Hudson Mountains
Hudson Mountains | |
---|---|
Mount Moses | |
Elevation | 750 m (2,460 ft) |
Coordinates | 72°25′S 99°30′W / 72.417°S 99.500°W[1] |
Geography | |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Stratovolcanoes |
Last eruption | 210 BCE[2] |
Hudson Mountains | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Elevation | 749 m (2,457 ft) |
The Hudson Mountains are a
Geography and geomorphology
The Hudson Mountains rise in western
The mountains are a
Mount Moses reaches an elevation of 749 metres (2,457 ft) above sea level, Teeters Nunatak 617 metres (2,024 ft), and Mount Manthe 576 metres (1,890 ft). Other named structures are:[20]
- Evans Knoll west-southwest of Mount Manthe; there are additional unnamed features southeast of Inman Nunatak and south/southwest of Webber Nunatak.[20]
- Mount Moses is almost due north of Mount Manthe; Velie Nunatak are found north of Mount Moses and 232 metres (761 ft) high Maish Nunatak southwest of Mount Moses. Unnamed features exist between Maish and Moses and east-northeast from Moses.[20]
- West-northwest of Mount Moses is the 212 metres (696 ft) high Kenfield Nunatak.[20]
- There may be about three to eleven volcanoes buried under ice in the Hudson Mountains.[18]
The volcanoes are made up by
Geology
Neighbouring Marie Byrd Land was volcanically active during the Cenozoic, forming a number of volcanoes, some of which are buried under ice, while others emerge above the ice sheet. The Hudson Mountains are part of the Thurston Island[28] or Bellingshausen Volcanic Province, and are its largest and best preserved volcanic field.[29] The volcanism at the mountains may have either been caused by a mantle plume under Marie Byrd Land or by the presence of anomalies (slab windows) in the mantle left over by subduction.[30] Seismic tomography has found evidence of low velocity anomalies under the Hudson Mountains, which may reflect the presence of the Marie Byrd Land mantle plume.[31]
The bedrock around the Hudson Mountains lies below sea level.[32] The basement on which the volcanoes formed is not exposed in the Hudson Mountains, but crops out in the neighbouring Jones Mountains.[22] It forms the so-called Thurston Island tectonic block.[11] Below the Hudson Mountains, the crust is about 21–27 kilometres (13–17 mi) thick.[33] A proposal by Lopatin and Polyakov 1974 is that east and north-trending fractures have controlled the position of the volcanoes.[34]
Composition
The main volcanic rocks include
Life and climate
Sparse
Geologic history
The volcanoes were active during the late Miocene and Pliocene. Dates range between 8.5±1.0 and 3.7±0.2 million years ago,[1] an older date is 20±4 million years.[44] There is no evidence of an age progression in any direction.[5]
Ice cover was thicker on the Hudson Mountains during the
Named features
The southern part of the mountains includes, from west to east, Evans Knoll, Webber Nunatak, Shepherd Dome, Mount Manthe, Inman Nunatak, Meyers Nunatak and Wold Nunatak. The central part includes, from west to east, Tighe Rock, Maish Nunatak, Mount Moses, Velie Nunatak, Slusher Nunatak and Siren Rock. Features to the north, from south to north, include Hodgson Nunatak, Teeters Nunatak, Mount Nickens, Pryor Cliff and Kenfield Nunatak.[54]
Evans Knoll
74°51′S 100°25′W / 74.850°S 100.417°W. A mainly snow-covered knoll on the coast at the north side of the terminus of Pine Island Glacier. It lies 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) southwest of Webber Nunatak and marks the southwest end of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Donald J. Evans who studied very-lowfrequency emissions from the upper atmosphere at Byrd Station,1960-61.[55]
Webber Nunatak
74°47′S 99°50′W / 74.783°S 99.833°W. A nunatak 495 metres (1,624 ft) high standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) west of Mount Manthe. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump (OpHjp), 1946–47. Named by US-ACAN for George E. Webber, electrical engineer at Byrd Station, 1967.[56]
Shepherd Dome
74°52′S 99°33′W / 74.867°S 99.550°W. A low dome-shaped mountain at the north side of Pine Island Glacier, standing 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southwest of Mount Manthe. Mapped from air photos made by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Donald C. Shepherd, ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station, 1967.[57]
Mount Manthe
74°47′S 99°21′W / 74.783°S 99.350°W. A mountain 575 metres (1,886 ft) high standing 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north-northeast of Shepherd Dome, in the south part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Lawrene L. Manthe, meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1967.[58]
Inman Nunatak
74°49′S 98°54′W / 74.817°S 98.900°W. A nunatak standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of Mount Manthe in the southeast part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Martin M. Inman, auroral scientist at Byrd Station, 1960–61 and 1961-62 seasons.[59]
Meyers Nunatak
74°54′S 98°46′W / 74.900°S 98.767°W. A nunatak located 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) east-southeast of Mount Manthe, at the southeast end of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Herbert Meyers, USARP geomagnetist at Byrd Station, 1960-61.[60]
Wold Nunatak
74°47′S 98°38′W / 74.783°S 98.633°W. A nunatak standing 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) east of Mount Manthe in the southeast part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Richard J. Wold, USARP geologist at Byrd Station, 1960-61 season.[61]
