Lovell Telescope
Alternative names | 250 ft telescope |
---|---|
Named after | Bernard Lovell |
Part of | European VLBI Network Jodrell Bank Observatory mERLIN |
Location(s) | Goostrey, Cheshire East, Cheshire, North West England, England |
Coordinates | 53°14′11″N 2°18′30″W / 53.2365°N 2.3084°W |
Organization | Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics |
Wavelength | 5 GHz (6.0 cm) |
Built | 3 September 1952–1957 |
First light | 2 August 1957 |
Telescope style | radio telescope |
Diameter | 250 ft (76 m) |
Collecting area | 4,560 m2 (49,100 sq ft) |
Focal length | 22.9 m (75 ft 2 in) |
Website | www |
Related media on Commons | |
The Lovell Telescope (/ˈlʌvəl/ LUV-əl) is a radio telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory, near Goostrey, Cheshire, in the north-west of England. When construction was finished in 1957, the telescope was the largest steerable dish radio telescope in the world at 76.2 m (250 ft) in diameter;[1] it is now the third-largest, after the Green Bank telescope in West Virginia, United States, and the Effelsberg telescope in Germany.[2] It was originally known as the "250 ft telescope" or the Radio Telescope at Jodrell Bank, before becoming the Mark I telescope around 1961 when future telescopes (the Mark II, III, and IV) were being discussed.[3] It was renamed to the Lovell Telescope in 1987 after Sir Bernard Lovell,[4] and became a Grade I listed building in 1988.[5][6][7] The telescope forms part of the MERLIN and European VLBI Network arrays of radio telescopes.
Both Bernard Lovell and Charles Husband were knighted for their roles in creating the telescope.[8] In September 2006, the telescope won the BBC's online competition to find the UK's greatest "Unsung Landmark".[9] 2007 marked the 50th anniversary of the telescope.
If the air is clear enough, the Mark I telescope can be seen from high-rise buildings in
Construction
Conception and construction of the Mark I
Two circular 15" turret drive gear sets and associated pinions from
Construction began on 3 September 1952.[17] The foundations for the telescope were completed on 21 May 1953 after being sunk 90 ft (27 m) into the ground.[18][19] It then took until mid-March 1954 to get the double railway lines completed because of their required accuracy.[20][21] The central pivot was delivered to the site on 11 May 1954,[22] and the final bogie in mid-April 1955.[23]
The telescope bowl was originally going to have a wire mesh surface to observe at wavelengths between 1 and 10 meters (3.2 and 32 feet), so frequencies between 30 and 300 MHz;[24] this was changed to a steel surface so that the telescope could observe at the 21 cm (8 in) hydrogen line, which was discovered in 1951.[25] Also, in February 1954 Lovell and the Air Ministry met to see if funding could be made available for improving the accuracy of the dish so that it could be used on centimetre wavelengths, for research at these wavelengths for the Ministry as well as "other purposes". Although the funding was not ultimately made available from the Air Ministry, the planning process had already progressed, so this improvement was made anyway.[26]
The telescope was constructed so that the bowl could be completely inverted. Originally, it was intended to use a movable tower at the base of the telescope to change the receivers at the focus.[27] However, the movable tower was never built, jointly because of funding constraints and the fact that much of the receiver equipment was placed at the base of the telescope rather than at the focus.[27] Instead, receivers were mounted on 50-foot (15-m) long steel tubes, which were then inserted by a winch into the top of the aerial tower while the bowl was inverted. The cables from the receivers then ran down the inside of this tube, which could then be connected when the telescope was pointed at the zenith. Associated receiver equipment could then be placed either in the small, swinging laboratory directly underneath the surface; in rooms at the tops of the two towers; at the base girders, or in the control building.[28]
