Negro–Branco moist forests
Negro–Branco moist forests | |
---|---|
Ecology | |
Realm | Neotropical |
Biome | Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests – Amazon |
Bird species | 486 |
Mammal species | 194 |
Geography | |
Area | 212,897 km2 (82,200 sq mi) |
Countries | Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela |
Coordinates | 1°46′34″N 66°14′56″W / 1.776°N 66.249°W |
Geology | Guiana Shield |
Rivers | Rio Negro, Rio Branco, Guaviare, Inírida, Vichada River, Ventuari |
The Negro–Branco moist forests (NT0143) is an
Location
The ecoregion has an area of 21,289,702 hectares (52,608,000 acres)[1] It overlays the Casiquiare Rift.[2] The center of the ecoregion is in the extreme south of Venezuela, and covers part of the Parima Tapirapecó National Park. It extends west into Colombia, where it includes the south of El Tuparro National Natural Park, and extends to the southeast into the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Roraima, including part of the Pico da Neblina National Park.[1] It adjoins the Caquetá and Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests to the south, the Llanos grasslands to the north, the Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests to the east and the Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests to the southeast. It also adjoins or contains areas of
Hydrology
The Negro-Branco moist forests ecoregion is on the watershed between the
The blackwater Vichada River forms the northern border in Colombia, and the clearwater Ventuari River forms the northern border in Venezuela, both tributaries of the Orinoco. In Colombia the whitewater Guaviare and Inírida rivers are in the Orinoco Basin. The southern border in Colombia is defined by the middle Guaviare and by the upper reaches of the blackwater Guainía / Rio Negro to the Venezuela-Colombia border. In Venezuela the blackwater Casiquiare canal, a distributary of the Orinoco, feeds the Guainia/Negro River. The Rio Negro defines the southern border in Brazil to the whitewater Rio Branco.[4]
Environment
The ecoregion is on the ancient Guiana Shield, a craton formed in the Precambrian. Elevations range from 120 metres (390 ft) in the west to over 400 metres (1,300 ft) in the east in Venezuela.[4] Terrain includes lowland plains, rolling hills and low sandstone plateaus.[1] Until recently the lowland plains of the region were covered in lakes and seas, which deposited layers of sediment. Soil types are generally poor in nutrients, mainly podzols on the old alluvial terraces.[4]
The ecoregion is part of the Río Negro-Juruá Moist Forests, a global ecoregion, the other parts being the Caquetá, Solimões–Japurá and Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests. The reasonably intact global ecoregion has high annual rainfall, diverse soils and varied terrain, resulting in a high level of biodiversity. It has not been studied in great depth by scientists.[5]
Flora
The Negro–Branco moist forests are in the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome of the neotropical realm.[1] Vegetation includes flooded and terrra firme lowland moist forest, tall or medium-tall campinarana lowland forest, patches of shrubs and herbaceous savanna-like meadows. Forests are typical of the Guiana region, with a different mix of plants from the classical Amazon rainforest. Humiriaceae, Rapateaceae, Tepuianthaceae, Theaceae and Xyridaceae are common families that do not belong to the Amazon flora. The forests hold relatively few epiphytes or lianas compared to other parts of the western Amazon region.[4]
The flat Casiquiare peneplain in Venezuela holds forests, savannas and other formations. It contains blackwater and whitewater rivers, which create igapó and várzea forest along their flooded banks. There are seasonally flooded and terra firme evergreen lowland forests reaching 40 metres (130 ft), and low evergreen flooded palm forests that reach 20 metres (66 ft). The dominant trees of the low palm forests are Mauritia flexuosa, Mauritiella aculeata, and dense groups of Euterpe catinga, Iriartea setigera, and Socratea exorrhiza.[4]
The 40 metres (130 ft) terra firme forest holds Lecointea amazonica, Clathrotropis glaucophylla, Peltogyne venosa, and species in the Ocotea, Nectandra, Licania, Trichilia, Guarea, Toulicia, Erisma, and Ruizterania genera. The tall canopy forests also hold trees of the Oenocarpus, Socratea, Leopoldinia, and Bactris genera. There are patches of campinarana on white sands near the border of Venezuela and Colombia. There is a high level of endemism of flora including the genera . The economically valuable palm Leopoldinia piassaba is endemic to the ecoregion.[4]
In the Rio Negro basin the many blackwater streams and small rivers flood a large area of igapó forest for 5–6 months each year. The canopy is up to 35 metres (115 ft) high. Common species are Virola elongata, Eschweilera longipes, Eschweilera pachysepala, Aldina latifolia, and Pithecellobium amplissimum.[4]
Fauna
There are 194 species of mammals, including a few endemic species such as
There are many reptiles and amphibians. Snakes include fer-de-lance (Bothrops asper), palm pit-vipers (Bothriechis species), coral snakes (Micrurus genus), boa constrictors (Boa constrictor) and bushmasters (Lachesis muta). There are many green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and tegus lizards (Tupinambis genus).[4] 486 species of birds have been recorded, a relatively low number for the Amazon region. They include the endemic
Threats
The ecoregion covers most of the Alto Orinoco-Casiquiare Biosphere Reserve. A small part of the ecoregion is in the Pico da Neblina National Park. There are few threats to the ecoregion, which is inaccessible and has no roads. The forest is largely intact. People in riverine communities engage in small-scale rotation agriculture. There is some low-level logging and in some areas the understory is routinely burned by Brazil nut collectors. Leaves of the Leopoldinia piassaba palm are harvested to make brooms for sale internationally, and this may be unsustainable.[4]
References
- ^ a b c d e Negro-Branco moist forests – Myers.
- ^ Hammond 2005, p. 491.
- ^ WildFinder – WWF.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sears & Marín.
- ^ Río Negro-Juruá Moist Forests – WWF.
Bibliography
- Hammond, D. S. (2005), Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield: Ancient Forests in a Modern World, CABI, ISBN 978-1-84593-092-9, retrieved 9 March 2017
- "Negro-Branco moist forests", Global Species, Myers Enterprises II, retrieved 2017-03-09
- Río Negro-Juruá Moist Forests, WWF Global, retrieved 2017-03-09
- Sears, Robin; Marín, César, Northern South America: Eastern Colombia into Venezuela and Brazil, WWF: World Wildlife Fund, retrieved 2017-03-10
- WildFinder, WWF: World Wildlife Fund, retrieved 2017-03-09