Mikhail Miloradovich
Count Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich | |
---|---|
Governor General of Saint Petersburg | |
In office 31 August 1818 – 15 December 1825 | |
Preceded by | Sergey Vyazmitinov |
Succeeded by | Pavel Golenishchev-Kutuzov |
Personal details | |
Born | 12 October [ Imperial Guard |
Battles/wars |
|
Awards | Golden Weapon "For Bravery" (For the taking of Bucharest, 1806) |
Count Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (
Miloradovich served in wars against France and the
By 1818, when Miloradovich was appointed
When news of the death of
Early years
Mikhail Miloradovich was the son of Major General
Mikhail's father "enrolled" him in the military in his infancy, and later sent teenage Mikhail to study military sciences in the universities of
Military career
Italian and Swiss campaigns
Miloradovich did not earn any distinction in the war of 1788–1790, but he advanced rapidly in peacetime. A captain of the Guards in 1796,
Paul rewarded Miloradovich with the
Amstetten and Austerlitz
Miloradovich played a key role in the Battle of Amstetten, where Mikhail Kutuzov ordered his three regiments to take a stand and provide relief for Pyotr Bagration's troops.[19] "Above all, skillful maneuvering of the Russian force, including timely arrival of Miloradovich and his intelligent application of the reserve forces at his disposal, prevented the collapse of the rear guard".[19] The action at Amstetten allowed Kutuzov to break contact with the French and prevented an all-out battle that would have been disastrous for the Russians.[20] Reports of the battle by Miloradovich himself contradict the French accounts and are not corroborated by Bagration's laconic report: each side presented their own perspective,[19] and Miloradovich had a particular penchant for glorifying his own actions. His action at Amstetten was rewarded with the Order of St. George 3rd class and promotion to lieutenant general.[21] On November 11, 1805 Miloradovich attacked the French in the Battle of Dürenstein (referred to as the Battle of Krems in Russian sources), but the French withdrew before his corps could inflict significant damage.[22]
The Battle of Austerlitz saw Miloradovich in charge of the Russian part of a Russian-Austrian infantry column (2,875 out of 11,795 men),[23] one of the four columns placed on Pratzen Heights, which had been abandoned by the French.[24] Another, a larger part of the column was under Austrian command; the close presence of Kutuzov somewhat mitigated the perils of divided command.[24] Tsar Alexander ordered this column to move before others were deployed; Kutuzov, unable to oppose the tsar,[25] ordered Miloradovich to advance across the Goldbach Stream to Kobylnice, disregarding enemy action and difficult terrain.[26] Hills and fog obstructed the view, and the column marched straight into the bulk of the French armies.[27] Soult's troops mauled the mixed column and Miloradovich retreated. Alexander summoned his brother Constantine for help (although an alternative account by Bowden and Duffy asserts that Miloradovich contacted Constantine himself).[28] Contrary to the popular view that "he was almost the only Russian general who obtained an advantage over the French" at Austerlitz,[29] General Karl Wilhelm von Toll contested Miloradovich's actions, asserting that his column was the first to fall back and that it was Bagration, not Miloradovich, who saved the allied troops from annihilation.[30]
Russian-Turkish War
The war of 1806–1812 began with Russian occupation of
The years 1808 and 1809 did not see any remarkable action either, but were marked by a dual intrigue among top Russian generals; at the top level, Mikhail Kutuzov was in conflict with
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
At the beginning of the 1812 campaign, Miloradovich was tasked with assembling and training volunteer
After the battle, Miloradovich took command of the rearguard, sheltering Kutuzov's army from the advancing French. Enemy pressure prevented him from attending the
On September 20 [
After the
On November 15 [
