Missoula, Montana

Missoula Nłʔay ( Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille) Tuhuⱡnana (Kutenai)
City
Seal
Nicknames:  The Garden City, River City, Zootown (informal)[1]
Motto:  "The Discovery Continues"[1]
Location within Missoula County
Missoula Location within Montana Show map of Montana Missoula Location within the United States Show map of the United States
Coordinates: 46°51′45″N 114°0′42″W / 46.86250°N 114.01167°W / 46.86250; -114.01167
Country	United States
State	Montana
County	Missoula
Founded	1866
Incorporated (town)	March 8, 1883
Incorporated (city)	March 12, 1885
Founded by	Christopher P. Higgins Francis Lyman Worden
Government
• Type	FIPS code	30-50200
GNIS feature ID	0787504
Website	ci.missoula.mt.us

Missoula (

The Missoula area began seeing settlement by people of European descent in 1858 including

By the 1990s, Missoula's lumber industry had gradually disappeared, and as of 2009[update], the city's largest employers were the University of Montana, Missoula County Public Schools, and Missoula's two hospitals.

Archaeological artifacts date the earliest inhabitants of the Missoula Valley to 12,000 years ago with settlements as early as 3500 BCE. From the 1700s until 1850s, those who used the land were primarily, the Salish, Kootenai, Pend d'Oreille, Blackfeet, and Shoshone. Located at the confluence of five mountain valleys, the Missoula Valley was heavily traversed by local and distant native tribes that periodically went to the Eastern Montana plains in search of bison. This led to conflicts. The narrow valley at Missoula's eastern entrance was so strewn with human bones from repeated ambushes that French fur trappers later referred to this area as Porte de l'Enfer, translated as "Gate of Hell".^[15] Hell Gate would remain the name of the area until it was renamed "Missoula" in 1866.^[10]

The Lewis and Clark Expedition brought the first U.S. citizens to the area. They twice stopped just south of Missoula at Traveler's Rest.^[16][17] They camped there the first time on their westbound trip in September 1805. When they stayed there again, on their return in June–July 1806, Clark left heading south along the Bitterroot River and Lewis traveled north, then east, through Hellgate Canyon. In 1860, Hell Gate Village was established 5 miles (8 km) west of present-day downtown by Christopher P. Higgins and Frank Worden as a trading post to serve travelers on the recently completed Mullan Road, the first wagon road to cross the Rocky Mountains to the inland of the Pacific Northwest.^[10] The desire for a more convenient water supply to power a lumber and flour mill led to the movement of the settlement to its modern location in 1864.^[18]

The Missoula Mills replaced Hell Gate Village as the economic power of the valley and replaced it as the county seat in 1866. The name "Missoula" came from the Salish name for the Clark Fork River, nmesuletkw, which roughly translates as "place of frozen water".^[19] Fort Missoula was established in 1877 to help protect further arriving settlers. Growth accelerated with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883, and by charter, Missoula incorporated a municipal government as a town, the same year.^[20] In 1885, Missoula reincorporated its government as a city.

In 1893, Missoula was chosen as the location for the first state university, the University of Montana. The need for lumber for the railway and its bridges spurred the opening of multiple saw mills in the area, and in turn, the beginning of Missoula's lumber industry, which remained the mainstay of the area economy for the next 100 years.^[11] The United States Forest Service work in Missoula began in 1905.^[21] Missoula is also home of the smokejumpers' headquarters and will be the site of the National Museum of Forest Service History.^[21] Nationally, there are nine Forest Service regions; Region 1 is headquartered in Missoula.^[22]

Logging remained a mainstay of industry in Missoula with the groundbreaking of the Hoerner-Waldorf pulp mill in 1956, which resulted in protests over the resultant air pollution.^[23] An article in Life 13 years later speaks of Missoulians sometimes needing to drive with headlights on during the day to navigate through the smog.^[24] In 1979, almost 40% of the county labor income still came from the wood and paper-products sector.^[25] The lumber industry was hit hard by the recession of the early 1980s and Missoula's economy began to diversify.^[26] By the early 1990s, the disappearance of many of the region's log yards, along with legislation, had helped clean the air dramatically.^[27]

As of 2009^[update], education and healthcare were Missoula's leading industries; the University of Montana, Missoula County Public Schools, and the two hospitals in the city were the largest employers.

Missoula is located at the western edge of Montana, approximately 45 miles (70 km) from the Idaho border. The city is at an elevation of 3,209 feet (978 m) above sea level, with nearby Mount Sentinel and Mount Jumbo steeply rising to 5,158 feet (1,572 m) and 4,768 feet (1,453 m), respectively. According to the Census Bureau's 2015^[update] figures, the city had a total area of 29.08 square miles (75.3 km²), of which 28.90 square miles (74.9 km²) were land and 0.184 square miles (0.48 km²) were covered by water.^[31]

Around 13,000 years ago, the entire valley was at the bottom of

Flora and fauna

Located in the Northern Rockies, Missoula has a typical

The median income for a household in the city was $30,366, and for a family was $42,103. Males had a median income of $30,686 versus $21,559 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,166. About 11.7% of families and 19.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. About 40.3% of Missoula residents age 25 and older have a bachelor's or advanced college degree.

2010 census

As of 2010^[update]'s census, 66,788 people, 29,081 households, and 13,990 families resided in the city.

Of the 29,081 households, 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.9% were not families. About 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the city, the population was distributed as 17.9% of residents under 18, 19.7% between the ages of 18 and 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age in the city was 30.9 years. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

Economy

Missoula began as a trading post in the 1860s situated along the Mullan Military Road to take advantage of the first route across the Bitterroot Mountains to the plains of Eastern Washington. Its designation as county seat in 1866 and location of the hastily built Fort Missoula in 1877 ensured Missoula's status as a regional commercial center, a status further consolidated in 1883 with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway.

