Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1441–1596)
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The Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' was a
Background
An
Following the signing of the
After the metropolitan throne lay vacant for seven years, the secular authorities replaced him with Jonah of Moscow. Like his immediate predecessors, he permanently resided in Moscow, and was the last Moscow-based primate of the metropolis to keep the traditional title with reference to the metropolitan city of Kiev. He was also the first metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm.[8] This signified the beginning of the de facto independence (autocephaly) of the Moscow (north-eastern) part of the Church.
The struggle for ecumenical union at Ferrara and Florence, while promising, never bore fruit. While progress toward union in the East continued to be made in the following decades, all hopes for a proximate reconciliation were dashed with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Following their conquest, the Ottomans encouraged hardline anti-unionist Orthodox clerics in order to divide European Christians.[9]
Establishment
The Polish-Lithuanian rulers rejected Jonah and continued to recognise Isidore as metropolitan. Jonah was unable to exercise any pastoral control beyond the borders of Muscovy. In 1458, while Isidore was still alive, his nephew Gregory the Bulgarian was appointed to succeed him as the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' by Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople with the agreement of Pope Pius II.[10] Gregory III was an exile in Rome from Constantinople at the time. In 1469, Patriarch Dionysius I of Constantinople also gave his blessing to Gregory's appointment.[11] The election of Gregory the Bulgarian was also supported by most diocesan bishops of the original Old Russian Church among which were bishops of Przemysl, Chelm, Halych, Turow, Volodymyr, Lutsk, Polotsk, and Smolensk, while against were at least two metropolitan bishop in Moscow and Chernigov.[12][11] At least two more diocesan bishops of Great Novgorod and Tver chose to abstain in selection either side.[11] After 1461, the Muscovite clergy abandoned the "Kiev" title and took on the new title of "Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus'".[13][c] The metropolis remained in communion with the Holy See throughout Gregory's reign as well as during the rule of his successor — Міsail (1476–1480).[14]
Ecclesiastical structure
This is a list of bishops who supported the new metropolitan:
- Przemysl
- Chelm
- Halych
- Turow
- Volodymyr
- Lutsk
- Polotsk
- Smolensk
There were two bishops - in Moscow and Chernigov - who did not support him.[11][15] At least two more diocesan bishops of Great Novgorod and Tver chose to abstain in selection either side.[11][d]
List of metropolitans
- Gregory (1458–1473)
- Spyridon (1476–1482)
- Misail (1474–1480)
- Simeon (1481–1488)
- Jonah Hlezna (1488–1494)
- Macarius I (1495–7)
- Joseph the Bulgarian (1498-?)
- Jonah II
- Joseph II
- Joseph III
- Macarius II
- Sylvester
- Jonah III
- Elias
- Onesiphorus
- Michael (1588–1599)
Disestablishment
In 1569, the
In 1589,
As metropolitan, he started to reform the Church. He wished to improve the mores of the clergy and to reduce of the meddling of lay people (and of
See also
- Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1620–1686) which re-established the metrolpolis under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical patriarchate in the territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Notes
- ISBN 1610488938(page 10).)
- Latinized form of Halych, one of several regional principalities of the medieval state of Kievan Rus'.
- ^ Sometimes also spelled as Laetentur Coeli, Laetantur Caeli, Lætentur Cæli, Lætentur Cœli, or Lætantur Cæli, and occasionally referred to as the Act of Union or "Decree of Union".
- ^ "...the metropolitan in Kiev bore the title "metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus’," never "metropolitan of the Rus’ Land," just as the metropolitan of Moscow bore the title "metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus’," not "metropolitan of the Rus’ Land.""
- ^ Beside dioceses that are mentioned, there also existed Rostov, Suz[h]dal, Saray, Kolomna, and Great Perm dioceses status of which on the subject is not certain.
References
From public domain: Valois, Joseph Marie Noel (1911). "Basel, Council of". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 463–464.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in theSources
- ^ Vortman, D. Navahrudak – Novhorod the Lithuanian (НОВОГРУДОК - НОВГОРОД ЛИТОВСЬКИЙ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2010
- ^ Joseph Gill, Personalities of the Council of Florence, pg68
- ^ "Bulla Laetentur caeli (6 Iul. 1439), de unione Graecorum". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Dezhnyuk, Sergey. "COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: THE UNREALIZED UNION". Retrieved 27 December 2022 – via www.academia.edu.
- ^ Matthew R. Lootens, "Silvestros Syropoulos", in Graeme Dunphy and Cristian Bratu (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle (published online 2016), accessed 21 September 2017.
- ^ a b "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of December 18, 1439". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ ИОНА // Orthodox Encyclopedia
- ^ E. E. Golubinskii, Istoriia russkoi tserkvi (Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia, 1900), vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 469.
- ^ "Lessons for Theresa May and the EU from 15th-century Florence". The Economist. 24 September 2017.
- ^ Ukrainian Catholic Church: part 1. Farlex. The Free Library.
- ^ a b c d e Yarotskyi, P. Division of the Church Metropolis of Kiev (Поділ Київської митрополії) Archived 2019-11-13 at the Wayback Machine. RISU Library ("Lyudyna i svit" magazine). 1998
- ^ Rusyn, O. Gregory the Bulgarian (ГРИГОРІЙ БОЛГАРИН). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2004
- OCLC 1348391500.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Hrushevskyi M. Hierarchal relations (ЄРАРХІЧНІ ВІДНОСИНИ). History of Ukraine-Russia (at Izbornik).
- ^ Rusyn, O. Gregory the Bulgarian (ГРИГОРІЙ БОЛГАРИН). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2004
- ^ Stone, Daniel, The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2001.
- ISBN 978-1442610217.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-3009-2.
- ISBN 978-88-315-3328-7.
- ^ T. Kempa, Metropolita Michał Rahoza a unia brzeska, "Klio", t. 2: 2002, s. 56–62
- ^ Hudziak, B.O., Tu, O.Yu. The 1596 Brest Church Union (БЕРЕСТЕЙСЬКА ЦЕРКОВНА УНІЯ 1596). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.
- ^ Pelesz, Julian (1881). Geschichte der Union der ruthenischen Kirche mit Rom. Woerl. pp. 1083–84.