The telescope moved for the first time on 3 February 1957: by an inch.[29] It was first moved azimuthally under power on 12 June 1957;[30] the bowl was tilted under power for the first time on 20 June 1957.[30] By the end of July the dish surface was completed,[31] and first light was on 2 August 1957; the telescope did a drift scan across the Milky Way at 160 MHz, with the bowl at the zenith.[32] The telescope was first controlled from the control room on 9 October 1957,[33][34] by a purpose-built analogue computer.[25]
There were large cost overruns with the telescope's construction, mainly the result of the steeply rising cost of steel during construction. The original grant for the telescope came jointly from the
Upgrade to Mark IA
Shortly after the telescope was originally completed, Lovell and Husband started contemplating an upgrade to the telescope so that it had a more accurate surface, and was controlled by a digital computer. Plans for this upgrade were created by Husband and Co., and were presented to Lovell in April 1964.[37] Their plans became more urgent when fatigue cracks were discovered in the elevation drive system in September 1967. The telescope was only expected to have an operational lifespan of 10 years, and Husband had been warning about the decay of the telescope since 1963. The appearance of fatigue cracks was the first of these problems that threatened to stop the telescope working; had they not been put right the elevation system could have failed and perhaps jammed.[38] The telescope was therefore repaired and upgraded to become the Mark IA; the £400,000 of funding to do this was announced on 8 July 1968 by the SRC.[39][40] The upgrade was carried out in three phases, phase 1 lasting between September 1968 and February 1969,[41] phase 2 between September and November 1969[42] and phase 3 between August 1970 and November 1971.[43]
The first phase saw the addition of an inner railway track, which was designed to take a third of the weight of the telescope.[41][44] The outer railway track, which had been decaying and sinking over the previous years, was relaid in the second phase. Four bogies and their steelwork were added on the inner track, and the existing bogies on the outer track were overhauled.[42][44]
The third phase saw the biggest changes; a new, more accurate bowl surface was constructed in front of the old surface, meaning that the telescope could be used on wavelengths as small as 6 cm (5 GHz),[24] and the central "bicycle wheel" support was added. A new computer control system was also installed (reusing the Ferranti Argus 104 computer from the Mark II); fatigue cracks in the cones connecting the bowl to the towers were repaired, and the central antenna was lengthened and strengthened.[43][44] In January 1972 the hoist carrying two engineers to the central antenna broke, gravely injuring one and killing the other.[45]
The Mark IA upgrade was formally completed on 16 July 1974, when the telescope was handed back to the University of Manchester. Because of increases in the cost of steel during the upgrade, the final amount for the upgrade was £664,793.07.[46]
Later upgrades and repairs
The Gale of January 1976 on 2 January brought winds of around 90 mph (140 km/h), which almost destroyed the telescope. The towers bowed, and one of the bearings connecting the dish to the towers slipped. After an expensive repair, diagonal bracing girders were added to the towers to prevent this happening again.[44]
By the 1990s, the telescope surface was becoming badly corroded. In 2001–03, the telescope was resurfaced, increasing its sensitivity at 5 GHz by a factor of five. A
In 2007 the telescope needed a new drive wheel, as one of the 64 original wheels had cracked; in 2008 another new steel tyre was needed after a second wheel cracked. These are the only two wheel changes needed since the telescope started operation in 1957.[49]
The presence (as at 2010) of two breeding pairs of wild
Close to one of the buildings at the observatory stands a bust of Nicolaus Copernicus,[50] Polish Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the universe, with Sun, rather than the Earth, at its centre.