Since opening in 1895, the University of Montana has had a major impact on the development of Missoula's economy. In addition to the economic advantage from accommodating the student body, it gave the city an educated workforce not available in most of the state.[46] The university has a close relationship with the city as Missoula's largest employer and with the millions of dollars the school brings into the city through visitors of school-sponsored sporting and cultural events.^[50][51] The university also houses Missoula's only business incubator, the Montana Technology Enterprise Center, and several start-up businesses.^[52]

Missoula is the hub of its

As of 2013[update], Missoula ranked 299 nationally in gross metropolitan product with an output of $5 billion,^[57] while^[update] the city's total personal income ranked 333 at $4.18 billion, an increase of more than 47% since 2003.^[58] As of 2013^[update], per capita personal income ranked 239 at $37,397 a year, 84% of the national average.^[58] The Missoula metropolitan area's unemployment rate was 3.7% as of June 2015^[update], dropping nearly 0.8% in the twelve months prior.^[59]

Culture

Missoula, often considered the cultural center of Montana,^[60] is the location of the state's first university, and an eclectic mix of loggers, hippies, college students, sports fans, and retirees.^[61] Community events generally take place downtown either outdoors or in one of the several downtown buildings listed on the National Historic Registry.^[62]

Since 2006, the River City Roots Festival has been an event each August with music, beer, food, and art, and generally attracts crowds of 15,000.^[63][64] The longest-standing event downtown has been the Missoula Farmers Market that was founded in 1972,^[65] which provides an outlet for Western Montana produce on Saturday mornings from May to October as well as Tuesday evenings from July to early September.^[66] An arts and crafts People's Market and a Clark Fork Market run concurrently.^[67] Downtown hosts "First Friday Missoula", a gallery walk on the first Friday of the month to feature local art from museums and galleries,^[68] such as that of Monte Dolack. Missoula celebrates "First Night Missoula" on New Year's Eve, which includes food and live entertainment.^[69] The "Festival of the Book" to celebrate the literature of the American West was rebranded the "Montana Book Festival" in 2015.^[70] Missoula's two historic theatres both hold annual film festivals: the Roxy hosting the International Wildlife Film Festival,^[71] established in 1977 as the first juried wildlife film festival in the world;^[72] and since 2003, the Wilma accommodating the largest film event in Montana, the Big Sky Documentary Film Festival.^[73]

In performance arts, the Missoula Community Theatre has held performances of musical and nonmusical plays since 1977,^[74] with its affiliated Missoula Children's Theatre also acting as an international touring program that visits nearly 1,000 communities per year around the world.^[75] Missoula is also home to a number of modern dance companies, including Bare Bait Dance^[76] and Headwaters Dance Company.^[77] Rocky Mountain Ballet Theatre and Garden City Ballet are also based in Missoula.

The

Opened in 1987, Missoula's Bayern Brewing is the oldest active brewery in Montana.^[83] Big Sky Brewing opened in 1995 and with a production over 38,000 barrels in 2008^[update], it is by far Montana's largest brewery, and produces the best-selling beer brewed in Montana, Moose Drool Brown Ale.^[84][85] Missoula has also been home to Kettle House Brewing since 1995 and Draught Works opened in 2011. Big Sky, Bayern, and Kettlehouse represent the first-, second-, and third-largest breweries, respectively, in Montana.^[86] Also in 2011, Tamarack Brewing and Flathead Lake Brewing Company from nearby Lake County opened pub houses at downtown Missoula locations. The city also holds annually the Garden City Brewfest and Winterfest, and periodically hosts the Montana Brewers Festival.^[87][88]

The Clay Studio of Missoula is a non-profit ceramic-arts center, which provides education and a community access clay studio.^[89]

Sports

Missoula plays host to a variety of intercollegiate, youth, and amateur sports organizations in addition to a

Since 1977, Missoula has also held "Maggotfest", a festival-style rugby tournament hosted by the Missoula Maggots Rugby Club the first weekend in May. The non-elimination tournament focuses on the fun aspect of the game, attracting 36 teams (male and female) from around the United States and Canada. In regular-season play, the Missoula Maggots compete as part of the Montana Rugby Union alongside another local rugby team, the University of Montana Jesters.^[93]

The

The city has over 400 acres (160 ha) of parkland, 22 miles (35 km) of trails, and nearly 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of conserved open space.[13] Located at the confluence of three rivers (the Clark Fork, Bitterroot, and Blackfoot), the area is also popular for white water rafting and, thanks largely to the novel and subsequent film A River Runs Through It by Missoula native Norman Maclean, is well known for its fly fishing. Additionally, Missoula has two aquatic parks,^[13] multiple golf courses, is home to the Adventure Cycling Association, and hosts what Runner's World called the "best overall" marathon in the U.S.^[95][96] There are also three ski areas within 100 miles (160 km): Montana Snowbowl, Discovery Ski Area, and Lost Trail Powder Mountain. Slightly farther away are Lookout Pass, Blacktail Mountain, and Big Mountain.^[97]

A system of public parks was developed in Missoula in 1902 with the donation by lumber baron Thomas Greenough and his wife Tessie. They gave a 42-acre (17 ha) tract of land along Rattlesnake Creek for Greenough Park, on the condition that "the land forever be used as a park and for park purposes to which the people of Missoula may . . . find a comfortable, romantic and poetic retreat".^[47]: 110 In a follow-up nine years later in a letter to the Missoulian, he stressed his interest in having the park remain in as close to a native state as possible.^[98] That request, along with the discovery that non-native Norway maples were inhibiting the growth of native trees and shrubs such as cottonwoods, ponderosa pines, and Rocky Mountain maples, led to the controversial decision to remove Norway maples from the park with the hope of returning it to its natural state.^[36][99]

In 1924, Bonner Park was created out of John L. Bonner's estate near the university. Today's park has multiple athletic fields and courts, and band shell used by the Missoula City band through the summer.^[100] The Kiwanis club set up a Kiwanis Park downtown in 1934, making it the first of a string of parks that line both sides of the Clark Fork River. One of those parks on the southern bank of the river is McCormick Park, which was created with WPA funds out of surplus highway land, a parcel from the American Hide and Fur Company, and land donated from the Kate McCormick estate. The 26-acre (11 ha) park, named for Washington J. McCormick and his wife, is home to a skate park, aquatics center, a free bike check-out, and a children's fishing pond.^[101] Other popular parks include the Jacobs Island Bark Park, a designated area for dogs to play off-leash; the Montana State veterans' memorial rose garden;^[102] Waterwise Garden, a "living laboratory" garden utilizing water conservation techniques; and Splash Montana Waterpark at Playfair Park.

