Hudson Mountains

Coordinates: 72°25′S 99°30′W / 72.417°S 99.500°W / -72.417; -99.500
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Maish Nunatak
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Hudson Mountains
Mount Moses
Elevation750 m (2,460 ft)
Coordinates72°25′S 99°30′W / 72.417°S 99.500°W / -72.417; -99.500[1]
Geography
Hudson Mountains is located in Antarctica
Hudson Mountains
Hudson Mountains
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcanoes
Last eruption210 BCE[2]
Hudson Mountains
Highest point
Elevation749 m (2,457 ft) Edit this on Wikidata

The Hudson Mountains are a

Cosgrove Ice Shelf and on the south by Pine Island Glacier. The mountains were volcanically active during the Miocene and Pliocene
, but there is evidence for an eruption about two millennia ago and uncertain indications of activity in the 20th century.

Geography and geomorphology

The Hudson Mountains rise in western

Cosgrove Ice Shelf lies north of the Hudson Mountains.[8] The mountains are remote and visits are rare.[9] In 1991, they were prospected as a potential aircraft landing site.[10]

The mountains are a

global warming.[19]

Mount Moses reaches an elevation of 749 metres (2,457 ft) above sea level, Teeters Nunatak 617 metres (2,024 ft), and Mount Manthe 576 metres (1,890 ft). Other named structures are:[20]

The volcanoes are made up by

Physical weathering has yielded soils in some areas.[26] Volcanic glass found in the Pine Island Glacier probably originates in the Hudson Mountains.[27]

Geology

Neighbouring Marie Byrd Land was volcanically active during the Cenozoic, forming a number of volcanoes, some of which are buried under ice, while others emerge above the ice sheet. The Hudson Mountains are part of the Thurston Island[28] or Bellingshausen Volcanic Province, and are its largest and best preserved volcanic field.[29] The volcanism at the mountains may have either been caused by a mantle plume under Marie Byrd Land or by the presence of anomalies (slab windows) in the mantle left over by subduction.[30] Seismic tomography has found evidence of low velocity anomalies under the Hudson Mountains, which may reflect the presence of the Marie Byrd Land mantle plume.[31]

The bedrock around the Hudson Mountains lies below sea level.[32] The basement on which the volcanoes formed is not exposed in the Hudson Mountains, but crops out in the neighbouring Jones Mountains.[22] It forms the so-called Thurston Island tectonic block.[11] Below the Hudson Mountains, the crust is about 21–27 kilometres (13–17 mi) thick.[33] A proposal by Lopatin and Polyakov 1974 is that east and north-trending fractures have controlled the position of the volcanoes.[34]

Composition

The main volcanic rocks include

Ultramafic nodules have been reported from some rocks.[37] The magmas erupted by the volcanoes may have originated in a mantle that had been influenced by subduction,[38] and underwent fractionation of olivine as they ascended.[39]

Life and climate

Sparse

automated weather station was installed on Evans Knoll in 2011 and records air temperatures and wind speeds.[43]

Geologic history

The volcanoes were active during the late Miocene and Pliocene. Dates range between 8.5±1.0 and 3.7±0.2 million years ago,[1] an older date is 20±4 million years.[44] There is no evidence of an age progression in any direction.[5]

Ice cover was thicker on the Hudson Mountains during the

last glacial maximum, perhaps by about 150 metres (490 ft).[45] Retreat commenced about 14,000[46]-10,000 years ago;[47] however, glaciers were still thicker than today during the early Holocene and deposited rocks on the Hudson Mountains.[25] Another thinning step began about 8,000 years ago and was very fast, perhaps lasting only a century.[48]

isotope ratios from the Pine Island Glacier ice have been attributed to volcanic activity in the Hudson Mountains.[53]

Named features

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Hudson Mountains in southwest of map

The southern part of the mountains includes, from west to east, Evans Knoll, Webber Nunatak, Shepherd Dome, Mount Manthe, Inman Nunatak, Meyers Nunatak and Wold Nunatak. The central part includes, from west to east, Tighe Rock, Maish Nunatak, Mount Moses, Velie Nunatak, Slusher Nunatak and Siren Rock. Features to the north, from south to north, include Hodgson Nunatak, Teeters Nunatak, Mount Nickens, Pryor Cliff and Kenfield Nunatak.[54]

Evans Knoll

74°51′S 100°25′W / 74.850°S 100.417°W / -74.850; -100.417. A mainly snow-covered knoll on the coast at the north side of the terminus of Pine Island Glacier. It lies 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) southwest of Webber Nunatak and marks the southwest end of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Donald J. Evans who studied very-lowfrequency emissions from the upper atmosphere at Byrd Station,1960-61.[55]

Webber Nunatak

Main article: Webber Nunatak

74°47′S 99°50′W / 74.783°S 99.833°W / -74.783; -99.833. A nunatak 495 metres (1,624 ft) high standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) west of Mount Manthe. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump (OpHjp), 1946–47. Named by US-ACAN for George E. Webber, electrical engineer at Byrd Station, 1967.[56]

Shepherd Dome

74°52′S 99°33′W / 74.867°S 99.550°W / -74.867; -99.550. A low dome-shaped mountain at the north side of Pine Island Glacier, standing 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southwest of Mount Manthe. Mapped from air photos made by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Donald C. Shepherd, ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station, 1967.[57]

Mount Manthe

74°47′S 99°21′W / 74.783°S 99.350°W / -74.783; -99.350. A mountain 575 metres (1,886 ft) high standing 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north-northeast of Shepherd Dome, in the south part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Lawrene L. Manthe, meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1967.[58]