In December 1812, Alexander awarded Miloradovich the Order of St. George, 2nd class. In line with Kutuzov's December Plan, Miloradovich led a Russian vanguard due west and took Warsaw on February 8 [O.S. January 27] 1813.[59]
Campaign of 1813-1814
The appointment of
Miloradovich's own record in May 1813 was mixed: at Lutzen his corps of 12,000 men arrived too late to influence the outcome.[62][63] In the following week he covered the retreat to the Elbe. Thiers wrote that the French "made him pay dearly for his useless boast" (his resolve to defend a certain position).[64] Cathcart praised his skillful rearguard action[65] but noted that by May 12 his corps had shrunk to about 10,000.[66] At Bautzen, Miloradovich managed to push Oudinot out of Tronberg, but the battle as a whole remained a French victory.[67][68]
Miloradovich and Constantine spent the remainder of the war, almost a year, in close cooperation and proximity as chiefs of infantry and cavalry reserves. In August 1813, after expiry of the Truce of Pläswitz, Miloradovich led the reserve force of 24,000 Guards and Grenadiers into Bohemia and Constantine followed him with 11,000 "splendid cavalry"[69] and artillery.[70] Together with Barclay's headquarters, they formed one of four allied columns that converged on Dresden but had not been brought into the action of the Battle of Dresden.[69] Three days later they were employed against Vandamme in the Battle of Kulm, a "fortunate victory that conferred advantages beyond all calculations".[71] On the eve of the Battle of Leipzig the forces of Miloradovich and Constantine, stationed near Margeborn, formed the reserve of the coalition army.[72] In December 1813 they crossed the Rhine and headed into France.[73]
Miloradovich's actions in 1813 were rewarded with the Order of St. Andrew, the title of count and the right to wear Alexander's insignia on his shoulder, the first such honor ever granted in Russia. Miloradovich concluded the campaign of 1814, his last one, in Paris. After General Gorchakov's infantry overran the French defensive artillery, Miloradovich was the one to bring in twenty howitzers and open fire at the city.[74]
Governor of Saint Petersburg
After the
His affection for the arts and his ex officio duty as a censor at the peak of the Golden Age of Russian Poetry resulted in frequent contacts with authors and actors, and, apart from his death and his actions during the disastrous flood of 1824, his administration was remembered largely through anecdotes and artists' memoirs of varying reliability. This was not uncommon for Russian commanders; Nikolay Raevsky said "They [the writers of his time] turned me into a Roman, Miloradovich into a great man, Wittgenstein into the saviour of the fatherland, and Kutuzov into Fabius. I am not a Roman, and neither are these gentlemen."[78]
Alexander Herzen who met Miloradovich in early childhood and fondly remembered him as a storyteller "with the greatest vivacity, with lively mimicry, with roars of laughter"[79] ridiculed Miloradovich as an administrator yet called him "a warrior poet who understood poetry ... grand things are done by great means."[80] Herzen's memoirs provide a number of anecdotes about Miloradovich the administrator (none of which could have been witnessed by the narrator).[81]
In 1820 Miloradovich interrogated Alexander Pushkin on suspicion of political propaganda.[82] Pushkin's name had already become a blanket cover for all kinds of incendiary pamphlets and he was desperate to clear himself of dangerous misattributions.[82] Pushkin said that he burned his "contraband poems" and recited some from memory.[82] Miloradovich said "Ah, c'est chevaleresque", dismissed the charges and sent Pushkin on a well-paid tour of the south.[82] Vladimir Nabokov noted that all of Pushkin's influential friends could not have saved him had it not been for Miloradovich's "amiable conduct of the whole affair".[6] There was a rumor that Pushkin was flogged on orders of Miloradovich, who fought a duel with at least one person who repeated it.[83]
Author and publisher
The lifestyle of the "bizarre administrator"[6] was just as bizarre. Miloradovich lived alone in a luxurious apartment "in complete disarray coupled with the most exquisite taste",[85] without a single bedroom; "I spend the night where I feel like", he used to say.[85] Family fortune and rewards from the tsar could not match his spending, and he sold off most of his lands and serfs.[11] Posthumous sale of his remaining estate barely covered his debts.[86]