Caras Park

Caras Park is located just south of the historic

Missoula's system of government has changed four times since 1883, when an

Missoula's state legislative delegation is the second-largest in the Montana Legislature and is represented by districts 91–100 in the Montana House of Representatives and districts 46–50 in the Montana Senate.^[114] Having 14 Democrats and only one Republican in its state legislative delegation, Missoula is known as a more liberal area than the rest of the state.^[109][110]

Though Missoula's political leanings may not be unique for a college town, its initiative to make marijuana possession the lowest priority of law enforcement in 2006,^[115] and symbolic resolutions calling on Congress to withdraw from Iraq in 2007,^[116] and to amend the U.S. Constitution to declare that "corporations are not human beings" in 2011,^[117] often put it at odds with the rest of the state. In 2011, the Montana legislature, with a Republican House majority, attempted to overturn Missoula's marijuana law and revoke its ability to have an anti-discrimination ordinance that included the LGBT community. The marijuana repeal was vetoed by then-Governor Brian Schweitzer^[118][119] and the attempt to repeal the anti-discrimination ordinance died in the State Senate.^[120]

In 2020, Missoula County became the first county in Montana to adopt a county sales tax on gasoline (an option afforded to counties in Montana that had gone unused for several decades).^[121] The Montana Legislature and Governor Greg Gianforte blocked this decision the following year, repealing the sales tax provision from state law.^[122]

Education

Missoula's first school was opened in late 1869 with 16 students from around the region and their teacher Emma C. Slack, who had come to Missoula by a two-month trip by horseback, railroad, and boat from

Missoula County Public Schools has two components: Missoula Elementary School District and Missoula High School District.^[128] The city of Missoula is divided between the following elementary school districts: Most of Missoula is in Missoula Elementary School District while other portions are in Hellgate Elementary School District, DeSmet Elementary School District, Target Range Elementary School District, and Bonner Elementary School District. All residents are in the Missoula High School District.^[129] The school district numbers of the districts are districts 1 (Missoula), 4 (Hellgate), 20 (DeSmet), and 23 (Target Range).^[130] In Missoula, there are nine public elementary schools (kindergarten to 5th grade), three public middle schools (6th to 8th grades), four public high schools (9th to 12th grades),^[131] and three public schools serving kindergarten to 8th grade.^[130] Missoula also has several private schools including an international school, religious-affiliated schools, as well as Next Step Prep, a theater academy high school operated by the Missoula Children's Theatre.^[132]

The University of Montana dominates higher education in Missoula.

Missoula has a public library, the Missoula Public Library.^[138]

Media

Broadcast

Missoula's single–broadcast over–air television media market is the largest in Montana and ranked 165 nationally as of 2015^[update].

Missoula has three main sources of print and digital media: the Missoulian (daily), The Missoula Current (daily), and Montana Kaimin (college). The Missoulian was founded as a weekly publication in 1870 as The Missoula and Cedar Creek Pioneer and remains the city's oldest news product.^[141] The Missoula Current was founded in 2015 and provides local and regional coverage and is the state's largest digital-only news product. The Montana Kaimin (founded 1891) is distributed for free throughout parts of Missoula with heavy student traffic from the University of Montana, where the newspaper is printed weekly every Thursday during the school year.^[142]

Infrastructure

Health care

Missoula has two primary health care facilities:

Utilities

The earliest Missoulians drew their water directly from the

In the mid-1860s,

The arrival of Interstate 90 in the mid-1960s forced the removal of 60 homes, including the Greenough Mansion. The north side of Missoula became isolated between the Interstate and the tracks while the Greenough Mansion was moved to a South Hills golf course and converted to a restaurant. This dichotomy has prevailed with the North Side feeling neglected by the city while the South Hills became an upscale neighborhood. The Missoula Downtown Master Plan of 2009 emphasized redevelopment of the North Side's former rail yard and the area just south of the tracks.[156]^[157]

The city is divided into 18 neighborhood councils, of which all Missoula residents are members.

Interstate 90 runs east–west along the northern edge of Missoula at the base of the North Hills, with all but a small portion of the city located south of the highway. Completed in 1965 at the expense of 60 homes, the Garden City Brewery, and the Greenough Mansion, I‑90 has four city exits and makes connections with U.S. Route 93, U.S. Route 12 and Montana Highway 200.^[156] The original U.S. 12, approved by the AASHO in 1939 to extend west into Montana, did not include Missoula until the highway was rerouted along State Route 6 in October 1959 and was not extended west from Missoula until 1962. The road now crosses Missoula southwest–northeast.^[161] U.S. 93 serves as a major economic corridor for western Montana connecting Missoula with the Bitterroot Valley communities to the south and Flathead Lake, Kalispell, and Glacier National Park to the north.^[162] Montana Highway 200, the longest state highway in the United States enters Missoula from the east and provides access along the Blackfoot River and a direct route to Great Falls.

Transit

Public transportation in Missoula began as early as 1890 with a horse-drawn streetcar system (electrified in 1910) operated by the Missoula Street Railway Company that connected Downtown Missoula with the university,

Direct intercity ground travel needs are provided by bus carrier Jefferson Lines.