Inman Nunatak

74°49′S 98°54′W / 74.817°S 98.900°W / -74.817; -98.900. A nunatak standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of Mount Manthe in the southeast part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Martin M. Inman, auroral scientist at Byrd Station, 1960–61 and 1961-62 seasons.[59]

Meyers Nunatak

74°54′S 98°46′W / 74.900°S 98.767°W / -74.900; -98.767. A nunatak located 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) east-southeast of Mount Manthe, at the southeast end of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Herbert Meyers, USARP geomagnetist at Byrd Station, 1960-61.[60]

Wold Nunatak

74°47′S 98°38′W / 74.783°S 98.633°W / -74.783; -98.633. A nunatak standing 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) east of Mount Manthe in the southeast part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Richard J. Wold, USARP geologist at Byrd Station, 1960-61 season.[61]

Koehler Nunatak

74°52′S 98°08′W / 74.867°S 98.133°W / -74.867; -98.133. Isolated nunatak about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) east-southeast of Mount Manthe, at the southeast margin of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Walter Koehler, United States Army Aviation Detachment, helicopter pilot for the Ellsworth Land Survey, 1968-69.[62]

Tighe Rock

74°26′S 100°04′W / 74.433°S 100.067°W / -74.433; -100.067. A rock outcropping along the coastal slope at the west margin of the Hudson Mountains, located 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) northwest of Mount Moses. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Robert F. Tighe, electrical engineer at Byrd Station, 1964-65.[63]

Maish Nunatak

74°36′S 99°28′W / 74.600°S 99.467°W / -74.600; -99.467. A nunatak located 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) west-southwest of Mount Moses, in the central part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for F. Michael Maish, ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station in 1967, who served as United States exchange scientist at Vostok Station in 1969.[64]

Mount Moses

74°33′S 99°11′W / 74.550°S 99.183°W / -74.550; -99.183. The highest 750 metres (2,460 ft) high and most prominent of the Hudson Mountains, located near the center of the group, about 14 nautical miles (26 km; 16 mi) north-northeast of Mount Manthe. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946–47. Named by US-ACAN for Robert L. Moses, geomagnetist-seismologist at Byrd Station, 1967.[65]

Dean Nunataks

74°31′S 98°48′W / 74.517°S 98.800°W / -74.517; -98.800. Two nunataks lying about 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east-northeast of Mount Moses. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for William S. Dean of Pleasanton, Texas, who served as ham radio contact in the United States for the Ellsworth Land Survey party of 1968-69, and for other USARP field parties over a three year period.[66]

Velie Nunatak

74°23′S 99°10′W / 74.383°S 99.167°W / -74.383; -99.167. A nunatak located 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) north of Mount Moses. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-AC AN for Edward C. Velie, meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1967.[67]

Slusher Nunatak

74°27′S 99°06′W / 74.450°S 99.100°W / -74.450; -99.100. A nunatak lying 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north of Mount Moses. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Harold E. Slusher, meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1967.[68]

Siren Rock

74°33′S 98°24′W / 74.550°S 98.400°W / -74.550; -98.400. A fairly isolated rock lying 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) east of-Mount Moses, in the east part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Jan C. Siren, radio scientist at Byrd Station, 1967.[69]

Hodgson Nunatak

74°17′S 100°04′W / 74.283°S 100.067°W / -74.283; -100.067. A nunatak which lies 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) south of Teeters Nunatak and 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) northwest of Mount Moses. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Ronald A. Hodgson, United States Navy, builder with the Byrd Station party, 1966.[70]

Teeters Nunata

74°12′S 100°01′W / 74.200°S 100.017°W / -74.200; -100.017. A nunatak 615 metres (2,018 ft) high standing 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north of Hodgson Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Robert E. Teeters, United States Navy, storekeeper at Byrd Station, 1966.[71]

Rebholz Nunatak

74°05′S 100°13′W / 74.083°S 100.217°W / -74.083; -100.217. Isolated nunatak just north of the Hudson Mountains, located 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) north-northwest of Teeters Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Major Edward Rebholz, operations officer of the United States Army Aviation Detachment which supported the Ellsworth Land Survey, 1968-69.[72]

Mount Nickens

73°56′S 100°20′W / 73.933°S 100.333°W / -73.933; -100.333. A snow-covered mesa-type mountain with a steep northern rock face, marking the northwest extremity of the Hudson Mountains. It stands just east of the base of Canisteo Peninsula and overlooks Cosgrove Ice Shelf. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Herbert P. Nickens, map compilation specialist who contributed significantly to the construction of USGS sketch maps of Antarctica.[73]

Pryor Cliff

73°53′S 100°00′W / 73.883°S 100.000°W / -73.883; -100.000. A distinctive rock cliff which faces northward toward Cosgrove Ice Shelf, standing 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northeast of Mount Nickens at the north end of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Douglas A. Pryor, map compilation specialist who contributed significantly to construction of USGS sketch maps of Antarctica.[74]

Kenfield Nunatak

73°46′S 99°03′W / 73.767°S 99.050°W / -73.767; -99.050. An isolated nunatak which lies about 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) southeast of the head of Cosgrove Ice Shelf and 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) east-northeast of Pryor Cliff, at the extreme north end of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Richard E. Kenfield, USGS topographic engineer working from Byrd Station in the 1963-64 season.[75]

References

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  2. ^ "Hudson Mountains". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  3. ^ Gohl 2007, p. 68.
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  17. ^ Nichols et al. 2023, p. 2.
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Sources

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

External links

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