Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'
The Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' (
In 1596, the
The metropolis was later revived by the Orthodox in the territory of the
History to the Union of Florence
Christianization of Kievan Rus'
The history of the Orthodox Church in the region of
When the historical data, coming out of the fog of ambiguity, become accurate, they tell us about the dependence of our Church in hierarchical management on the Patriarch of Constantinople. Given that such data date back to the time of Prince Yaroslav, son and successor to the princely throne of Volodymyr, it is quite correct, in the absence of other information, we must assume that this dependence of our Church on Constantinople was under Prince Vladimir, ie from acceptance by him and our ancestors of the Christian faith from Byzantium
— Ivan Vlasovskyi, church historian[6]
Establishment of the metropolitan see
It is not known for certain when the Metropolis of Kiev was established.[5] The earliest recorded metropolitan bishop is Michael of Kiev (988–992). He was appointed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople—Nicholas II of Constantinople. He was given the title of Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'. The cathedra was located in the city of Kiev (or possibly Tmutarakan).[5]
In 1037, Prince Yaroslav the Wise built a new cathedral – St. Sophia – and moved the metropolitan seat there. In 1051, Yaroslav the Wise contrived to have a Ruthenian candidate elected as metropolitan—Hilarion of Kiev. He reorganized the church hierarchy and improved the structure of the metropolis.
A delegation of the metropolis, blessed by Metropolitan Ivan III, took part in the Council of Bari (1089) that was convened by Pope Urban II to heal the Great Schism. Members of this mission were in Bari to consecrate the transferred tomb of St. Nicholas of Myra. After that time came the rise of the cult of Saint Nicholas in Rus'.
During the pre-Mongol period, there were 22 metropolitans. Most were Greeks sent by the patriarchs of Constantinople. The natives of the lands of Rus' were Hilarion of Kiev (1051–1062), Ephraim of Pereyaslavl (1089–1097), Kliment Smoliatich, and Kirill II of Kiev (1233–1236).[7]
On the eve of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, there were 16 dioceses in the metropolis: Kyiv (988), Chernihiv (991), Belgorod (991), Vladimir (992), Novgorod (992), Rostov (992), Polatsk (992), Turiv (1005), Przemyśl (1026), Pereiaslav (1036), Yurii (1036), Galician (1134), Smolensk (1137), Riazan (1198), Suzdal (1213).
Fragmentation of Kievan Rus'
By the late 12th century, Kievan Rus' was beginning to fragment into a number of principalities. One of the most influential of these was the
The younger son of Vladimir II, called
In March 1169, a coalition of native princes led by the Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal—
Kievan Rus' under the Mongols
Following the
The Princes of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir effectively controlled the metropolitan see with the permission of the Khan of the Golden Horde. The most important Rus prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes a Tver or another principality) continued to be styled the "Grand Prince of Vladimir". The Grand Princes were originally crowned in Vladimir's Cathedral of the Assumption. After the Mongol destruction, Vladimir never fully recovered. By the 14th Century, Moscow had superseded Vladimir as the seat of the Grand Prince. The title had become an honorific symbol of majesty. The princes chose to be crowned in the Cathedral of the Assumption in the Moscow Kremlin. This cathedral was a loose copy by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti of the original in Vladimir.
Establishment of new metropolitan areas
Metropolis of Lithuania
Having escaped the brunt of the Mongol invasions, the
At the time, religious allegiance played an important role in politics. While adhering to the
The first
In 1355, after diplomatic struggles, Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople united the Metropolis of Halych with the Metropolis of Lithuania under the leadership of Roman. Callistus also confirmed that Alexius remained in possession of the "Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'".[22] All eparchies of the Halych metropolis were transferred to the jurisdiction of a united "Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia" (also known as "Lithuania–Halych").
There were now two metropolitans for all Rus' (see Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia below).
Metropolis of Halych
In 1241, the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia was captured by the Mongol army.[23] In 1245, King Daniel of Galicia won a decisive battle over the Hungarian-Polish army of his opponent Rostislav Mikhailovich and united Halychia with Volhynia. After this victory, he built his residence in Kholm in the western part of Volhynia. After Daniel's visit to Batu Khan, he made payments of tribute to the Golden Horde.