Theatre and sexuality
In 1821, theatre managers Apollon Maikov and Prince Alexander Shakhovskoy allegedly tried to manipulate Miloradovich to overthrow the stern and frugal director of imperial theatres, Prince Tyufyakin.[87] Miloradovich lent them support and then himself "grabbed both the power and the purse strings";[87] Miloradovich, Maikov and Shakhovskoy became a "committee of three formidable officials" that governed the everyday life of the imperial theatres.[88] The change coincided with rumours of Shakhovskoy's trafficking in actresses;[87] the death of Miloradovich and the ascension of Nicholas I ended Shakhovskoy's career.[89]
The private life of Miloradovich, who never married and had no offspring, has been a controversial subject. Contemporaries[90] condemned him for a desire "to create his own harem in the theatre school"[91] that allegedly became a reality with the aid of Shakhovskoy and Maikov. According to these sources, Miloradovich "had a weakness for women" and regularly spent evenings in the company of Shakhovskoy and female trainees of his theatre school; the chosen favorites then enjoyed the general's benevolence after graduation.[90][91] Catherine Shuler noted that the appetites of Miloradovich and other dignitaries could be the cause of high "traffic in women" on stage and that "the resemblance between serf actresses and imperial actresses is surely not coincidental".[91] Alexandra Kolosova, in 1822, was the first actress to break the ring and flee to Paris;[88] upon return to Saint Petersburg she sought protection from Alexander, but Miloradovich had her arrested for twenty-four hours for turning down "the most insignificant role" offered to her.[92] Miloradovich had lead actor Vasily Karatygin arrested for similar insubordination; when the prisoner's mother pleaded for mercy, Miloradovich responded: "I only like comedy onstage. I've seen blood, madam, tears don't move me".[93]
Vladimir Bryukhanov suggested that Miloradovich was homosexual,[94] disregarding or dismissing evidence to the contrary, such as the memoirs of Nadezhda Durova. (Durova, disguised as a young man, was aide to Miloradovich in 1810 and later wrote about his affairs with women and their influence on the general's demeanor and on his relationships with subordinate officers.)[95] The standard version of events holds that his last passion was ballerina Yekaterina Teleshova, who earlier had an affair with Alexander Griboyedov, a diplomat "too short of money to be a long-term rival to the general"[96] (In 1825, Griboyedov wrote "... Miloradovich, that boastful idiot whom Shakhovskoy grovels to and idolises. They are both cattle."[96]).
Interregnum
In the summer of 1823, Alexander I issued a secret manifest excluding Constantine from the order of succession and making Nicholas
On December 9 [
Correspondence between Saint Petersburg and Warsaw took two weeks, during which Miloradovich acted as de facto interrex and regularly assured Nicholas that "everything is quiet".[106][107] Constantine firmly refused to reign and blessed his brother's accession to the throne,[108] but for a while the hesitant Nicholas took no action. On the morning[109] of December 24 [O.S. December 12], Nicholas received detailed reports of the brewing Decembrist revolt from Diebitsch and Chernyshov,[110] and discussed the matter with Miloradovich and Golitsyn.[111][112] According to Nicholas himself, the evidence was overwhelming. Miloradovich promised to mobilise all police resources but did nothing[113][114] or, according to Korf, his "investigations remained completely fruitless. His researches had not discovered one person on whom suspicion could reasonably fall".[115]
The actions of Miloradovich during the interregnum were highly controversial and provoked fringe conspiracy theories placing him at the top of the Decembrist rebel ring.[116] Mainstream historians provide different explanations of his motives, none of which supports the theory of "Decembrist Miloradovich":