Railroads

Intercity rail travel was available from 1883, when the

A feasibility study was commissioned by Congress in 2008 to examine the merits of reopening the North Coast Hiawatha, but as of 2008[update], the nearest rail station to Missoula is the

In 2009, the Missoula metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the fifth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who biked to work (5 percent).[171] In 2013, the Missoula MSA ranked as the tenth lowest in the United States for percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (77.2 percent). In the same year, 8.5 percent of Missoula area commuters walked to work.^[172]

Airport

In 1927, air travel to Missoula began; today the city is served by

Main article: List of people from Missoula, Montana

See also: List of University of Montana alumni

Missoula has produced and been home to a number of notable individuals in varying fields. Its natives and residents are referred to as "Missoulians". In politics, Jeannette Rankin,^[14] the first woman in Congress, was born and raised in Missoula while Senators Mike Mansfield,^[179] the U.S.'s longest serving Senate Majority Leader, and Max Baucus,^[180] Montana's longest serving U.S. Senator both established careers and joined politics while living in the city.

Noted athletes who were born or resided in Missoula include five Olympic medalists, Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterback John Elway,^[181] and former Milwaukee Bucks coach Larry Krystkowiak.^[182]

Actor

Harold C. Urey^[191] and Steve Running^[192] as well as 20th century Montana historian K. Ross Toole.^[193]

Noted names in literature include Native American poet James Welch,^[194] crime novelist James Crumley,^[195] former head of the University of Montana's Creative Writing Program Richard Hugo,^[196] William Kittredge, a western writer and professor of creative writing at the University of Montana at Missoula, and Norman Maclean,^[197] whose A River Runs Through It chronicles his life in early 20th-century Missoula. Joanna Klink, poet and professor at the University of Montana. Michael Punke, the author of the best-selling novel The Revenant, also lives in Missoula.

Sister cities

Missoula has two^[198] sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

• Neckargemünd, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• Palmerston North, New Zealand

Missoula's Sister City relationship with Palmerston North, New Zealand, began after Missoula resident and later University of Montana professor Harold Bockemuehl returned from obtaining his PhD from Massey University. The relationship was made official in 1983 after a meeting between then UM President Neil Bucklew and officials from Massey University. Each May, Missoula celebrates "New Zealand Day" in honor of the relationship with rugby, food, and entertainment.^[199] Missoula's second Sister City relationship began in 1991 after a Neckargemünd delegation, led by Mayor Oskar Schuster, visited Missoula following a Fulbright-sponsored faculty exchange between Heidelberg University and the University of Montana. Every September the Missoula Cultural Council holds an annual "Germanfest" to celebrate German culture and this relationship.^[198][200]

Portrayal in media

. . . the world outside, which my brother and I soon discovered was full of bastards, the number increasing rapidly the farther one gets from Missoula, Montana.

— Norman Maclean, A River Runs Through It ^[201]

Author Norman Maclean grew up in Missoula and wrote about it in his 1976 autobiographical novella A River Runs Through It.^[202] The work was adapted into a 1992 motion picture of the same name, directed by Robert Redford and starring Brad Pitt and Craig Sheffer.

Montana Grizzlies

.

There is a lengthy study of Missoula in the title essay of British writer Jonathan Raban's Driving Home: An American Journey: despite writing that on his arrival, "I had the powerful impression that I had driven deep into the Rocky Mountains and somehow arrived in Rotherham or Barnsley,"^[214] and that "the overall effect [of the city] was oddly unsettling; the streets too open for comfort, the town too closed in, inducing mild claustrophobia and agoraphobia at the same time",^[214] he notes the literary heritage of the city and its reputation as a "kindly town" (evidenced by its being a place where "odds and ends naturally collected and cohered").

Missoula is mentioned as being the closest city to the fictional Hope County in Far Cry 5. The game's second mission involves the player trying to escape the county to reach Missoula.^[215]

The Harkema Industrial Park in Project Wingman, a complex of ocean platforms, is constructed over a post-Calamity submerged Missoula.