In 1299, the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'—
The first
Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia
Theognostus of Kiev died in 1353. He was succeeded in the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' by Alexius (reigned 1354–1378). In 1355, after diplomatic struggles, a restored Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople, in agreement with Philotheus, united the Metropolis of Halych with the Metropolis of Lithuania under the leadership of Metropolitan Roman. Callistus also confirmed that Alexius remained in possession of the "Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'".[22] All eparchies of the Halych metropolis were transferred to the jurisdiction of a united metropolis, which was also known as the "Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia".
There were now two metropolitans for all Rus'; the ensuing struggle between them continued until Roman's death in 1362. Initially, Roman won over some bishops. He failed, however, to secure the support of the Bishop of Tver. Both Metropolitans travelled to Constantinople to make their appeals in person. In 1356, their cases were heard by a Patriarchal Synod.[24] The Holy Synod confirmed that Alexius was the Metropolitan of Kiev while Roman was also confirmed in his see at Novogorodek. In 1361, the two sees were formally divided. Shortly afterwards, in the winter of 1361/62, Roman died; at that point, the Lithuanian metropolitanate was effectively dissolved. From 1362 to 1371, the territory of the former metropolises of Halych and of Lithuania were officially lowered to the rank of bishoprics within the Kiev metropolis.[22] These changes, however, did not end the political rivalry for religious influence in Rus'.
Metropolis of Kiev, Russia and Lithuania
The Grand Duke of Lithuania—Algirdas—attacked Muscovy on three occasions between 1368 and 1372 as part of the Lithuanian–Muscovite War. Hostilities between Moscow and Lithuania resumed; in August 1375 Muscovite troops captured Tver. Patriarch Philotheus I was aware of the threat of Catholization of the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[25] He therefore agreed to grant the petition to create a separate metropolis in the territory of the Grand Duchy. Philotheus also listened to the petitions of the Eastern Orthodox princes to have Cyprian as their metropolitan.[25] On 2 December 1375[25] at the Council of Constantinople, Philotheus consecrated Cyprian as "Metropolitan of Kiev, Russia and Lithuania", under the condition that "upon the death of Alexius, Cyprian should become the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus".[25][26][27]
Reunification of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'
In 1325, the metropolitan seat was moved from Vladimir to
On 12 February 1376, Alexius died; by the terms of the agreement with the patriarch, Cyprian was entitled to rule the religious affairs of all Rus'. On 6 June 1376, Cyprian arrived at his residence in Kiev. He attempted, but failed, to get recognition of his rights in the whole metropolitan diocese from the Grand Duke of Moscow
As a result, Cyprian's rights to the united metropolis was disputed by Pimen (1380–1382). Dmitry, upon hearing the news of Pimen's consecration, angrily swore not to accept Pimen upon his return. Thus Pimen's metropolitanate was contested from the start, and he accomplished little as a result. Cyprian's rights were also disputed by Dionysius (1384–1385). Dionysius died in detention in Kiev on 15 October 15, 1385. After this, Cyprian enjoyed undisputed leadership of the Church throughout the Rus' and Lithuanian lands. He died in 1406.
The Lithuanian masses remained pagan until suddenly, to the surprise of all, Lithuanians, Russians, and Teutonic Knights alike, they were brought to Roman Christianity through royal fiat. In 1387, Algirdas' successor, King Władysław II Jagiełło, converted Lithuania to Catholicism. This marked the beginning of a long period of hardship for the Orthodox Church in western Rus'.[31]
In 1414, Grand Duke Vytautas attempted to re-establish the Metropolis of Lithuania. He arranged for a synod of bishops to elect Gregory Tsamblak as the Metropolitan of Lithuania.[32] The consecration took place without the consent of Patriarch Euthymius II of Constantinople and was not recognized in Moscow.