Statistics
Mass of telescope: | 3,200 tonnes (3,200,000 kg; 7,100,000 lb) |
Mass of bowl: | 1,500 tonnes (1,500,000 kg; 3,300,000 lb) |
Diameter of bowl: | 76.2 metres (250 ft) |
Surface area of bowl: | 5,270 square metres (1.30 acres; 56,700 sq ft) |
Collecting area of bowl: | 4,560 square metres (1.13 acres; 49,100 sq ft) |
Height of elevation axis: | 50.5 m (165 ft 8 in) |
Maximum height above ground: | 89.0 m (292 ft 0 in) |
Radius of wheel girders: | 38.5 m (126 ft 4 in) |
Outer diameter of railway track: | 107.5 m (352 ft 8 in) |
Amount of paint for 3 coats of the bowl: | 5,300 L (1,200 imp gal) |
Azimuthal drive power | Two 50 horse power electric motors, one at the foot of each tower.[52]
|
Maximum drive rates | 15 degrees per minute in azimuth 10 degrees a minute in elevation.[52] |
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Side view
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Telescope dish
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Support structure
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Rear
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Work on the supports of the Jodrell Bank radio telescope, 12 August 2010
Space probe tracking
Sputnik and artificial satellites
The telescope became operational in the summer of 1957, just in time for the launch of Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite. While the transmissions from Sputnik itself could easily be picked up by a household radio, the Lovell Telescope was the only telescope capable of tracking Sputnik's booster rocket by radar; it first located it just before midnight on 12 October 1957.[53][54][55][56] It also located Sputnik 2's carrier rocket at just after midnight on 16 November 1957.[57]
The telescope also took part in some of the early work on satellite communication. In February and March 1963, the telescope transmitted signals via the moon and
The race to the Moon
The Lovell Telescope was used to track both Soviet and American probes aimed at the Moon in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The telescope tracked Pioneer 1 from 11 to 13 November 1958,[59][60] Pioneer 3 in December 1958,[61] and Pioneer 4 in March 1959.[62] The telescope tracked Pioneer 5 between 11 March and 26 June 1960, and was also used to send commands to the probe, including the one to separate the probe from its carrier rocket and the ones to turn on the more powerful transmitter when the probe was 13 million kilometres (8 million miles) away. It also received data from Pioneer 5, and was the only telescope in the world capable of doing so at the time.[63] The last signal was picked up from the probe at a distance of 36.2 million kilometres (22.5 million miles) on the 26 June 1960.[61]
The telescope also tracked the
The telescope tracked Luna 10, a Russian satellite put into orbit around the Moon, in April 1966,[68] and Zond 5 in September 1968, a Russian probe containing two tortoises that was launched at the Moon, around which it sling-shotted before returning to Earth.[69] The telescope did not track Apollo 11, as it was tracking Luna 15 in July 1969. However, a 50 ft (15 m) telescope at Jodrell Bank was used at the same time to track Apollo 11.[70][71]
Venus probes
The telescope possibly detected signals from Venera 1, a Russian satellite en route to Venus, during 19–20 May 1961. However, it was not possible to confirm the origin of the signals.[72] A few years later, in December 1962, the telescope tracked and received data from Mariner 2.[73] On 18 October 1967, the telescope received signals from, and tracked, Venera 4, a Russian probe to Venus.[74]
Mars probes
The telescope tracked Mars 1 in 1962–63,[61] and Mars 2 and Mars 3 in 1971 (amidst the upgrade of the telescope to the Mark IA).[75] In more recent years, it has also searched for several lost Mars spacecraft, including NASA's Mars Observer spacecraft in 1993,[9] Mars Polar Lander in 2000,[76] and the Beagle 2 lander on Mars in 2003. However, it did not succeed in locating any of them.
ICBM watchdog
As a stopgap measure while
Scientific observations
When the telescope was proposed, a series of objectives for the telescope's observations were set out. These included:[14]
- Surveys of galactic and extragalactic radio emission
- Observations of the Sun
- Radar echoes from the planets
- Investigation of meteor detections
- Observations of the Gegenschein
- Studies of the Aurora
- Detections of radio reflections from cosmic ray ionization in the atmosphere
However, the actual observations made with the telescope differ from these original objectives, and are outlined in the following sections.
