Mars in fiction
Life on Mars appeared frequently in fiction throughout the first half of the 1900s. Apart from enlightened as in the utopian works from the turn of the century, or evil as in the works inspired by Wells, intelligent and human-like Martians began to be depicted as decadent, a portrayal that was popularized by Edgar Rice Burroughs in the Barsoom series and adopted by Leigh Brackett among others. More exotic lifeforms appeared in stories like Stanley G. Weinbaum's "A Martian Odyssey".
The theme of
Early depictions
Before the 1800s,
Mars became the most popular extraterrestrial location in fiction in the late 1800s as it became clear that the Moon was devoid of life.[2][15][16] A recurring theme in this time period was that of reincarnation on Mars, reflecting an upswing in interest in the paranormal in general and in relation to Mars in particular.[2][15][17] Humans are reborn on Mars in the 1889 novel Uranie by Camille Flammarion as a form of afterlife,[10][15] the 1896 novel Daybreak: The Story of an Old World by James Cowan depicts Jesus reincarnated there,[2][15] and the protagonist of the 1903 novel The Certainty of a Future Life in Mars by Louis Pope Gratacap receives a message in Morse code from his deceased father on Mars.[2][15][17][18] Other supernatural phenomena include telepathy in Greg's Across the Zodiac and precognition in the 1886 short story "The Blindman's World" by Edward Bellamy.[8]
Several recurring
Means of travel
The question of how humans would get to Mars was addressed in several ways: when not travelling there via spaceship as in the 1911 novel
Canals
A clement twilight zone on a synchronously rotating Mercury, a swamp-and-jungle Venus, and a canal-infested Mars, while all classic science-fiction devices, are all, in fact, based upon earlier misapprehensions by planetary scientists.
Carl Sagan, 1978[30]
During the
Canals became a feature of romantic portrayals of Mars such as Burroughs's Barsoom series.
Utopias
Because
In
The War of the Worlds
The 1897 novel The War of the Worlds by
An unauthorized sequel—
Life on Mars
The term Martians typically refers to inhabitants of Mars that are similar to humans in terms of having such things as language and civilization, though it is also occasionally used to refer to extraterrestrials in general.[58][59] These inhabitants of Mars have variously been depicted as enlightened, evil, and decadent; in keeping with the conception of Mars as an older civilization than Earth, Westfahl refers to these as "good parents", "bad parents", and "dependent parents", respectively.[3][25][32]
Martians have also been equated with humans in different ways. Humans are revealed to be the descendants of Martians in several stories including the 1954 short story "
Enlightened
The portrayal of Martians as superior to Earthlings appeared throughout the
Evil
There is a long tradition of portraying Martians as warlike, perhaps inspired by the planet's association with the
Outside of the pulps, the alien invasion theme pioneered by Wells appeared in Olaf Stapledon's 1930 novel Last and First Men—with the twist that the invading Martians are cloud-borne and microscopic, and neither aliens nor humans recognize the other as a sentient species.[3][19][25][68] In film, this theme gained popularity in 1953 with the releases of The War of the Worlds and Invaders from Mars; later films about Martian invasions of Earth include the 1954 film Devil Girl from Mars, the 1962 film The Day Mars Invaded Earth, a 1986 remake of Invaders from Mars and three different adaptations of The War of the Worlds in 2005.[2][14][22][25] Martians attacking humans who come to Mars appear in the 1948 short story "Mars Is Heaven!" by Ray Bradbury (later revised and included in The Martian Chronicles as "The Third Expedition"), where they use telepathic abilities to impersonate the humans' deceased loved ones before killing them.[41][43][62] Comical portrayals of evil Martians appear in the 1954 novel Martians, Go Home by Fredric Brown, where they are little green men who wreak havoc by exposing secrets and lies;[61] in the form of the cartoon character Marvin the Martian introduced in the 1948 short film "Haredevil Hare", who seeks to destroy Earth to get a better view of Venus;[2][14][42][49] and in the 1996 film Mars Attacks!, a pastiche of 1950s alien invasion films.[2][25][69]
Decadent