- Mikhail Safonov suggested that there were three contenders for the throne: Constantin, Nicholas and their mother Maria Fyodorovna. Miloradovich supported Maria but in public he aligned with Constantine and later with Nicholas.[97] A similar version has been fictionalised by Igor Bunich.[117]
- Yakov Gordin suggested that Miloradovich acted as an independent dictator, using Constantine merely as a front.[97]
- Andreeva supports a toned-down variation of Gordin's suggestion: that, regardless of Alexander's manifest, Miloradovich acted in good faith, supporting what he thought was the legitimate solution to a crisis.[118]
Revolt and death
At 8 p.m.[119] on December 25 [O.S. December 13], Nicholas declared himself emperor; at 7 a.m. the next morning, along with all senior statesmen present in Saint Petersburg, Miloradovich pledged his loyalty to Nicholas[120] (Korf suggested that Miloradovich recognised Nicholas as early as December 24 [O.S. December 12][121]). Once again Miloradovich assured Nicholas that the city was "perfectly tranquil";[111][122] Alexander von Benckendorff other witnesses wrote that he was in his usual boastful, optimistic mood.[123] Three hours later when Miloradovich enjoyed breakfast with Teleshova, general Neidhardt reported to Nicholas that the troops were marching towards the palace "in absolute mutiny".[111][124]
At about noon on December 26 [
Between 12:20 and 12:30 Pyotr Kakhovsky shot Miloradovich point-blank in the back;[129] "the bullet travelling up from below, from the back to the chest, tore the diaphragm, broke through all the parts and stopped beneath the right nipple".[133] When Miloradovich slumped from his horse to the ground, Yevgeny Obolensky stabbed him with a bayonet.[129] Miloradovich was taken to a nearby house, but by the time the surgeons arrived on the scene the marauders had stripped Miloradovich of his clothes, medals and jewelry.[129] Medics removed the bullet (it was later delivered to Nicholas);[134] Miloradovich remained conscious and dictated his last will in a letter to the tsar. There were three requests: to send His Majesty's regards to his relatives, to grant liberty to his serfs, and to "not forget the old Maikov".[135] Miloradovich died around 3 a.m. on December 27 [O.S. December 15].[1] After six days of lying in state, he was buried with honors at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.[135]
The investigation of the Decembrist revolt led to the hanging of Kakhovsky and four of his ringleaders; it did not reveal any illicit connection between the Decembrists and Miloradovich. The second killer, Obolensky, was stripped of his princely title and exiled to Siberia for thirty years.
Nobility
The Miloradović noble family is listed in the nobility of the Russian Empire.[136]
See also
- Andrei Miloradovich
- Peter Mikhailovich Kaptzevich
- Nikolay Vuich
- Peter Ivanovich Ivelich
- Ivan Shevich
- Avram Ratkov
- Ivan Adamovich
- Nikolay Bogdanov
- Nikolay Depreradovich
- Ivan Lukačević (soldier)
- Jovan Šević
- Jovan Albanez
- Simeon Piščević
- Anto Gvozdenović
- Semyon Zorich
- Peter Tekeli
- Georgi Emmanuel
- Dejan Subotić
- Fedor Yakovlevich Mirkovich
- Marko Ivelich
- Rajko Depreradović
- Marko Voinovich
Notes
- ^ a b Andreeva, p. 247, states time of death as 2.45 a.m. December 27 [O.S. December 15]; Korf, p. 270 as "about three o'clock the next morning" (after the shooting).
- ^ See Alexander Suvorov#Legacy
- ^ Schnitzler, pp. 422-423, attributes "Murat" to Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur and "Bayard" to Mikhail Kutuzov.
- ^ Korf, p. 204, wrote about it as a fact: "his breast covered with stars and which had remained unviolated by a wound after fifty battles".
- Levin August, Count von Bennigsen were both awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class, but in 1818 Barclay died and Bennigsen retired to his home in Hanover.
- ^ a b c Nabokov, p. 427.
- ^ Kelly, p. 109.
- ^ a b Schultz, p. 70.
- Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) that led Daniel Petrovichof Montenegro and Mikhail Miloradovich of Herzegovina to accept Peter's offer.
- ^ a b c Bezotnosny et al., p. 465 (article credit: A. A. Smirnov).
- ^ a b Leskov, p. 452.