Solar system
In Autumn 1958, the telescope was used to bounce "Hellos" off the Moon for a demonstration in Lovell's third
21cm hydrogen line
The 21 cm hydrogen line was discovered during the telescope's construction; the telescope was subsequently redesigned so that it could observe at that frequency. Using this line emission, hydrogen clouds both in the Milky Way galaxy and in other galaxies can be observed; for example, the telescope discovered a large cloud around the
Masers
In 1963, the telescope discovered OH emissions from star-forming regions and giant stars; the first astronomical masers.[85] OH masers emit on four frequencies around 18 cm (7 in), which are easily observable on the telescope. As part of MERLIN, the telescope is regularly used to construct maps of maser regions.[84]
Pulsars
In 1968, the telescope observed the coordinates of the recently discovered pulsar, confirming its existence and investigating the dispersion measure.[86] It was also used to make the first detection of polarization of the pulsar's radiation.[87] This marked the start of a substantial amount of work investigating pulsars at Jodrell, which is still ongoing.[88] In the 30 years following the discovery of pulsars, the telescope discovered over 100 new pulsars (and astronomers at Jodrell Bank discovered around 2/3 of the total number using the Lovell and other telescopes). 300 pulsars are regularly observed using either the Lovell, or a nearby 42-foot (13-m) dish.[89]
The telescope was involved in the discovery of millisecond pulsars,
Gravitational lensing
Between 1972 and 1973, the telescope was used for "a detailed survey of the radio sources in a limited area of the sky … up to the sensitivity limit of the instrument". Among the objects catalogued was the first gravitational lens, which was confirmed optically in 1979[91] after its position was found to coincide with a pair of faint blue stars by using the Mark I as an interferometer with the Mark II.[92] The telescope was also involved in the detection of the first Einstein ring in 1998, in conjunction with observations made with the Hubble Space Telescope.[93]
Quasars and interferometry
The early investigation into the size and nature of quasars drove the development of interferometry techniques in the 1950s; the Lovell telescope had an advantage because of its large collecting area, meaning that it could make high-sensitivity interferometer measurements relatively quickly. As a result, the telescope featured heavily in the discovery of quasars.[8]
Interferometry at Jodrell Bank started before the Lovell telescope was constructed, using the
The
The telescope took part in the first transatlantic interferometer experiment in 1968, with other telescopes being those at
In 1980, it was used as part of the new
Other notable observations
The telescope was used as a follow-up instrument for possible
In popular culture
- A 1:200 scale model of the telescope, made in 1961, resides in the
- In 1962, the telescope was mentioned in a sci-fi novel A for Andromeda, by Fred Hoyle and John Elliot.[105]
- The 1981 Doctor Who serial Logopolis, filmed at Crowsley Park,[106] used a model of the Lovell Telescope as the Pharos Project, from which the Doctor, played by Tom Baker, fell and regenerated. The model was based on the Mark I telescope, but it also featured some modifications from the Mark IA telescope such as the rim around the edge of the dish.[107]
- Sophie Aldred portrayed the Seventh Doctor's companion Ace, standing on both the superstructure and dish in the 1990 Doctor Who educational special "Search Out Science: Search Out Space".[108]
- In 1992, the telescope was featured on the cover of Sub Sub's "Space Face" single.[105]
- The telescope also made a brief appearance in the film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy in 2005.[109]
- Four bands have shot music videos or photos in the bowl of the telescope: Oasis in June 1994 by Steve Double, D:Ream in 1995 ("Party Up the World"), Placebo in 2003 ("The Bitter End"), and Public Service Broadcasting in 2015 ("Sputnik"). Long shots of the telescope feature in the music video of "Secret Messages" by Electric Light Orchestra.