The conception of Martians as decadent was largely derived from Percival Lowell's vision of Mars.[2][10][33] The first appearance of Martians characterized by decadence in a work of fiction was in the 1905 novel Lieut. Gullivar Jones: His Vacation by Edwin Lester Arnold, one of the earliest examples of the planetary romance subgenre.[2][10][70] The idea was developed further and popularized by Edgar Rice Burroughs in the 1912–1943 Barsoom series starting with A Princess of Mars.[2][3][10] Burroughs presents a Mars in need of human intervention to regain its vitality,[3][25] a place where violence has replaced sexual desire.[20] Science fiction critic Robert Crossley, in the 2011 non-fiction book Imagining Mars: A Literary History, identifies Burroughs's work as the archetypal example of what he dubs "masculinist fantasies", where "male travelers expect to find princesses on Mars and devote much of their time either to courting or to protecting them".[20] This version of Mars also functions as a kind of stand-in for the bygone American frontier, where protagonist John Carter—a Confederate veteran of the American Civil War who is made superhumanly strong by the lower gravity of Mars—encounters indigenous Martians representing Native Americans.[20][22][23]
Burroughs's vision of Mars would go on to have an influence approaching but not quite reaching Wells's,
Decadent Martians appeared in many other stories as well. The 1933 novel
Past and non-humanoid life
In some stories where Mars is not inhabited by humanoid lifeforms, it was in the past or is inhabited by other types of life. The ruins of extinct Martian civilizations are depicted in the 1943 short story "
The 1934 short story "
Three different species of intelligent lifeforms appear on Mars in C. S. Lewis's 1938 novel Out of the Silent Planet, only one of which is humanoid.
Lifeless Mars
In light of the
Human survival
As stories about an inhabited Mars fell out of favour in the mid-1900s amid mounting evidence of the planet's inhospitable nature, they were replaced by stories about enduring the harsh conditions of the planet.[3][25] Themes in this tradition include colonization, terraforming, and pure survival stories.[2][3][25]
Colonization
The
The majority of works about colonizing Mars endeavoured to portray the challenges of doing so realistically.[2] The hostile environment of the planet is countered by the colonists bringing life-support systems in works like the 1951 novel The Sands of Mars by Arthur C. Clarke and the 1966 short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale" by Philip K. Dick,[3][65] the early colonists during the centuries-long terraforming process in the 1953 short story "Crucifixus Etiam" by Walter M. Miller Jr. are dependent on a machine that oxygenates their blood from the thin atmosphere,[53][87] and the scarcity of oxygen even after generations of terraforming forces the colonists to live in a domed city in the 1953 novel Police Your Planet by Lester del Rey.[22] In the 1955 fix-up novel Alien Dust by Edwin Charles Tubb, colonists are unable to return to a life on Earth because inhaling the Martian dust has given them pneumoconiosis and the lower gravity has atrophied their muscles.[2][10][88] The 1952 novel Outpost Mars by Cyril Judd (joint pseudonym of Cyril M. Kornbluth and Judith Merril) revolves around an attempt at making a Mars colony economically sustainable by way of resource extraction.[8]
Mars colonies seeking independence from or outright revolting against Earth is a recurring motif;
Terraforming
Clarke's The Sands of Mars features one of the earliest depictions of terraforming Mars to make it more hospitable to human life; in the novel, the atmosphere of Mars is made breathable by plants that release oxygen from minerals in the Martian soil, and the climate is improved by creating an artificial sun.[14][32] The theme appeared occasionally in other 1950s works like the aforementioned "Crucifixus Etiam" and Police Your Planet, but largely fell out of favour in the 1960s as the scale of the associated challenges became apparent.[44][53][91] By the 1970s, Martian literature as a whole had mostly succumbed to the discouragement of finding the planet's conditions to be so hostile, and stories set on Mars became much less common than they had been in previous decades.[2][32]
A resurgence of popularity of the terraforming theme began to emerge in the late 1970s in light of data from the