- ^ a b Leskov, p. 449: "Образование Милорадовича было самое поверхностное, несмотря на то, что юные годы свои он провел за границею и учился сначала в Кенигсбергском университете, а потом в Геттингене, в Страсбурге и в Метце ... Проведя несколько лет за границею, Милорадович даже не усвоил себе там основательного знания иностранных языков и по-французски во всю жизнь говорил с самыми грубыми и забавными ошибками ... милое невежество молодого графа нисколько не помешало ему в свете." Note that Leskov erroneously calls Miloradovich "the young count" although he was awarded the title only in 1813.
- ^ Freet, p. 379 (footnote).
- ^ a b c d e f Leskov, p. 450.
- ^ Schnitzler, p. 423, attributes the case of three dead horses to the Battle of Lecco.
- ^ Thiers, v.2 p. 69 (describing the 1805 campaign).
- ^ Safonov 2001.
- ^ Korf, p. 204.
- ^ a b c Kagan, p. 458.
- ^ Kagan, pp. 458-459.
- ^ Schultz, p. 72.
- ^ Kagan, p. 479.
- ^ Castle and Hook, p. 44.
- ^ a b Kagan, p. 574.
- ^ Castle and Hook, p. 51.
- ^ Kagan, pp. 574-575.
- ^ Kagan, p. 594.
- ^ Kagan, p. 611.
- ^ Schnitzler, p. 423.
- ^ Sapozhnikov quotes Toll's remarks on the margins of Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky's manuscript (originally in German): "На отступлении Кутузова ретираду его прикрывал всегда кн. Багратион, а не Милорадович. При Шпремберге и Голлабрине именно командовал Багратион. При Аустерлице колонна Милорадовича первая бежала назад. Я был свидетелем сражения. Ретираду армии прикрывал Багратион, а отнюдь не Милорадович.".
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 80.
- ^ a b Bezotnosny et al., p. 83.
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 86.
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 88.
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 89.
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 90.
- ^ a b Bezotnosny et al., p. 91.
- ^ Hereford George, p. 145.
- ^ Glinka 1814, pp. 11-14.
- ^ Thiers, v. 4, p. 212, wrote that "the proposal was readily accepted" by the French, corroborating Glinka's version.
- ^ Thiers, v. 4, p. 218, blamed the success of the Russian deception on Sébastiani alone; modern Russian historiography (Bezotnosny et al. p. 691) blames it fully on Murat.
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 691 (article credit: A. A. Smirnov).
- ^ a b c Bezotnosny et al., p. 692 (article credit: A. A. Smirnov).
- ^ Glinka 1814, p. 15.
- ^ Glinka 1814, pp. 17-18.
- ^ Glinka 1814, p. 19.
- ^ Glinka 1870, entry dated October 7, 1812: "большая часть знаменитых подвигов этого генерала не означена в ведомостях; но он, как я заметил, нимало этим не огорчается. Это значит, что он не герой "Ведомостей", а герой Истории и потомства... этот генерал, принявший, по просьбе Князя Светлейшего, начальство над арьергардом после страшного Бородинского сражения, дрался с превосходным в числе неприятелем с 29 августа по 23 сентября, т. е. 26 дней беспрерывно. Некоторые из этих дней, как-то: 29 августа, 17 сентября и 20 и 22 того же месяца, ознаменованы большими сражениями, по десяти и более часов продолжавшимися."
- ^ Glinka 1814, p. 27.
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 694 (article credit: A. I. Ulyanov).
- ^ Glinka 1814, pp. 29-25. Glinka, a capable author and aide to Miloradovich, became his de facto press secretary, and his 1814 Deeds of Count Miloradovich is clearly a biased source.
- ^ Cathcart, pp. 79-80.
- ^ a b Bezotnosny et al., p. 169 (article credit: V. M. Bezotnosny).
- ^ a b c Bezotnosny et al., p. 170 (article credit: V. M. Bezotnosny).
- ^ a b c d Bezotnosny et al., p. 379 (article credit: Yu. L. Yepanchin).
- ^ Cathcart, p. 90, blamed the escape of Beauharnais on the awkward position taken by Miloradovich's corps in obedience to Kutuzov's battle orders.
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 380 (article credit: Yu. L. Yepanchin).
- ^ Cathcart, p. 91, estimated the number of French survivors at 4,000.