Union of Florence
An
Parallel successions
The Great Prince of Moscow voided the union and imprisoned Isidore for some time. He then appointed his own candidate as metropolitan—
Notwithstanding, the Ecumenical Patriarch continued to appoint metropolitans for the united Catholic and Eastern Orthodox ("
From the Union of Florence to the Union of Brest
Patriarchate of Moscow and all Rus'
At the end of the 16th century, two eastern patriarchs visited Ruthenia. First to arrive in 1586 was the Patriarch of Antioch—Joachim VI. Having become acquainted with the situation, he granted the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood the rights of stauropegia. At the same time, the patriarch appointed Bishop Cyril Terlecki of Lutsk as his exarch in the metropolis. When traveling across eastern Europe from 1588 to 1589, Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople visited Moscow. He confirmed the autocephaly of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Russia. For the first time since 1448, an Ecumenical Patriarch consecrated a metropolitan in Rus' lands—Job of Moscow—as the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'.
Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia
When he arrived in the Commonwealth, Jeremias II also supported the Orthodox fraternities and deposed the digamist, Metropolitan Onesiphorus. In his place, he appointed the Archimandrite of Minsk Monastery—Michael Rohoza as Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus'. This confirmed the effective territorial division of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the former Kievan Rus'.
The Bishop of Lviv—Hedeon Balaban—took part in negotiations over union with the Roman Catholic Church on 1590. However, he later joined with Prince Kostiantyn Ostrozky at the Council of Brest in 1596 in opposition to union.[36][37][38] He maintained this position until his death.[5]In December 1594, Bishop Cyril Terlecki, on behalf of the Ruthenian episcopate, announced that the Orthodox Church intended to transfer the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Church from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the jurisdiction of the Holy See. This union was conditional on Church retaining the Byzantine Rite and the ancient rights of the Church. In December 1595, representatives of the Ruthenian Church in Rome signed the terms of union with the Catholic Church. The terms permitted them to retain the Byzantine rite, the Julian calendar, the right to elect a metropolitan and bishops, the Orthodox church calendar, the lower clergy had the right to marry, and so on. On 6 October 1596, in Brest, Metropolitan Rogoza convened a council attended by bishops, archimandrites, priests and laity. The Union of Brest was proclaimed at the cathedral. Most of the bishops and nobility supported the union. On the other hand, many priests, monasteries, Cossacks and burghers opposed the union. Immediately after the council, Metropolitan Rogoza deprived two bishops who opposed the Union of their sees: Bishop Balaban of Lviv and Bishop Mykhailo Kopystensky of Przemyśl. Prince Konstantin-Vasyl Ostrozky also did not support the union. In addition, the Lviv Brotherhood, as a stauropegia that was directly subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople, initially opposed the Union. Bishop Balaban became the exarch of the patriarch for Orthodox Ukrainians. The Kiev and Vilnius fraternities actively declared themselves, and Orthodox fraternities began to operate in Mogilev, Minsk, Lublin, Lutsk, and other cities. Most monasteries, including: Kyiv-Pechersk, Vydubychi, Epiphany, St. The Trinity in Vilno, Pochaiv, and others also did not support the union. But officially the eparchies of Kiev, Volodymyr-Volyn, Turoŭ-Pinsk, Lutsk, Chełm and Polatsk accepted the Union.
This had the effect of creating the Ruthenian Uniate Church which later became known as the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. With the Union of Uzhhorod, dioceses in Transylvania and Hungary also joined the Ruthenian Uniate Church.
Exarchate of Ukraine
As with the previous Florentine union, the Union of Brest was not accepted by all orthodox clergymen causing some eparchies (dioceses) to continue their loyalty to Constantinople. In 1620 the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophanes consecrated Job Boretsky as the new Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia and the Exarch of Ukraine. This appointment revitalized Eastern Orthodox churches and deepened the schism.