By the 1990s, terraforming had become the predominant theme in Martian fiction.[2] Several methods for accomplishing it were depicted, including ancient alien artefacts in the 1990 film Total Recall and the 1997 novel Mars Underground by William Kenneth Hartmann,[25][53] utilizing indigenous animal lifeforms in the 1991 novel The Martian Rainbow by Robert L. Forward,[65] and relocating the entire planet to a new solar system in the 1993 novel Moving Mars by Greg Bear.[25][96] The 1993 novel Red Dust by Paul J. McAuley portrays Mars in the process of reverting to its natural state after an abandoned attempt at terraforming it.[2][29][65] With a Mars settled primarily by China, Red Dust also belongs to a tradition of portraying a multicultural Mars that developed parallel to the rise to prominence of the terraforming theme. Other such works include the 1989 novel Crescent in the Sky by Donald Moffitt, where Arabs apply their experience with surviving in desert conditions to living in their new caliphate on a partially terraformed Mars, and the 1991 novel The Martian Viking by Tim Sullivan where Mars is terraformed by Geats led by Hygelac.[29][53][92]
The most prominent work of fiction dealing with the subject of terraforming Mars is the Mars trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson (consisting of the novels Red Mars from 1992, Green Mars from 1993, and Blue Mars from 1996),[2][3][25] a hard science fiction story of a United Nations project wherein 100 carefully selected scientists are sent to Mars to start the first settlement there.[97][98] The series explores in depth the practical and ideological considerations involved, the principal one being whether to turn Mars "Green" by terraforming or keep it in its pristine "Red" state.[93][98] Other major topics besides the ethics of terraforming include the social and economic organization of the emerging Martian society and its political relationship to Earth and the multinational economic interests that finance the mission, revisiting the earlier themes of Mars as a setting for utopia—albeit in this case one in the making rather than a pre-existing one—and Martian struggle for independence from Earth.[35][93][99][100]
Alternatives to terraforming have also been explored. The opposite approach of modifying humans to adapt them to the existing environment, known as
Robinsonades
Martian
Nostalgic depictions
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Although most stories by the middle of the 1900s acknowledged that advances in planetary science had rendered previous notions about the conditions of Mars obsolete and portrayed the planet accordingly, some continued to depict a romantic version of Mars rather than a realistic one.[2][35][61] Besides the stories of Ray Bradbury's 1950 fix-up novel The Martian Chronicles, another early example of this was Robert A. Heinlein's 1949 novel Red Planet where Mars has a breathable (albeit thin) atmosphere, a diverse ecosystem including sentient Martians, and Lowellian canals.[2][14][35][61] Martian canals remained a prominent symbol of this more traditional vision of Mars, appearing both in lighthearted works like the 1954 novel Martians, Go Home by Fredric Brown and more serious ones like the 1963 novel The Man Who Fell to Earth by Walter Tevis and the 1964 novel Martian Time-Slip by Philip K. Dick.[35][65] Some works attempted to reconcile both visions of Mars, one example being the 1952 novel Marooned on Mars by Lester del Rey where the presumed canals turn out to be rows of vegetables and the only animal life is primitive.[65]
As the
Following the arrival of the
Deliberately nostalgic homages to older works have continued to appear through the turn of the millennium.
First landings and near-future human presence
Stories about the first
Beyond the events of the first crewed landing on Mars, this time period also saw an increase in portrayals of the early stages of exploration and settlement happening in the near future, especially following the 1996 launches of the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor probes.[2] In the 1991 novel Red Genesis by S. C. Sykes, settlement of Mars begins in 2015, though the bulk of the narrative is set decades later and focuses on the social—rather than technical—challenges of the project.[96] The 1997 novel Mars Underground by William K. Hartmann also deals with the early efforts of establishing a permanent human presence on the red planet.[2] The members of the third human mission to Mars are forced to trek across the planet's surface in the 2000 novel Mars Crossing by Geoffrey A. Landis to reach a return vehicle from a previous mission after theirs is damaged beyond repair.[96]
In the new millennium
[Mars] offers an accessible and somewhat-known-but-somewhat-mysterious setting for all kinds of imaginative storylines. For this reason, video games love using Mars-related maps or themes – colonisation, space travel, dying and dystopian societies, scientific research settlements gone wrong, cosmic war, aliens, the unknown.