Koehler Nunatak
74°52′S 98°08′W / 74.867°S 98.133°W. Isolated nunatak about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) east-southeast of Mount Manthe, at the southeast margin of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Walter Koehler, United States Army Aviation Detachment, helicopter pilot for the Ellsworth Land Survey, 1968-69.[62]
Tighe Rock
74°26′S 100°04′W / 74.433°S 100.067°W. A rock outcropping along the coastal slope at the west margin of the Hudson Mountains, located 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) northwest of Mount Moses. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Robert F. Tighe, electrical engineer at Byrd Station, 1964-65.[63]
Maish Nunatak
74°36′S 99°28′W / 74.600°S 99.467°W. A nunatak located 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) west-southwest of Mount Moses, in the central part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for F. Michael Maish, ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station in 1967, who served as United States exchange scientist at Vostok Station in 1969.[64]
Mount Moses
74°33′S 99°11′W / 74.550°S 99.183°W. The highest 750 metres (2,460 ft) high and most prominent of the Hudson Mountains, located near the center of the group, about 14 nautical miles (26 km; 16 mi) north-northeast of Mount Manthe. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946–47. Named by US-ACAN for Robert L. Moses, geomagnetist-seismologist at Byrd Station, 1967.[65]
Dean Nunataks
74°31′S 98°48′W / 74.517°S 98.800°W. Two nunataks lying about 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east-northeast of Mount Moses. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for William S. Dean of Pleasanton, Texas, who served as ham radio contact in the United States for the Ellsworth Land Survey party of 1968-69, and for other USARP field parties over a three year period.[66]
Velie Nunatak
74°23′S 99°10′W / 74.383°S 99.167°W. A nunatak located 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) north of Mount Moses. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-AC AN for Edward C. Velie, meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1967.[67]
Slusher Nunatak
74°27′S 99°06′W / 74.450°S 99.100°W. A nunatak lying 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north of Mount Moses. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Harold E. Slusher, meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1967.[68]
Siren Rock
74°33′S 98°24′W / 74.550°S 98.400°W. A fairly isolated rock lying 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) east of-Mount Moses, in the east part of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Jan C. Siren, radio scientist at Byrd Station, 1967.[69]
Hodgson Nunatak
74°17′S 100°04′W / 74.283°S 100.067°W. A nunatak which lies 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) south of Teeters Nunatak and 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) northwest of Mount Moses. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Ronald A. Hodgson, United States Navy, builder with the Byrd Station party, 1966.[70]
Teeters Nunata
74°12′S 100°01′W / 74.200°S 100.017°W. A nunatak 615 metres (2,018 ft) high standing 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north of Hodgson Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Robert E. Teeters, United States Navy, storekeeper at Byrd Station, 1966.[71]
Rebholz Nunatak
74°05′S 100°13′W / 74.083°S 100.217°W. Isolated nunatak just north of the Hudson Mountains, located 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) north-northwest of Teeters Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Major Edward Rebholz, operations officer of the United States Army Aviation Detachment which supported the Ellsworth Land Survey, 1968-69.[72]
Mount Nickens
73°56′S 100°20′W / 73.933°S 100.333°W. A snow-covered mesa-type mountain with a steep northern rock face, marking the northwest extremity of the Hudson Mountains. It stands just east of the base of Canisteo Peninsula and overlooks Cosgrove Ice Shelf. Mapped from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Herbert P. Nickens, map compilation specialist who contributed significantly to the construction of USGS sketch maps of Antarctica.[73]
Pryor Cliff
73°53′S 100°00′W / 73.883°S 100.000°W. A distinctive rock cliff which faces northward toward Cosgrove Ice Shelf, standing 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northeast of Mount Nickens at the north end of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Douglas A. Pryor, map compilation specialist who contributed significantly to construction of USGS sketch maps of Antarctica.[74]
Kenfield Nunatak
73°46′S 99°03′W / 73.767°S 99.050°W. An isolated nunatak which lies about 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) southeast of the head of Cosgrove Ice Shelf and 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) east-northeast of Pryor Cliff, at the extreme north end of the Hudson Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Richard E. Kenfield, USGS topographic engineer working from Byrd Station in the 1963-64 season.[75]
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This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
External links
- Lopatin, B. G.; Polyakov, M. M. (1974). "Geology of the volcanic Hudson Mountains, Walgreen Coast, West Antarctica". Antarktika (in Russian). 13: 36–51.
- "Hudson Mountains". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.