See also

• USS Missoula, 2 ships

Notes

1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "About Missoula". Destination Missoula. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
2. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
3. ^ ^{a b} "QuickFacts: Missoula city, Montana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
4. ^ ^{a b} "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Look Up a ZIP Code". USPS. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015.
6. ^ "Nɫʔay" (PDF). Plateau Portal. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
7. ^ ^{a b} Gilder, Don. "Three, Five or Eight: Judge Woody Would Hold His Nose". Old Missoula. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
8. ^ ^{a b} "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Montana's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting". Census 2010 News. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
9. ISBN 978-0-917298-89-9. Archived
   from the original on June 12, 2018.
10. ^ ^{a b c} "Early, Early Missoula". Historic Missoula. Missoula's Office of Planning and Grants. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.^{[dead link]}
11. ^ ^{a b} "Arrival of the Railroad (1883–1893)". Historic Missoula. Missoula's Office of Planning and Grants. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
12. ^
    ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
    from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Missoula Official Website: Parks & Recreation". City of Missoula. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Cool Montana Stories: Jeannette Rankin". Travel Montana. 2007. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
15. OCLC 869757480. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. The Salish had to pass through Hell Gate Canyon to reach the plains on their periodic buffalo hunts. At the entrance to the canyon, an ideal spot for an ambush, the Blackfeet would attack them. The reputation of the place caused French-Canadian trappers to call it 'Porte de l'Enfer' or 'Gate of Hell'.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
16. ^ "Travelers Rest". Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. Montana State Parks. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
17. ^ "Meriwether Lewis". TwoRiversHistory.net. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
18. ^ "Hell Gate Village Era (1860–1865)". Historic Missoula. Missoula's Office of Planning and Grants. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
19. ^ "Livability" (PDF). City of Missoula. Archived from the original on August 23, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015. Missoula's name is derived from "nmesuletkw", the Salish word for the Clark Fork River, which translates to, "place of frozen water".
20. ^ "Missoula History". Destination Missoula. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
21. ^ ^{a b c} "About Us: Frequently Asked Questions". National Museum of Forest Service History. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
22. ^ "Our Organization". United States Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
23. ^ Briggeman, Kim (February 29, 2008). "Missoula anti-pollution group celebrates its victories". Independent Record. Helena. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
24. ISSN 0024-3019. Archived
    from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. As they drive to work through it—sometimes with their car lights turned on in broad daylight—Missoulians complain a lot.
25. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
    from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
26. ProQuest 234227618
    .
27. ^ "Missoula Carbon Monoxide SIP Case History". Citizen's Guide to Air Quality in Montana. Montana Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016.
28. ^ ^{a b} "St. Patrick Hospital, Missoula, Montana". Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
29. ^ "George M. Dennison". University of Montana. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
30. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
    from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
31. ^ "Gazetteer Files: Montana Places". United States Census Bureau. 2015. Archived from the original on August 28, 2015.
32. ^ "Section D: Background". Ice Age Floods: Study of Alternatives and Environmental Assessment. Seattle: National Park Service. 2001. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
33. ^ "Glacial Lake Missoula". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
34. ^ ^{a b} "Missoula Conservation Lands Management Plan" (PDF). Missoula Parks and Recreation. June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
35. ^ Rice, Peter M. "Blackfoot Drainage New Weeds Risk Assessment". Invaders Database System. Missoula: University of Montana. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
36. ^
    ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
    from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
37. ^ Pereira, Amanda Goebel, ed. (June 27, 2017). "FirstNet Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network: Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Central United States" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. p. 11-221. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018. Missoula, in western Montana, is within the climate classification zone Dfb. The average annual temperature in Missoula is approximately 45.9 °F [7.7 °C]; 26.4 °F [−3.1 °C] during winter months; 65.7 °F [18.7 °C] during summer months; 46.0 °F [7.8 °C] during spring months; and 45.2 °F [7.3 °C] during autumn months.
38. ^ "Station Information Data Sheet: Missoula, Montana". NOAA. January 1998. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
39. ^ "Climatography of the United States No. 20 1971–2000" (PDF). NOAA. February 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
40. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
41. ^ "xmACIS2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
42. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for Missoula/Johnson–Bell Field, MT 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
43. OL 2912313W
    .
44. ^ ^{a b c} "Educational Attainment: 2010–2014 American Community Survey 5‑Year Estimates". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. 2014. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
45. ^ "American FactFinder: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
46. ^
    OCLC 869757480. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
47. ^
    OL 8339475M. Archived
    from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
48. ^ Kuehn, Scott. "History of Logging and Lumber Mills in Missoula". Society of American Foresters. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
49. ^ "2011 Economic Outlook Seminar: Missoula County" (PDF). Bureau of Business and Economic Research. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
50. ^ ^{a b} "Missoula FY2012 Adopted Budget: Statistical Section". City of Missoula. November 14, 2011. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
51. ^
    ProQuest 234229077
    .
52. ^ Fanguy, Joe. "Office of Technology Transfer". University of Montana. Archived from the original on July 20, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
53. ^ "Economoic Area Geographic Structure". Bureau of Economic Analysis. January 20, 2012. Archived from the original (XLS) on March 2, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
54. ^ "BEA Economic Areas". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
55. ^ "Missoula Greater Downtown Master Plan: Employment Analysis and Recommendations" (PDF). The Hingston Roach Group. December 10, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
56. ISSN 2372-868X. Archived
    from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
57. ^ U.S. Metro Economies (PDF) (Report). United States Conference of Mayors. 2013. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
58. ^ ^{a b} "Bearfacts Personal Income" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis. November 20, 2014. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. In 2013, Missoula had a total personal income . . . of $4,181,210 . . . This TPI ranked 333rd in the United States. In 2003, the TPI of Missoula was $2,831,543 . . . and ranked 334th in the United States.
59. ^ "Missoula, Montana Metropolitan Unemployment Rate and Total Unemployed". Department of Numbers. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015.