Nicky Jenner, 4th Rock from the Sun: The Story of Mars[42]
In the year 2000, Westfahl estimated the total number of works of fiction dealing with Mars up to that point to exceed five thousand.
Moons
Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, which were both discovered by Asaph Hall in 1877.[10] The first appearance of the moons of Mars in fiction predates their discovery by a century and a half; the satirical 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift includes a mention that the advanced astronomers of Laputa have discovered two Martian moons.[43][116][b] The 1752 work Micromégas by Voltaire likewise mentions two moons of Mars; astronomy historian William Sheehan surmises that Voltaire was inspired by Swift.[116] German astronomer Eberhard Christian Kindermann, mistakenly believing that he had discovered a Martian moon, described a fictional voyage to it in the 1744 story "Die Geschwinde Reise" ("The Speedy Journey").[8]
The moons' small sizes have made them unpopular settings in science fiction,
See also
- Mars in culture
- List of films set on Mars
- Great Science Fiction Stories About Mars – 1966 short story anthology
Notes
- science fiction scholar Gary Westfahl notes that the information provided uniquely identifies it as Mars.[32][63] See Klaatu (The Day the Earth Stood Still) § Analysisfor further details.
- ^ See Moons of Mars § Jonathan Swift for further details.
- early science fiction works compiled by E. F. Bleiler and Richard Bleiler in the reference works Science-Fiction: The Early Years from 1990 and Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years from 1998, the Martian moons only appear in 8 (out of 2,475) and 11 (out of 1,835) works respectively,[117][118] compared to 194 for Mars itself and 131 for Venus in The Gernsback Years alone.[48]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-51759-9.
War of the Worlds is an archetypical piece of science fiction, and one of the most influential books in the canon.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb Killheffer, Robert K. J.; Stableford, Brian; Langford, David (2023). "Mars". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8195-6927-1.
But Mars holds little interest for the Marquise and the philosopher. The few data generated by seventeenth-century science suggest that Mars is so similar to Earth that it "isn't worth the trouble of stopping there". Martians, it would seem, are probably too much like us to afford many of the pleasures of novelty that other habitable worlds promised.
- ISBN 978-0-521-01657-5.
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid. p. 11. Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- OCLC 956382503.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-57508-7.
- ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
- ^ Clute, John (2022). "de Roumier-Robert, Marie-Anne". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8195-6927-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-387-76508-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8223-8727-5.
Mars was defined by the ecological constraints dictated by the nebular hypothesis. The planet dominated fantasies of a plurality of worlds during this period [...] If Darwin and Lowell were correct, then the inhabitants of this older world should have evolved beyond nineteenth-century humanity—biologically, culturally, politically, and perhaps morally as well.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8195-6927-1.
But in the last decades of the nineteenth century, a discernible shift of locale took place. Fictional goings and comings between Earth and Mars took precedence over all other forms of the interplanetary romance.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8195-6927-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g Webster, Bud (1 July 2006). "Mars — the Amply Read Planet". Helix SF. ISFDB series #32655. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8195-6927-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8195-6927-1.
- ISBN 978-0-19-162010-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8223-8727-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7864-8470-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8195-6927-1.
In some cases, however, the method of passage to Mars is ignored altogether.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-313-32952-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-8470-6.
In Edgar Rice Burroughs's novels, John Carter travels to Barsoom by means of "astral projection," a way of moving the mind without moving the body.
- ^ ISBN 978-83-66280-71-7.
- ^ Konieczny, Piotr (2024). "Umiński, Władysław". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ ISSN 0306-4964.
- from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-387-76508-2.
