultures, families, and time.[3] In some Muslim-majority countries, circumcision is performed on Muslim boys after they have learned to recite the whole Quran from start to finish.[6]
Time for circumcision
Islamic scriptures do not fix a particular time for circumcision.[2][3][4][7] Therefore, there is a wide variation in practice among Muslim communities around the world, with children often being circumcised in late childhood or early adolescence,[3] depending on family, region, and country.[3] The preferred age is usually seven, although some Muslims are circumcised as early as on the seventh day after birth and as late as at the commencement of puberty.[2][4][6]
Celebrations
The occasion is widely celebrated in Turkey and called "Sünnet Töreni", which marks the child's transition to adulthood. The custom is also done in Muslim areas in the Balkans where the celebration is called "Sunet".[24]
Comparisons with female circumcision
In Arabic, female circumcision is referred to as khafḍ (Arabic: خفض) or khifaḍ (Arabic: خِفَض).[2][4][5][26] In many Muslim communities, khafḍ is a rite of passage and refers to the excision of female genital organs.[27] The Quran does not mention male or female circumcision.[28] Female circumcision was practiced in pre-Islam Arabia.[29] The practice persisted throughout Islamic history because female circumcision remained culturally entrenched as a rite of passage, preparing a girl for marriage.[30]
Traditionally, Islamic scholars found justification for khafḍ in the hadiths
The various schools of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence have expressed differing views on khafḍ:[28][36] The Hanafi and Hanbali schools of Islamic jurisprudence view khafḍ as makruma (noble) for women, but is not required. The Maliki school recommends it, but is not required. But in the Shafi'i school, female circumcision is obligatory (wājib). Female circumcision is mostly unknown among the orthodox Shia Muslims, but male circumcision is required.[37]
According to
See also
- Brit milah
- Circumcision controversies
- History of male circumcision
References
Quotations
Citations
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
- ^ from the original on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ PMID 28194416.
- ^ PMID 7731348.; Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami A. (1995). "Islamic Law and the Issue of Male and Female Circumcision". Third World Legal Studies. 13. Valparaiso University School of Law: 73–101. Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Khitān". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2014. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ Bbc.co.uk. 13 August 2009. Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ W. La Barre, The Ghost Dance, London, 1972
- ^ Volume II of al-Hayawan by Jahiz, ed. A. M. Harun, 7 vols., Cairo, 1938
- ^ The Works of Flavius Josephus, translated by W. Whiston, 2 vols., London, 1858
- ^ Al-Halabi, Ali Ibn-Burhan-al-Din. Alsirah al-halabiyyah. Vol.1 Beirut: Al-maktabah al-islamiyyah. (n.d.): 54–55
- ^ Malik ibn Anas, Ketab al-mowatta, Volume I, pages 45-47, traditions 70-75. ed. M.F. Abd-al-Baqi, Cairo
- ^ Ibn Majah, Kitab Sunan, ed. M. F. Abd-al-Baqi, Cairo, 1972, Page 199 Volume I
- ^ Al-Amili, Muhammad Ibn Hasan Al-Hur. Wasa'il al-shi'ah ila tahsil masa'il al-shariah. Vol 15. Tehran, Al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah, 1982
- ^ Page 766 of the Volume II of Al-Basaer wa al-Dhakha'ir, Abu Hayyan Tawhidi, Kaylānī, Damascus, 1964
- PMID 36006531.
- ^ Price, Massoume (December 2001) "Rituals of Circumcision" Archived 2021-05-11 at the Wayback Machine. Culture of Iran. Iran Chamber Society. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-7103-1356-0. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
- ^ Book 90 of Hilyat ul-muttaqeen
- ^ Al-Kalini, Abu-Ja'afar Muhammad Ibn-Yaqub. Al-furu'min al-kafi. Vol. 6 Tehran: Dar al-kutub al-islamiyyah. 1981:35
- ^ Al-Kalini, Abu-Ja'afar Muhammad Ibn-Yaqub. Al-furu'min al-kafi. Vol. 6 Tehran: Dar al-kutub al-islamiyyah. 1981:34
- ^ DS Hellsten. Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice. Page 147
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Turkey: Information on whether the Alewis (Alevis) practice circumcision and whether all Alewis are circumcised". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
- ^ "What Do You Do at a Turkish Sunnet Festival?". Travel Tips - USA Today. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "Female genital mutilation/cutting: a call for a global response" (PDF). End FGM European Network, U.S. End FGM/C Network and Equality Now. March 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
- ISBN 978-0860787129, pp. 358–361.
- ^ a b Mackie, Gerry (December 1996). "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account" (PDF). American Sociological Review. 61 (6): 999–1017. doi:10.2307/2096305. JSTOR 2096305.
- ^ Wensinck, A. J. (2012) [1986]. "K̲h̲itān". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Lewis, B.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 20–22
- ^ Gerald R. Hawting (2006), The Development of Islamic Ritual, ISBN 978-0860787129, pp. 358–361.
- ^ Ibrahim Lethome Asmani, Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008), De-linking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam, https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf, p. 3–5.
- ^ Al-Sabbagh, Muhammad Lutfi (1996). "Islamic Ruling on Male and Female Circumcision", Alexandria: World Health Organization, pp. 17–19, 125–126.
- ^ Al-Awa, Mohamed Selim (May 2012). FGM in the context of Islam (PDF). Cairo: The National Council for Childhood and Motherhood. p. 5.
- ^ Rizvi et al. (1999). "Religious Circumcision: A Muslim View". BJU International, 83(S1), pp. 13–16.
Berkey, J. P. (1996). "Circumcision Circumscribed: Female Excision and Cultural Accommodation in the Medieval Near East". International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28(1), pp. 19–38.
- ^ Al-Awa 2012, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Roald, Ann-Sofie (2003), Women in Islam: The Western Experience, London Routledge, p.243.
- ^ 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam' by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)
- ^ "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Global Concern" Archived 2017-11-26 at the Wayback Machine, New York: UNICEF, February 2016.
- PMID 25759602.
- PMID 25759602.
- ^ * <!-https://web.archive.org/web/20080520160125/http://www.unicef.org/egypt/media_3875.html--> "Fresh progress toward the elimination of female genital mutilation and cutting in Egypt"[https://web.archive.org/web/20200329133747/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_40168.html Archived 2020-03-29 at the Wayback Machine. UNICEF press release. 2 July 2007.
- Cappa, Claudia, et al. (July 2013). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change Archived 2020-03-17 at the Wayback Machine. New York: United Nations Children's Fund. p. 70.
- ^ "Death spurs Egypt to ban female circumcision". NBC News. 29 June 2007.
External links
- Islamic ruling on male and female circumcision. EMRO Publications. ISBN 92-9021-217-9. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- "Islam: Circumcision of boys". Religion & ethics—Islam. Bbc.co.uk. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2020.