List of Metropolitans of Kiev
See also
References
- ^ "Constantinople still continues to consider Ukraine its canonical territory"
- ^ "ADDRESS OF HIS HOLINESS Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I to the Ukrainian people" (PDF). Nation and state. July 29, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
- ^ "Constantinople decided to deprive Onuphrius of the title of Metropolitan of Kyiv – a document". nv.ua. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
- ^ "Myth 1: "The UOC has nothing to do with the Kyiv Metropolis of the times of St. Volodymyr the Great"". Kyiv Theological Academy. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lencyk, W. Christianization of Ukraine. Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ Власовський, Іван. Нарис історії Української Православної Церкви. Том 1. – С. 35–37. – http://www.hram.kiev.ua/index.php?mode=books&cat=6&parent=640&id=36
- ^ It is unknown whether he was approved by the Ecumenical Patriarch
- ^ "14th Century Russia | Rusmania". rusmania.com. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
- Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ "Trakai—The Old Capital of Lithuania". VisitWorldHeritage.com. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ^ Rowell 1994, p. 154.
- ^ Z. Ivinskis, "Lietuvos valstybės galybės kūrėjas didysis Gediminas," Aidai, 125 (December, 1959), p. 425.
- ^ E. Vinter, "Rossiia v politike rimskoi kurii v XIV v." Voprosi Istorii Religii i Ateizma, VI (1958), p. 299; Constantine R. Jurgla, History of the Lithuanian Nation (New York, 1948), p. 98; W. H. Frère, Some Links in the Chain of Russian Church History (London, 1918), p. 299; W. Regel, Analecta Byzantinorussica (Sankt-peterburg, 1891), pp. XXVIII – XXVIII.
- ^ E. Vinter, "Rossiia v politike rimskoi kurii v XIV v." Voprosi Istorii Religii i Ateizma, VI (1958), p. 299; Constantine R. Jurgla, History of the Lithuanian Nation (New York, 1948), p. 98; W. H. Frère, Some Links in the Chain of Russian Church History (London, 1918), p. 297.
- ^ Meyendorff, 1989 & pp. 95–159.
- ^ Meyendorff 1989, pp. 155–156.
- ^ Rowell 1994, pp. 162–163.
- ^ Majeska 1984, pp. 388–389.
- ^ Rowell 1994, p. 165.
- ^ a b c Rowell 1994, p. 166.
- ^ ПСРЛ. — Т. 2. Ипатьевская летопись. — СПб., 1908. — Стлб. 786
- ^ Russkaia Istoricheskaia Biblioteka, VI, Prilozheniia, pp. 63–70.
- ^ a b c d Mytsyk, Yu. Jonah I Hlezna (ЙОНА I ГЛЕЗНА). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2005
- ^ Rowell 1994, p. 167.
- ^ "Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia", Orthodox Church in America
- ISBN 978-1-4443-0842-6.
- ISBN 978-0-19-933621-0.
- ^ a b c John Meyendorff, Byzantium and The Rise of Russia (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary, 1989).
- ^ V. Daugirdaitė-Sruogienė, Lietuvos istorija: Lietuva amžių sūkury (Chicago, 1956), p. 161.
- ^ Rowell 1994, p. 168.
- ^ a b Slocombe, G. Poland. T. C. & E. C. Jack. 1916
- ^ a b FRICK, D.A. Meletij Smotryc'kyj and the Ruthenian Question in the Early Seventeenth Century. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1984
- ^ Frost, R.I. The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569. Oxford University Press, 2015
- ^ Serhii Plokhy. The Cossacks and religion in early modern Ukraine. Oxford University Press, 2002. p79-83
- ^ Alexander Hugh Hore. Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church. Gorgias Press LLC 2003. p544
- ^ Borys Gudziak. Four hundred years Union of Brest (1596–1996). Peeters Publishers, 1998. p36
Further reading
- Pliguzov, A. I. (2023). Documentary Sources on the History of Rus´ Metropolitanate: The Fourteenth to the Early Sixteenth Centuries (Harvard Series In Ukrainian Studies). Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
External links
- Список митрополитів Київських: List of Metropolitans (Ukrainian-language Wikipedia)
- Annexation of the Kiev metropolis by the Patriarch of Moscow: How it was.