In those days the Solar System was thought to have been born by the accretion of a rotating cloud of gas and dust according to a "nebular hypothesis" proposed by the German Immanuel Kant and developed further by the Frenchman Pierre Simon de Laplace. The main difference with the current theory is that the cloud was thought to have condensed and cooled down starting from the outer edge so that the outer planets are older than the inner ones and thus evolved further.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4766-8659-2.
The three books [of Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy] indeed enact a forward-moving history, a utopia-in-progress, rather than an achieved ideal state.
a number of popular novels saw Mars as the perfect place for a utopian society. Examples are [...] Bellona's Bridegroom: [sic] A Romance
[...] Edison's Conquest of Mars (1898) by Garrett P Serviss which was written as a more upbeat American sequel—unauthorised, naturally—to H G Wells's Martian invasion story The War of the Worlds
By the early 1950s, scientific assessments of Mars had made the colonization of an earthlike twin seem unlikely. Although the composition of the atmosphere would not be understood until the Mariner era, best-guess estimates of available water and oxygen placed the inventories of those resources far below what would be necessary to sustain human life.
In a way, the word 'Martian' has become synonymous with 'alien'
Klaatu is also a Christ figure
This introduced the idea not only that some aliens might be friendly or helpful or even cute, but also that they might just be really different, neither humanoid nor monstrous—and that some of them might simply be indifferent to us.
Robinson's trilogy is structured ideationally as a series of conflicts between competing visions of terraforming Mars and, therefore, opposing views of politics, economics, and social organization.
- Clute, John (2022). "Allaby, Michael". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- Langford, David; Clute, John (2022). "Lovelock, James". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 14 July 2023.
At the same time as they attempt to settle this debate, the colonists have to sort out the political relationship between their new home and Earth.
Meanwhile, two recurring themes in SF treating Mars is that of Mars as a locale for building Utopia (James 1996: 64–75) and of Martian societies gaining independence from Earth (Baxter 1996: 8–9).
- Langford, David; Clute, John (2023). "Abraham, Daniel". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- Clute, John (2022). "Franck, Tyler Corey". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
Further reading
- Books
- ISBN 978-1-80110-929-1.
- Crossley, Robert (2011). Imagining Mars: A Literary History. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6927-1.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-8470-6.
- Jenner, Nicky (2017). 4th Rock from the Sun: The Story of Mars. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-2251-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8223-8727-5.
- May, Andrew (2017). Destination Mars: The Story of our Quest to Conquer the Red Planet. Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-78578-226-8.
- Miller, Thomas Kent (2016). Mars in the Movies: A History. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2626-0.
- ISBN 978-0-00-739705-1.
- Rabkin, Eric S. (2005). Mars: A Tour of the Human Imagination. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98719-0.
- Shindell, Matthew (2023). For the Love of Mars: A Human History of the Red Planet. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226821894.
- Stanley, O'Brien; Michalski, Nicki L.; Roth, Lane "Doc"; Zani, Steven J. (2018). Martian Pictures: Analyzing the Cinema of the Red Planet. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-3170-7.
- Encyclopedia entries
- Killheffer, Robert K. J.; Stableford, Brian; Langford, David (2023). "Mars". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
- ISBN 978-0-313-32952-4.
- ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
- Essays, articles, and book chapters
- ISBN 978-0-226-57508-7.
- Bakoš, Juraj (2016). Suk, Jan (ed.). "Northrop Frye Flies to Mars: Theory of Modes across Martian Fiction" (PDF). Hradec Králové Journal of Anglophone Studies. 3 (1): 20–25. ISSN 2336-3347.
- Ballero, Silvia Kuno (31 July 2018). "Visioni di Marte" [Visions of Mars]. Il Tascabile (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ISSN 0306-4964.
- Booker, M. Keith (2020). "Mars". Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Cinema (Second ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 274–276. ISBN 978-1-5381-3010-0.
- Calanchi, Alessandra (2022). "Out of Exception, Into Emergency: Fast-forward to Earth Zero" (PDF). RSA Journal (33). AISNA: 29–46. OCLC 742528412.