60. ^ "Profile: University of Montana". Fort Wayne, Indiana: National Student Exchange. 2015. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Missoula is . . . often referred to as the cultural center of Montana. Students take advantage of . . . theatre, art walks, festivals, and concerts.
61. ^ "Community". Make it Missoula. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015. It's not everywhere that you'll find loggers and ranchers co-existing with holdover hippies and artistic types. Add in college students, immigrants, young families, retirees, entrepreneurs, minimalists, sports fanatics, green living addicts, and everything in between, and you have a rich, vibrant, and diverse community.
62. ^ "Historic Missoula Downtown Walking Tour". Missoula Downtown Association. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
63. AXS. Archived
    from the original on August 15, 2015. . . . crowds for the event normally run about 15,000 . . .
64. ^ "River City Roots Festival". Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
65. ^ "Missoula's Farmer's Market". Archived from the original on August 17, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015. The Missoula Farmers Market, a gathering of food and friends since 1972.
66. ^ "Farmers Markets in Missoula". Destination Missoula. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015. 8:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Saturdays, mid-May to mid-October; 5:30 p.m. – 7:00 p.m. Tuesdays, July – early September
67. ^ Lewis, Leah. "Farmer's Markets, Missoula Style". Make it Missoula. Archived from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
68. ^ "First Friday Missoula". Missoula Cultural Council. Archived from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
69. ^ "First Night Missoula". Missoula Cultural Council. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
70. ^ "Festival of the Book". Missoula: Humanities Montana. 2015. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. In 2015, The Humanities Montana Festival of the Book has been reestablished as the Montana Book Festival under the auspices of the Montana Book Festival Association, in conjunction with the Missoula Cultural Council.
71. ^ Walsh, Cory (September 22, 2017). "Roxy Theater to light up Art Deco marquee for 80th anniversary". Missoulian. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
72. ^ "'International Wildlife Film Festival' Showcase". Montana PBS. 2014. Archived from the original on June 4, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015. The International Wildlife Film Festival . . . was founded as the world's first juried wildlife film competition in 1977.
73. ^ "About BSDFF". Big Sky Documentary Film Festival. Archived from the original on July 27, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. The Big Sky Documentary Film Festival has become the largest cinema event in Montana and the premiere venue for non-fiction film in the American West. In 2012, the festival drew an audience of 20,000 and received nearly 1000 film entries from every corner of the globe.
74. ^ "MCT: The Full Story". Missoula Community Theatre, Inc. June 9, 2015. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
75. ^ "MCT Tour in Your Town". Missoula Children's Theatre. MCT, Inc. July 17, 2014. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
76. ^ "Bare Bait Dance". Bare Bait Dance. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
77. ^ "Headwaters Dance Co". Headwaters Dance Co. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
78. ^ "Mission & History". Montana Museum of Art & Culture. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
79. ^ "Vibrant and Colorful: For the Art Lover" (PDF). Destination Missoula: Missoula Area Visitor Guide. 2015. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2015. . . . Missoula Art Museum, which features contemporary works by Native American and regional artists, as well as traveling exhibits. The space alone is worth the trip. A recent renovation marries the 100-year-old Carnegie Library building with a contemporary addition, creating a bright and airy space with interesting angles and viewpoints. ... 20 25 solo and group exhibitions rotate through six state-of-the-art galleries each year.
80. ^ "Rocky Mountain Museum of Military History". Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
81. ^ "Historical Museum Tour Map" (PDF). The Historical Museum of Fort Missoula. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
82. ^ "Northern Rockies Heritage Center". Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
83. ^ "Bayern Brewing: About". Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015. Proud to be the only German brewery in the Rocky Mountains . . .
84. ^ Schneider, Bill (May 28, 2008). "Big Sky Brewing: Moose Drooling with Success". New West. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
85. ^ "Big Sky Brewing Company". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
86. ^ "Brew Town". Missoula Magazine. March 9, 2012. p. 51. Archived from the original on August 23, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015. The three largest breweries – Bayern Brewing Inc., Big Sky Brewing Co. and KettleHouse Brewing Co. – call Missoula home.
87. ^ "Garden City Brew Fest 2010". Issuu. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
88. ^ "4th Annual Montana Brewers Festival". Montana Brewers Association. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
89. ^ "The Clay Studio of Missoula - Made in Montana". app.mt.gov. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
90. ^ "NCAA Football Attendance Records" (PDF). NCAA. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
91. ^ "2011 NCAA Women's Basketball Attendance" (PDF). NCAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
92. ^ "2011 NCAA Men's Basketball Attendance" (PDF). NCAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
93. ^ "Missoula All-Maggots Rugby Club". Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
94. ^ "Thomas Meagher Hurling Club". Retrieved June 14, 2022.
95. ^ Hamilton, Michelle (January 2010). "Marathon Guide 2010". Runner's World. Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015. Best Overall: Missoula Marathon
96. ^ "Welcome to Run Wild Missoula". Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
97. ^ "Missoula Montana: Ski Resorts". AllTrips. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
98. ^ "Greenough Park". Montanan Online. Fall 2002. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
99. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
    from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
100. ^ "Missoula City Band presents Summer Band Concerts 2011". Missoula City Band. Archived from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
101. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
102. ^ "State Veterans' Memorial Rose Garden (MCA § 1-1-518)". Montana Code Annotated. Montana Legislative Services. 1999. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015. The Missoula memorial rose garden, located in Missoula, Montana, is officially designated as a state veterans' memorial rose garden.
103. ISSN 1064-7317. Archived
     from the original on September 4, 2015.
104. ^ "Caras Park: Missoula's Town Square & Management: An Historical Perspective on Development" (PDF). Retrieved August 25, 2015.
105. ^ "Caras Park". Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
106. ^ "Missoula City Council Members". City of Missoula. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
107. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
108. ^ "Mayor | Missoula, MT - Official Website". www.ci.missoula.mt.us. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
109. ^ ^{a b} "Montana Senate Roster 2011 Regular Session". Montana Legislature. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
110. ^ ^{a b} "Montana House Roster 2011 Regular Session". Montana Legislature. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
111. ^ "City of Missoula Charter" (PDF). www.msulocalgov.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
112. ^ "Missoula Historical Notes: Spotlights". City of Missoula. Archived from the original on August 14, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
113. ^ "City of Missoula Charter" (PDF). City of Missoula. Archived from the original on October 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
114. ^ "Map of Montana Legislature Districts" (PDF). Montana State Library. Montana Geographic Information Clearinghouse. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