- ^ Cathcart, p. 106: On the critical day of November 28, Miloradovich was at Barysaw, two days' distance from Berezina crossing.
- ^ Bezotnosny et al., p. 234 (article credit: V. M. Bezotnosny).
- ^ a b c Bezotnosny et al., p. 183 (article credit: V. M. Bezotnosny).
- ^ Cathcart, pp. 148-149, sheds some light on the infighting between Barclay and Wittgenstein on the eve of the battle of Bautzen. Cust, p. 28, noted that, at Bautzen, Alexander and Frederick William had to take control of the troops themselves because of "jealousies having arisen against Wittgenstein" (the nominal commander).
- ^ Thieres, v. 4 p. 364.
- ^ Cathcart, pp. 129-130: Had Miloradovich arrived in time, his corps would increase allied force from sixty to eighty thousand, but his infantry could not make it until late evening, and the troops were exhausted by a long march anyway.
- ^ Thieres, v. 4 p. 369.
- ^ Cathcart, p. 134.
- ^ Cathcart, p. 141.
- ^ Thieres, v. 4 p. 388.
- ^ Cathcart, pp. 156-157, discusses the actions of Miloradovich "to arrest Oudinot's further progress".
- ^ a b Cathcart, p. 229.
- ^ Cathcart, pp. 203-204.
- ^ Cathcart, p. 240.
- ^ Cathcart, p. 302.
- ^ Cust, p. 179.
- ^ Cust, p. 255.
- ^ Schultz, p. 74.
- ^ Schultz, p. 76.
- ^ Korf, p. 112.
- ^ Lotman and Ouspensky, pp. 188-189. The conversation was originally recorded, in French, by Konstantin Batyushkov.
- ^ Herzen, p. 10.
- Alexander Witberg's utopian draft for the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. According to Herzen, Miloradovich advised Witberg on his design.
- ^ Herzen, pp. 187, 204 et al.
- ^ a b c d Bethea, p. 302.
- ^ Nabokov, p. 428. On p. 431 Nabokov discusses the probable identity of the unknown offender.
- ^ Grech, chapter 9.
- ^ a b Schultz, p. 76, quotes historian Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky.
- ^ Schultz, p. 79.
- ^ a b c Schuler, p. 106.
- ^ a b Schuler, p. 140.
- Decembrist Revolt- casting doubt on the author's credibility. The official roll of victims on that day, on Senate Square and around it, stood at over a thousand.
- ^ a b Schuler, p. 142, provides a verbatim quote from Alexandra Kolosova: "Miloradovich, who spent every evening surrounded by a group of compliant female theatre students at Shakhovskoy's home...".
- ^ a b c Schuler, p. 109.
- ^ Schuler, p. 142. Note that Schuler renders this episode based on Kolosova's memoirs alone.
- ^ Schuler, pp. 105 and 142.
- ISBN 5-271-07492-7, pp. 55, 340.
- ^ Durova, part 1 chapter 8.
- ^ a b Kelly, p. 110.
- ^ a b c Andreeva, p. 234.
- ^ Korf outlined the events that led to the manifest on pp. 24-45, provided its full text on pp. 45-49 and discussed Alexander's motives for extreme secrecy on pp 55-58. On page 41 Korf wrote that "Nicholas remained in complete ignorance of what had taken place", however, this refers only to the specific terms of Constantine's renunciation of his rights in 1822 (p.40).
- Moscow Kremlin. Korf, p. 42, and similar vintage sources list only Arakcheyev, Golitsyn and Filaret.
- ^ Browning, p. 145: "Miloradovich .. had informed him, two days before the news of Tsar's death arrived from Taganrog, that he would not allow anyone but Constantine to succeed to the throne, and when the news came he announced that everyone must swear allegiance to Constantine." The fact that Miloradovich confidently pressed his point before the news hit St. Petersburg has been eagerly reused by conspiracy theorists.
- ^ Andreeva, p. 237.
- ^ a b Browning, p. 145.