- ISBN 978-1-55634-534-0.
- Crossley, Robert (Winter 2004). "H. G. Wells, Visionary Telescopes, and the 'Matter of Mars'". ProQuest 211162206.
- Crossley, Robert (2000). "Sign, Symbol, Power: The New Martian Novel". In Sandison, Alan; Dingley, Robert (eds.). Histories of the Future: Studies in Fact, Fantasy and Science Fiction. Springer. pp. 152–167. ISBN 978-1-4039-1929-8.
- Crossley, Robert (August 2012). "Why Earthlings Are Attracted to Mars". from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- Fayter, Paul (2013). "'Some Eden Lost in Space': The wider contexts of Frederick Philip Grove's 'The Legend of the Planet Mars' (1915)" (PDF). Science Fiction: The Interdisciplinary Genre. McMaster University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2020.
- Fraknoi, Andrew (January 2024). "Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index" (PDF). Astronomical Society of the Pacific (7.3 ed.). pp. 11–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- Hartzman, Marc (2020). "Mars Invades Pop Culture". The Big Book of Mars: From Ancient Egypt to The Martian, A Deep-Space Dive into Our Obsession with the Red Planet. Quirk Books. pp. 148–201. ISBN 978-1-68369-210-2.
- Hotakainen, Markus (2010). "Little Green Persons". Mars: From Myth and Mystery to Recent Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 201–216. ISBN 978-0-387-76508-2.
- Laskow, Sarah (5 January 2016). "A Short History of Martians". from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- Liptak, Andrew (May 2015). "Destination: Mars". ISSN 1937-7843.
- Lockard, Joe; Goggin, Peter (2023). "Teaching Mars Literature". S2CID 247847200.
- ISBN 978-1-78329-949-2.
- Mlejnek, Josef (2022). "Kráska z Marsu: Příspěvek k tématu extraterestriálních politických systémů" [A Beauty from Mars: A Contribution to the Subject of Extraterrestrial Political Systems]. In Říchová, Blanka (ed.). Historik mezi politology [A Historian among Political Scientists] (in Czech). Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. pp. 207–219. ISBN 978-80-246-4995-5.
- Morrissey, Thomas J. (2000). "Ready or Not, Here We Come: Metaphors of the Martian Megatext from Wells to Robinson". JSTOR 43308403.
- Moskowitz, Sam (February 1960). Santesson, Hans Stefan (ed.). "To Mars And Venus in the Gay Nineties". Fantastic Universe. Vol. 12, no. 4. pp. 44–55. ISFDB series #18631.
- O'Brien, Stanley; Michalski, Nicki L.; Stanley, Ruth J. H. (March 2012). "Are There Tea Parties on Mars? Business and Politics in Science Fiction Films". Journal of Literature and Art Studies. 2 (3): 382–396. from the original on 1 September 2023.
- Proietti, Salvatore (20 March 2004). "America marziana" [Martian America]. Fantascienza.com (in Italian). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- Sedeńko, Wojtek (2021). "Przedmowa" [Foreword]. In Sedeńko, Wojtek (ed.). Mars: Antologia polskiej fantastyki [Mars: An Anthology of Polish Fantasy] (in Polish). Stalker Books. ISBN 978-83-66280-71-7.
- Smolik, Bartosz (2017). "Wizje podboju Marsa. Od literackiej dystopii do kluczowych decyzji politycznych" [The Vision of Conquering Mars. From Literary Dystopia to Key Political Decisions]. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica (in Polish). 18 (247): 121–123. from the original on 16 July 2021.
- Stanway, Elizabeth (9 January 2022). "Survival on Mars". Warwick University. Cosmic Stories Blog. Archivedfrom the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- Stanway, Elizabeth (26 February 2023). "We are the Martians". Warwick University. Cosmic Stories Blog. Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- Webster, Bud (1 July 2006). "Mars — the Amply Read Planet". Helix SF. ISFDB series #32655. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ISSN 1052-9438.
- ISBN 978-1-4766-8659-2. (updated version of the above)
- from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
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