115. ^ "Missoula County Initiative No. MCSO2006-02 Community Oversight Committee". County of Missoula. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
116. ^ Moore, Michael (November 7, 2007). "Missoula approves withdrawal referendum". Independent Record. Helena. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
117. ISSN 2372-868X. Archived
     from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
118. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017.
119. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
120. ISSN 2372-868X. Archived
     from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
121. ^ "Voter approved 2-cent fuel tax takes effect in Missoula County". Missoula Current. September 15, 2020. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
122. ^ "Gianforte signs repeal of local-option gas tax despite plea from Missoula County, contractors". KPAX. May 11, 2021. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
123. ^ ^{a b c} "Missoula History Minutes". The Historical Museum at Fort Missoula. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
124. ^ "Guide to the William H. H. and Emma Dickinson Papers 1823–1908". Archives West. Orbis Cascade Alliance. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
125. ^
     ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
126. ^ "Loyola Sacred Heart: Student–Parent Handbook" (PDF). Loyola Sacred Heart Catholic High School. 2011. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 25, 2015.
127. OCLC 232130700. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. Missoula's third public high school, Big Sky
     , was opened in 1980.
128. ^ "Directory of Montana Schools". Montana Office of Public Instruction. March 13, 2024. pp. 191-193/319. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
129. U.S. Census Bureau
     . Retrieved March 13, 2024.
130. ^ ^{a b} "Missoula County Administrators". County of Missoula. September 2014. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
131. ^ "School District 1 High Schools: High School Attendance Boundaries in the Missoula Urban Area" (PDF). Missoula County Public Schools. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2015.
132. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017. Next Step Prep is a high-quality, accredited training program run by the Missoula Children's Theatre for students who are considering the performing arts as a major in college or as a career. The school is designed to provide students with the skills they will need for postsecondary studies in the performing arts including acting, singing and dancing. Students entering grades 9–12 may apply for this six-week summer session.
133. ^ "College Navigator: Montana" (XLS). National Center for Education Statistics. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015.
134. ^ "UM Releases Spring Enrollment Numbers". University of Montana. March 3, 2015. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
135. ^ "Partnership Showcase: Mansfield Library at the University of Montana". Federal Depository Library Program. March 7, 2013. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. The Mansfield Library became a Federal depository library in 1909 and the regional depository for Montana in 1965.
136. ^ "State Arboretum (MCA § 1-1-513)". Montana Code Annotated. Montana Legislative Services. 1995. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015. The campus of the university of Montana-Missoula, is the state arboretum.
137. ^ "Make it Missoula: Specialty Schools". Make it Missoula. Archived from the original on January 23, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
138. ^ "Montana Public Libraries". PublicLibraries.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
139. ^ ^{a b} "Local Television Market Universe Estimates" (PDF). Nielsen. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
140. ^ "Montana television market map". Dish User. Archived from the original (GIF) on October 16, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
141. ^ Wilhelm, Honor L. (December 1906). "Missoula, Montana". The Coast. 12 (6). Seattle: The Coast Publishing Company: 279. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
142. ^ Kaimin, Montana. "montanakaimin.com | UM's Independent Campus Newspaper Since 1898". Montana Kaimin. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
143. ^ "Trauma Centers: Montana". American College of Surgeons. Chicago. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015.
144. ^ ^{a b} Wirth, Rudolph E. "History". Community Medical Center. Archived from the original on August 26, 2015.
145. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Back in 1870, Missoulians got their water from One-Eyed Riley and his Missoula Water Works. Riley's original system was a yoke and two buckets that he hauled door to door.
146. ^ "Mountain Water Company's Roots". Mountain Water Company. Archived from the original on August 22, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2015. In 1871, the first actual system was begun with log pipes and wooden mains . . . The Rattlesnake Intake Dam was built in 1901 with a settling basin capacity of 3 million gallons . . . The Rattlesnake Creek met Missoula's water needs until 1935 when five wells were added to augment fall and summer demands. In fact, the watershed was used until 1983, when a Giardia problem arose and its use was discontinued.
147. ^ "The Missoula Aquifer". Mountain Water Company. March 26, 2014. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015. Today the aquifer is the sole source of water for residents in the Missoula Valley.
148. ^ "Best Water in Montana" (PDF). Mueller Record: 7–10, 21–22. October 1956. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2015.
149. ^ "Park Water Company Completes Change in Ownership to The Carlyle Group". The Carlyle Group. December 19, 2011. 2011-083. Archived from the original on August 26, 2015.
150. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017. It is now, she said, Missoula's 'right to acquire' the water system by exercising its power of eminent domain.
151. ^ Friesen, Peter. "City of Missoula takes ownership of Mountain Water". missoulian.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
152. ^ Leonard, Paul A.; Miesing, Paul; Van Ness, Ray (2005). "Montana Power Company: When Power Begets Power" (PDF). University at Albany, State University of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
153. ^ "History of Missoula Electric Cooperative". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
154. ^ "Missoula Recycling Guide". Make it Missoula. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
155. OCLC 869757480. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. Street Numbering: Streets are numbered from Higgins Ave. E. and W.; from Front St. N. and S.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
     )
156. ^ ^{a b} "History of Missoula's Northside and Westside neighborhoods" (PDF). North Missoula Community Development Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
157. ^ "Missoula Greater Downtown Master Plan" (PDF). City of Missoula. August 19, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
158. ^ "Missoula Neighborhood Councils". City of Missoula. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
159. ^ "Historic Districts". Historic Missoula. Missoula's Office of Planning and Grants. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
160. ^ "City of Missoula Parks, Open Space & Trail Map" (PDF). City of Missoula. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
161. ^ "U.S. 12 Michigan to Washington: Highway History". Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
162. ^ "U.S. 93 Reaching for the Border: Highway History". Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
163. ^ Mathews, Allan J. (April 2008). "Missoula's Streetcars and Streetlights: An Historic Overview" (PDF). WGM Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
164. ^ "Missoula Downtown Historic District" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet. Missoula's Office of Planning and Grants. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
165. ^ "Mountain Line". Retrieved March 25, 2023.
166. ^ "Mountain Line". Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
167. ^ "UDASH". University of Montana. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
168. ^ "Zero Fare". Mountain Line. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
169. ^ "Northern Pacific Railroad Depot". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. 85000644. Archived from the original on August 26, 2015.