- ^ Korf, pp. 85-95. On p. 89 Korf reproduced the words of Miloradovich as recorded in the journal of the Council: "Grand Duke Nicholas has solemnly renounced the right conferred upon him by the manifest and had already set the example of swearing allegiance to His Majesty Emperor Constantine".
- ^ Korf, p. 102.
- ^ Russian sources usually cite 60,000 rather than 100,000.
- ^ "Город казался тих; так, по крайней мере, уверял граф Милорадович, уверяли и те немногие, которые ко мне хаживали, ибо я не считал приличным показываться и почти не выходил из комнат." - Nicholas I, part 3.
- ^ Korf, p. 111.
- ^ Korf, pp. 66-75, 125-126 and 138-139, provides Constantine's letters to Nicholas and their mother.
- ^ Korf, p. 131, wrote that the courier arrived at the palace at 6 a.m.
- ^ Korf, p. 134: the letter was signed by Diebitsch, as senior commander, but handwritten by Chernyshyov for utmost secrecy.
- ^ a b c d Nicholas I, part 3.
- ^ Korf, pp. 136-137.
- ^ "Граф Милорадович должен был верить столь ясным уликам в существовании заговора и в вероятном участии и других лиц, хотя об них не упоминалось; он обещал обратить все внимание полиции, но все осталось тщетным и в прежней беспечности." - Nicholas I, part 3.
- ^ Andreeva, p. 241, notes that Alexander himself, Arakcheyev and Golitsyn also "did nothing" when faced with similar evidence of conspiracies.
- ^ Korf, p. 154.
- ISBN 5-271-07492-7), the most complete of these theories, alleges that Miloradovich masterminded the Decembrists through a few chosen intermediaries - Obolensky, Kondraty Ryleyev and others. Kakhovsky's shot, according to Bryukhanov, was a gang soldier's revolt against the hesitant boss who failed to succeed in[clarification needed] the uprising.
- ISBN 978-5-7654-2300-4. pp. 87-89.
- ^ Andreeva, p. 235.
- ^ Korf, p. 163.
- ^ Andreeva, p. 243.
- ^ Korf, p. 141, wrote about a meeting between Miloradovich, Golitsyn and Nicholas, discussing details of how to proclaim Nicholas emperor and who would draft the ascension manifest.
- ^ Korf, pp. 174-175: "The information ... could not fail to excite the most serious apprehensions, but the Military Governor-General still continued obstinately to affirm the contrary. The town, he said, is perfectly tranquil".
- ^ Andreeva, pp. 243-244.
- ^ Andreeva, p. 244.
- ^ Korf, p. 196.
- ^ a b c Andreeva, p. 245.
- ^ Korf, p. 197, rendered the same French phrase differently: in his version, "they encircle the Monument" (to Peter I).
- ^ Andreeva, p. 246.
- ^ a b c d Andreeva, p. 247.
- ^ Korf, p. 203 reproduced the conversation between Orlov and Miloradovich, in French. Miloradovich replied to Orlov: "Que serait-ce donc un Gouverneur-General, qui ne saurait repandre son sang, quand le sang doit couler?" — "What kind of a Governor General would it be who feared to shed his blood when blood has to be shed?"
- ^ Korf, pp. 203-204.
- ^ Safonov 1994, p. 151: "не только не исполнил свой долг, но самым невероятным образом нарушил его."
- ^ Schultz, p. 83, cites Alexander Bashutsky, Miloradovich's aide who accompanied the general at the moment of the shooting.
- ^ Korf, p. 270.
- ^ a b Andreeva, p. 249.
- ISBN 9780963306395.
Materials used
- "МИЛОРАДОВИЧ МИХАИЛ АНДРЕЕВИЧ • Great Russian Encyclopedia – Electronic version". old.bigenc.ru. 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
Further reading
- Andreeva, T. V. (1998, in Russian). Imperator Nikolai Pavlovich i graf M. A. Miloradovich (Император Николай Павлович и граф М. А. Милорадович). СПБ: Философский век, выпуск 6 (The Philosophical Age. Almanac 6. Russia at the Time of Nicholas I: Science, Politics, Enlightenment. Ed. by T. Khartanovich, M. Mikeshin. St. Petersburg, 1998. 304 p.).
