Kordylewski cloud
Kordylewski clouds, also named ghost moons, are concentrations of
Discovery and observation
Kordylewski began looking for a photometrically confirmable concentration of dust at the libration (Lagrangian) points in 1951.[5][6]
After a change in method suggested by Josef Witkowski, the clouds were first seen by Kordylewski in 1956.[7] Between 6 March and 6 April 1961, he succeeded in photographing two bright patches near the L5 Lagrange point. During the observation time, the patches hardly appeared to move relative to L5. The observations were taken from the mountain Kasprowy Wierch.[6]
In 1967, J. Wesley Simpson made observations of the clouds using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory.[8]
In October 2018, the existence of the Kordylewski clouds was reported to have been confirmed by the Royal Astronomical Society,[2][3][4] even though, earlier, in 1992, the Japanese Hiten space probe, which passed through the Lagrange points to detect trapped dust particles, did not find an obvious increase in dust levels above the density in surrounding space.[7][9] Hiten's failure to find the Kordylewski clouds does not rule out their existence, since the probe revolved around each Lagrange point for only one loop and could have missed the clouds.[10]
The decisive factor and change of methodology that has led to the unambiguous confirmation of the existence of these extremely faint and elusive celestial objects was using polarimetry, i.e. detecting them by their polarization patterns, not (primarily) by their brightness.[2]
Appearance
The Kordylewski clouds are a very faint phenomenon, comparable to the brightness of the gegenschein.[11] They are very difficult to observe from Earth[7] but may be visible to the unaided eye in an exceptionally dark and clear night sky. Most claimed observations have been made from deserts, at sea, or from mountains.[11] The clouds appear somewhat redder than the gegenschein, indicating that they may be made of a different kind of particle.[7]
Position
The Kordylewski clouds are located near the L4 and L5 Lagrange points of the Earth–Moon system. They are about 6 degrees in angular diameter.[7] The clouds can drift up to 6 to 10 degrees from those points.[11] Other observations suggest they move around the Lagrange points in ellipses of about 6 by 2 degrees.[7]
See also
- Claimed moons of Earth – Claims that Earth may have other natural satellites
- Trojan (celestial body) – Objects sharing the orbit of a larger one
Notes
- ^ Drew MacFarlane (5 November 2018). "Pair of 'Ghost Moons' Found in Orbit With Earth". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ EurekAlert!. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ^ S2CID 125609141.
- ^ .
- ISBN 9780387304007.
- ^ Bibcode:1961AcA....11..165K.
- ^ a b c d e f Laufer, Rene; Wilfried Tost; Oliver Zeile; Ralf Srama; Hans-Peter Roeser (February 2007). The Kordylewsky Clouds — an Example for a Cruise Phase Observation During the Lunar Mission BW1 (PDF). 11th ISU Annual International Symposium. Strasbourg. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
- ^ Simpson 1967.
- ^ "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
- . 6597921. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-62740-5.
References
- Simpson, J. Wesley (February 1967). "Dust Cloud Moons of the Earth". .
- Winiarski, Maciej (1989). "Photographic Observations of the Clouds in the Neighbourhood of Libration Point L5 of the Earth–Moon System". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 47 (2): 193–215. S2CID 119559523.
- Hypothetical Planets
- A Search for Objects near the Earth–Moon Lagrangian Points, by Francisco Valdes and Robert A. Freitas Jr., did not find any objects at the Earth–Moon or Earth–Sun lagrange points, but this survey was not sensitive to diffuse clouds.
- Roach, J. R. (January 1975). "Counterglow from the earth-moon libration points". . Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- One of Earth’s shimmering dust clouds has been spotted at last