170. ^ Straub, Noelle (February 24, 2008). "Tester gets OK for Amtrak route study". Independent Record. Helena. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
171. ^ "Commuting in the United States: 2009" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
172. ^ McKenzie, Brian (August 2015). "Who Drives to Work? Commuting by Automobile in the United States: 2013" (PDF). American Survey Reports. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
173. ^ "A record again: Missoula air traffic up in 2018 for fifth consecutive year". Missoulian.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2019. 2011 was a record-breaking year with over 582,821 passengers traveling through our terminal.
174. ^ "State of Montana Air Carrier/Commuter Flights and Passengers Statistics" (PDF). Montana Department of Transportation. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
175. ^ O'Brien, Edward (July 29, 2015). "Neptune Aviation Announces Charter Flights Between Missoula and Billings". Missoula: Montana Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015.
176. ^ Service to Billings is by charter.^[175]
177. ^ "Non‑Stop Destinations". Missoula International Airport. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
178. ^ "Facts and Figures". Missoula International Airport. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
179. OL 8965072W. Archived
     from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
180. ISSN 2329-647X. Archived from the original
     on January 21, 2016.
181. OL 15108719W. Archived
     from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
182. ISSN 2329-647X. Archived from the original
     on January 21, 2016.
183. OL 8203372M
     . Dana Carvey . . . Born: June 2, 1955, Missoula
184. ^ Browning, Skylar (April 12, 2007). "Demystifying David Lynch". Missoula Independent. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. he was born in Missoula in 1946
185. ^ Hood, Leroy (2002). "My Life and Adventures Integrating Biology and Technology: A Commemorative Lecture for the 2002 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technologies" (PDF). Institute for Systems Biology. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. I was born in October of 1938 in Missoula, Montana, a beautiful town split by a rapidly flowing river and lying at the convergence of two forested mountain ranges.
186. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Carroll O'Connor, the UM graduate best known for his portrayal of the outspoken Bunker on the television series All In The Family
     .
187. ^ Schweber, Nate (Spring 2015). "Family Ties" (PDF). Montanan. Vol. 32, no. 2. University of Montana. pp. 16–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. 'One of the first things Damien said was, "I don't want you to be intimidated by the musical aspects of this. I can shoot this in a way to make you look good, like you know what you're doing"', Simmons says. 'I said, "Let me stop you right there. Forty years ago I was a music major at the University of Montana. I conducted pit orchestra, and I can read these charts. I'm not just some actor who's going to be waving his arms around.'
188. ^ "Blue Mountain Meadow". David Maslanka. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015. Blue Mountain is my favorite nature-walk place in the Missoula, Montana area where I live.
189. ^ "Famous Montanans: Jeff Ament of Pearl Jam". State of Montana. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
190. ISSN 0746-4495. Archived
     from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Missoula resident Hank Green sat down for a face-to-face interview with President Barack Obama in the East Room of the White House on Thursday, and the whole thing was live-streamed on YouTube.
191. ^ "Harold C. Urey". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 24, 2015. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
192. ^ Adams, John (October 25, 2007). "A Nobel cause: Q&A with UM climate guru Steve Running". Missoula Independent. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Running . . . Missoula's first Nobel laureate since UM professor Harold Urey received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1934 . . .
193. ^ "K. Ross Toole Papers, 1867–1992 (bulk 1961–1981)". Archives West. Orbis Cascade Alliance. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. This collection largely contains correspondence, research materials and writings, and faculty materials from 1961, when he was named the A. B. Hammond Professor of Western History at the University of Montana in Missoula, to his death in 1981. . . . Kenneth Ross Toole was born August 8, 1920 in Missoula, Montana.
194. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
     from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
195. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived
     from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. James Crumley, 68, whose poetic and violent tales of crime in the American West made him a patron saint of the post-Vietnam private eye novel, died of complications from kidney and pulmonary diseases . . . in Missoula, Mont., where he lived.
196. ^ Bolin, Alice (May 14, 2012). "At the Grave of Richard Hugo". The Paris Review Daily. The Paris Review. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
197. ISSN 2329-647X. Archived from the original
     on January 21, 2016.
198. ^ ^{a b} "Sister Cities". Missoula Cultural Council. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
199. ^ "New Zealand Day". Missoula Cultural Council. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
200. ^ "Germanfest". Missoula Cultural Council. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
201. OL 2059308M. Archived
     from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. Painted on one side of our Sunday school wall were the words, God Is Love. We always assumed that these three words were spoken directly to the four of us in our family and had no reference to the world outside, which my brother and I soon discovered was full of bastards, the number increasing rapidly the farther one gets from Missoula, Montana.
202. OL 5198220M
     .
203. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
     from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
204. ^ Krakauer, Jon. "Missoula". Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
205. ^ Samuels, Jocelyn; Cotter, Michael (February 14, 2014). "The United States' Investigation of the Missoula County Attorney's Office" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
206. ^ "The Sexual Assault Crisis on American Campuses". Time. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
207. ISSN 0362-4331
     . Retrieved June 2, 2022.
208. ^ "U.S. Justice officials accuse Montana prosecutor of gender bias in rape cases". Reuters. February 15, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
209. ^ Liebelson, Dana. ""She might have had a case if she had been unconscious during the rape"". Mother Jones. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
210. ^ "Jon Krakauer Tells A 'Depressingly Typical' Story Of College Town Rapes". Weekend Edition Sunday. Washington, D.C.: NPR. April 29, 2015. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
211. ^ "Krakauer's Missoula and the scrutiny of reporters who cover rape". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
212. ^ "Going to Court in Jon Krakauer's "Missoula"". The New Yorker. April 24, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
213. ^ Szpaller, Keila (April 18, 2015). "Krakauer: Missoula County attorney's actions 'egregious'". missoulian.com. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
214. ^
     OL 15541192W
     .
215. ^ Doak, Chase (April 7, 2018). "5 things 'Far Cry 5' gets right about Montana, and 5 things it gets wrong". Billings Gazette. Retrieved February 8, 2023.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Missoula, Montana.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Missoula, Montana.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Missoula".

• Official website
• Missoula Visitors Bureau
• Missoula Chamber of Commerce
• Missoula, Montana at
  Curlie
• "Missoula" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
• Missoula Collection Guide (University of Montana Archives)
• City of Missoula (Mont.) Records, 1883-2009 (University of Montana Archives)

Cultural heritage resources

• Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library Archives and Special Collections
• The Historical Museum at Fort Missoula's Public Research Boxes
• Missoula Art Museum's Online Collections Database