- Bezotnosny, V. M. et al. (2004, in Russian). Otechestvennaya voina 1812 goda. Encyclopedia (Отечественная война 1812 года. Энциклопедия). Moscow: Rosspan. ISBN 5-8243-0324-X.
- Bethea, David M. (2005). The Pushkin Handbook. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-19560-1.
- Browning, Oscar (2008 reprint). A History of the Modern World 1815-1910. Read Books (reprint). ISBN 978-1-4437-7778-0.
- Castle, Ian; Hook, Christa (2002). ‘’Austerlitz 1805: the fate of empires’’. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-136-7.
- ISBN 1-891717-14-6.
- Cust, Edward (1863). ‘’Annals of the wars of the nineteenth century, Volume 4’’. London: John Murray.
- ISBN 978-0-253-20549-0.
- ISBN 978-1-902835-14-3. Originally published in 1899.
- Grech, Nikolai (2000 edition, in Russian). Zapiski o moei zhizni (Записки о моей жизни). Moscow: Zakharov.
- Freer, Allan (1846). Russian under Nicholas. North British Review, volume 5. Edinburgh: W. P. Kennedy.
- Glinka, Fyodor (1870, in Russian). Pisma russkogo ofitsera (Письма русского офицера). Moscow.
- Glinka, Fyodor (1814, in Russian). Podvigi grafa Miloradovicha (Подвиги графа Милорадовича). Moscow.
- ISBN 978-0-520-04210-0.
- Kagan, Frederick (2007). The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801-1805. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81545-4.
- Kelly, Laurence (2006). Diplomacy and Murder in Tehran: Alexander Griboyedov and Imperial Russia's Mission to the Shah of Persia. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84511-196-0.
- Korf, M. A. (1857). The accession of Nicholas I. London: John Murray.
- ISBN 978-5-224-03767-4. pp. 448–453. Originally published in 1869.
- ISBN 2-8251-0017-X, 9782825100172.
- Miloradovich, G. A. (1871, in Russian). O rodine dvoryan i grafa Miloradovicha. First edition: Kiev.
- ISBN 978-0-691-01904-8.
- Nicholas I (1848, Russian translation from French). Memoirs of Nicholas I (in Russian).
- Schnitzler, Johann (1847). Secret history of the court and government of Russia under the emperors Alexander and Nicholas. London: Richard Bentley.
- Schuler, Catherine (2009). Theatre and identity in imperial Russia. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-1-58729-799-1.
- Safonov, M. M. (1994, in Russian). K istorii mezhdutsarstviya (К истории междуцарстия). Proceedings of the Mavrodinskie conference 10–12 December 1994, Saint Petersburg (Мавродинские чтения: материалы к докладам 10-12 октября 1994 г., Санкт-Петербург). Saint Petersburg University.
- Safonov, M. M. (2001, in Russian). Pochemy Suvorov popal v nemilost (Почему Суворов попал в немилость). Rodina magazine, no. 12, 2001.
- Sapozhnikov, A. I. (2008, in Russian). Neopublikovannaya Istoria kampanii 1812 goda A. I. Mihailovskogo-Danilevskogo (Неопубликованная «История кампании 1812 года» А.И. Михайловского-Данилевского).
- Schultz, C. C. (2004). "A Russian Bayard" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2006. Retrieved February 25, 2010.. Taleon Club Magazine, 2004 no. 8. Retrieved 2011-07-16. Archived from the original on 2006-01-12.
- Thiers, Adolphe (1865). History of the consulate and the empire of France under Napoleon, Volume 2. London: Lippincott.
- Thiers, Adolphe (1864). History of the consulate and the empire of France under Napoleon, Volume 4. London: Lippincott.
- Treasure, Geoffrey (1985). The making of modern Europe, 1648-1780. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-05136-1.