- The Royal Mail depicted the telescope as "J for Jodrell Bank" in their alphabetical landmarks stamp series;[110] it has also previously featured on stamps from Haiti, Hungary, Ascension Island, Barbuda, Liechtenstein and Tanzania.[111]
- In an August 1981 episode of Coronation Street the telescope was seen. Len and Rita Fairclough brought the boy they were fostering to see the telescope.[citation needed]
Notes and references
- ^ "On This Day – 14 March 1960: Radio telescope makes space history". BBC News. 14 March 1960. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
- ^ "The Lovell Telescope presents a new face to the Universe". Retrieved 11 May 2007.
- ^ a b Lovell, The Jodrell Bank Telescopes
- ^ "Lovell Radio Telescope refurbished". BBC News. 28 April 2003. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
- ^ "Once Wilson's "White Heat", Now History: Tessa Blackstone Lists Bt Tower". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
- ^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1221685)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ Historic England. "Jodrell Bank Observatory: Lovell Telescope (1221685)". National Heritage List for England.
- ^ a b "Jodrell Bank — History". Retrieved 10 June 2007.
- ^ a b Finlo Rohrer (5 September 2006). "Aye to the telescope". BBC News.
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 28
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 195
- ^ "Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope; Henry Charles Husband, 1958, para 29" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 29
- ^ ISBN 978-0-312-32249-6. (the proposal document for the Lovell Telescope)
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 35
- ^ a b Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 222
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 44
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 47
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 225
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 65a (caption of lower photograph)
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 232
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 80a (caption of upper photograph)
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 71
- ^ a b "JBO — Construction". Retrieved 28 May 2007.
- ^ a b "The 250 ft Mk I Radio Telescope — The building of the world's first giant radio telescope". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, pp. 235–236
- ^ a b Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 88
- ^ Lovell (1957)
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 155
- ^ a b Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 157
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 250
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 158, plus the image at the bottom of p177a
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 193
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 260
- ^ Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 244
- ^ Piper, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 95
- ^ Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, pp. 60–61
- ^ Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, pp. 65–66
- ^ Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, p. 68
- ^ Out of the Zenith, p. 237
- ^ a b Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, pp. 75–81
- ^ a b Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, pp. 81–83
- ^ a b Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, pp. 83–94
- ^ a b c d "The MKIA Radio Telescope". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
- ^ Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, p. 91
- ^ Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, p. 94
- ^ "JBO — Lovell Telescope — the future (in 2000)". Retrieved 28 May 2007.
- ^ "The Lovell Telescope Upgrade". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
- ^ "Telescope's Tyre Change is Wheel Success". Jodrell Bank Observatory. 4 February 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
- ^ "Bust of Nicolaus Copernicus at Jodrell Bank". Geograph: photograph every grid square!. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "Jodrell Bank Observatory — Facts and Figures". Retrieved 28 May 2007.
- ^ a b "JBO — Anatomy of the Lovell telescope". Retrieved 28 May 2007.
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 196
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 262
- ^ "Jodrell Bank's Cold War history". BBC News Channel. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
- ^ "The team that tracked Sputnik - and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile". BBC. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 197
- ^ Out of the Zenith, chapter 15
- ^ Lovell, Story of Jodrell Bank, p. 212
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 269
- ^ a b c "Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities". Retrieved 10 June 2007.
- Time Magazine. 16 March 1959. Archived from the originalon 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- Time Magazine. 23 May 1960. Archived from the originalon 21 April 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ISBN 978-0387218960.
- Time Magazine. 28 September 1959. Archived from the originalon 22 April 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- Time Magazine. 19 October 1959. Archived from the originalon 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- Time Magazine. 11 February 1966. Archived from the originalon 20 February 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
- Time Magazine. 15 April 1966. Archived from the originalon 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
- Time Magazine. 27 September 1968. Archived from the originalon 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- Time Magazine. 25 July 1969. Archived from the originalon 11 September 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, p. 82
- ^ Piper, Story of Jodrell Bank, pp. 43–44
- Time Magazine. 21 December 1962. Archived from the originalon 8 March 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ "On This Day – 18 October 1967: Soviets glimpse beneath clouds of Venus". BBC News. 18 October 1967. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
- ^ Lovell, Jodrell Bank Telescopes, p. 88
- ^ "Earth turns its ears to Mars". BBC News. 2 October 2000. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
"Quiet please, we're listening to Mars". BBC News. 3 February 2000. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
"Mars lander search goes on". BBC News. 8 February 2000. Retrieved 5 April 2007. - ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, p. 322
- ^ Spinardi, 2006
- ^ "Dish of the Day". BBC Radio 4. 13 June 2003. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ Out of the Zenith, p. 212
- ^ Morrison, Ian (17 June 2007). "EME to the Lovell Telescope". Retrieved 21 June 2007.
- ^ Lovell, Out of the Zenith, pp. 197–198
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, pp. 277–280
- ^ a b "JBO — Gas". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Archived from the original on 18 August 2002. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
- ^ a b c d e "JBO — Milestones". Retrieved 28 May 2007.
- ^ Lovell, Out of the Zenith, pp. 130–135
- Time Magazine. 26 April 1968. Archived from the originalon 22 April 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, pp. 293–297
- ^ a b "JBO — Stars". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
- ^ "General Relativity survives gruelling pulsar test —Einstein at least 99.95% right!". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Retrieved 10 June 2007.
- ^ Lovell, Astronomer by Chance, pp. 297–301
- ^ "JBO — Galaxies". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Archived from the original on 19 April 2002. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
- ^ "Astronomers see cosmic mirage". BBC News. 1 April 1998. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ Out of the Zenith, pp. 19–20
- ^ Out of the Zenith, pp. 42–45.
Rowson (1963) - ^ Out of the Zenith, pp. 46–48
- ^ a b c d "Interferometers". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Archived from the original on 28 June 2004. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
- ^ Out of the Zenith, pp. 73–77
- ^ Lovell, Out of the Zenith, pp. 67–68
- ^ "Scientists listen intently for ET". BBC News. 1 February 1998. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ "Alien hunters back on track". BBC News. 23 March 1999. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ "Radio search for ET draws a blank". BBC News. 25 March 2004. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ "Seeing the invisible — first dark galaxy discovered?". Jodrell Bank Observatory press release. 23 February 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
- ^ "Scale model of Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope, 1961". Science Museum. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ a b Doran, John (2 April 2009). "Doves Interview: The Romance Of The Telescope". Retrieved 18 April 2009.
- ^ "Crowsley Park BBC Receiving Station". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ "Logopolis and Lovell". 11 October 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ "Search Out Science: Search Out Space" special thanks credits.
- ^ "Scientists bid to save the Earth in latest Hollywood blockbuster". Jodrell Bank Observatory press release. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
- ^ "In pictures: Royal Mail's alphabetical landmark stamps". BBC News. 11 October 2011.
- ^ "Jodrell Bank radio telescope". Retrieved 1 November 2011.
Books
- Lovell, Bernard (1968). The Story of Jodrell Bank. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-217619-6.
- Lovell, Bernard (1973). Out of the Zenith: Jodrell Bank 1957–1970. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-217624-0.
- Lovell, Bernard (1985). The Jodrell Bank Telescopes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858178-9.
- Lovell, Bernard (1990). Astronomer by Chance. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-55195-0.
- Piper, Roger. The Story of Jodrell Bank (Carousel ed.). London: Carousel. ISBN 978-0-552-54028-5.
Journal articles
- S2CID 21214658.
- Rowson, B. (1963). "High resolution observations with a tracking radio interferometer". .
- Spinardi, G. (August 2006). "Science, Technology, and the Cold War: The Military Uses of the Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope". Cold War History. 6 (3): 279–300. S2CID 154984982.[permanent dead link]
See also
External links
- The Lovell Telescope website at Manchester University
- Jodrell Bank Discovery Centre website
- '50 Years of the Lovell Telescope', lecture by Professor Ian Morison given at Gresham College, 5 December 2007 (available for free audio, video and text download).