Nordic race

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the historical race concept. For the ideology, see Nordicism.
"Nordish" redirects here. For the English cricketer, see Thomas Nordish.

The Nordic race is an obsolete

dolichocephalic skull; their psychological traits were deemed to be truthfulness, equitability, a competitive spirit, naivete, reservedness, and individualism.[7] In the early 20th century, the belief that the Nordic race constituted the superior branch of the Caucasian race gave rise to the ideology of Nordicism
.

With the rise of modern genetics, the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete.[8] In 2019, the American Association of Biological Anthropologists stated: "The belief in 'races' as natural aspects of human biology, and the structures of inequality (racism) that emerge from such beliefs, are among the most damaging elements in the human experience both today and in the past."[9]

Background

The Russian-born French anthropologist Joseph Deniker initially proposed "nordique" (meaning simply "northern") as an "ethnic group" (a term that he coined). He defined nordique by a set of physical characteristics: the concurrence of somewhat wavy hair, light eyes, reddish skin, tall stature and a

dolichocephalic skull.[10] Of six 'Caucasian' groups Deniker accommodated four into secondary ethnic groups, all of which he considered intermediate to the Nordic: Northwestern, Sub-Nordic, Vistula and Sub-Adriatic, respectively.[11][12]

Henry Keane's Man, Past and Present (1899) shows a Dane as an example of the Nordic type.

The notion of a distinct northern European race was also rejected by several anthropologists on craniometric grounds. German anthropologist Rudolf Virchow attacked the claim following a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results according to contemporary scientific racist theories on the "Aryan race". During the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe, Virchow denounced the "Nordic mysticism", while Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated that the people of Europe, be they German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races", furthermore declaring that the "results of craniology" led to "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race".[13]

Irishman
as an example of the Nordic type.

Other supposed "Caucasian sub-races" were the

Iranid race, East Baltic race, and the Mediterranean race
.

William Z. Ripley (1899)

American economist

stature
.

Compared to Deniker, Ripley advocated a simplified racial view and proposed the concept of a single Teutonic race linked to geographic areas where Nordic-like characteristics predominate, and contrasted these areas to the boundaries of two other types, Alpine and Mediterranean, thus reducing the "caucasoid branch of humanity" to three distinct groups.[15]

Early 20th century theories

"Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics" — Map from The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant showing early hypothesized migrations of Nordic peoples.
See also: Nordicism

By 1902 the German archaeologist Gustaf Kossinna identified the original Aryans (Proto-Indo-Europeans) with the north German Corded Ware culture, an argument that gained in currency over the following two decades. He placed the Indo-European Urheimat in Schleswig-Holstein, arguing that they had expanded across Europe from there.[16] By the early 20th century this theory was well-established, though far from universally accepted.[citation needed] Sociologists were soon using the concept of a "blond race" to model the migrations of the supposedly more entrepreneurial and innovative components of European populations.

By the early 20th century, Ripley's tripartite Nordic/Alpine/Mediterranean model was well established. Most 19th century race-theorists like Arthur de Gobineau, Otto Ammon, Georges Vacher de Lapouge and Houston Stewart Chamberlain preferred to speak of "Aryans", "Teutons", and "Indo-Europeans" instead of a "Nordic race". The British-born German racialist Houston Stewart Chamberlain considered the Nordic race to be made up of Celtic and Germanic peoples, as well as some Slavs. Chamberlain called those people Celt-Germanic peoples, and his ideas would influence the ideology of Nordicism and Nazism.

Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant showing the expansion of the Nordics and Alpines
in Europe from the 1st century BC to the 11th century AD.

Madison Grant, in his 1916 book The Passing of the Great Race, took up Ripley's classification. He described a "Nordic" or "Baltic" type:

"long skulled, very tall, fair skinned, with blond, brown or red hair and light coloured eyes. The Nordics inhabit the countries around the North and Baltic Seas and include not only the great Scandinavian and Teutonic groups, but also other early peoples who first appear in southern Europe and in Asia as representatives of Aryan language and culture."[17]

According to Grant, the "Alpine race", shorter in stature, darker in colouring, with a rounder head, predominated in Central and Eastern Europe through to Turkey and the Eurasian steppes of Central Asia and Southern Russia. The "Mediterranean race", with dark hair and eyes, aquiline nose, swarthy complexion, moderate-to-short stature, and moderate or long skull was said to be prevalent in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[18][19]

Only in the 1920s did a strong partiality for "Nordic" begin to reveal itself, and for a while the term was used almost interchangeably with Aryan.[20] Later, however, Nordic would not be co-terminous with Aryan, Indo-European or Germanic.[21] For example, the later Nazi minister for Food, Richard Walther Darré, who had developed a concept of the German peasantry as a Nordic race, used the term 'Aryan' to refer to the tribes of the Iranian plains.[21]

In Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Racial Science of the German People), published 1922, Hans F. K. Günther identified five principal European races instead of three, adding the East Baltic race (related to the Alpine race) and Dinaric race (related to the Nordic race) to Ripley's categories. This work was influential in Ewald Banse's publication of Die Rassenkarte von Europa in 1925 which combined research by Deniker, Ripley, Grant, Otto Hauser, Günther, Eugen Fischer and Gustav Kraitschek.[22]

Carleton S. Coon (1939)

Carleton S. Coon in his book of 1939 The Races of Europe subdivided the Nordic race into three main types, "Corded", "Danubian" and "Hallstatt", besides a "Neo-Danubian" type[23] and a variety of Nordic types altered by Upper Palaeolithic or Alpine admixture.[24][25][26] Types found in "places distant from the present northwestern European center of Nordic concentration" that he determined to be morphologically Nordic, were called "Exotic Nordics".[27]

Coon took the Nordics to be a partially depigmented branch of the greater Mediterranean racial stock.

Earnest Albert Hooton, who in the same year published Twilight of Man, which stated: "The Nordic race is certainly a depigmented offshoot from the basic long-headed Mediterranean stock. It deserves separate racial classification only because its blond hair (ash or golden), its pure blue or grey eyes".[29][28]

Coon suggested that the Nordic type emerged as a result of a mixture of "the Danubian Mediterranean strain with the later Corded element". Hence his two main Nordic types show Corded and Danubian predominance, respectively .[30] A third "Hallstatt" type Coon took to have emerged in the European Iron Age, in Central Europe, where he said that it was subsequently mostly replaced, but "found a refuge in Sweden and in the eastern valleys of southern Norway."[31]

Coon's theories on race were widely disputed in his lifetime,

pseudoscientific in modern anthropology.[33][34][35][36][37]

Post-World War II theories

Polish
encyclopedia used this image as example of the "Nordic race"

The depigmentation theory received notable support from later anthropologists, thus in 1947 Melville Jacobs noted: "To many physical anthropologists Nordic means a group with an especially high percentage of blondness, which represent a depigmentated Mediterranean".[38] In her work Races of Man (1963, 2nd Ed. 1965) Sonia Mary Cole went further to argue that the Nordic race belongs to the "brunette Mediterranean" Caucasoid division but that it differs only in its higher percentage of blonde hair and light eyes. The Harvard anthropologist Claude Alvin Villee Jr. also was a notable proponent of this theory, writing: "The Nordic division, a partially depigmised branch of the Mediterranean group."[39] Collier's Encyclopedia as late as 1984 contains an entry for this theory, citing anthropological support.[40]

The Swedish anthropologist Bertil Lundman introduced the term "Nordid" to describe the Nordic race in his book The Races and Peoples of Europe (1977) as:

"The Nordid race is light-eyed, mostly rather light-haired, low-skulled and long-skulled (dolichocephalic), tall and slender, with more or less narrow face and narrow nose, and low frequency of blood type gene q. The Nordid race has several subraces. The most divergent is the Faelish subrace in western Germany and also in the interior of southwestern Norway. The Faelish subrace is broader of face and form. So is the North-Atlantid subrace (the North-Occidental race of Deniker), which is like the primary type, but has much darker hair. Above all in the oceanic parts of Great Britain the North-Atlantic subrace is also very high in blood type gene r and low in blood type gene p. The major type with distribution particularly in Scandinavia is here termed the Scandid or Scando-Nordid subrace."

Some forensic scientists, pathologists and anthropologists up to the 1990s continued to use the tripartite division of Caucasoids: Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean, based on their cranial anthropometry. The anthropologist Wilton M. Krogman for example identified Nordic racial crania in his work "The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine" (1986) as being "dolichochranic".[41]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ISBN 9780745631776
    . Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  2. ISBN 9780313392030
    .
  3. ISBN 9780912646374
    . Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  4. ISBN 9780745631776
    . Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  5. ^ File:Passing of the Great Race - Map 4.jpg
  6. ^ Grant, Madison (1921) The Passing of the Great Race, New York: Scribner's Sons. p.167
  7. ^ Gunther, Hans F. K. (1927). The Racial Elements of European History. Translated by Wheeler, G. C. London: Methuen. p. 3.
  8. ^ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Race does not provide an accurate representation of human biological variation. It was never accurate in the past, and it remains inaccurate when referencing contemporary human populations. Humans are not divided biologically into distinct continental types or racial genetic clusters.
  9. ^ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  10. ^ "Deniker, J., The Races of Man". nordish.net. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  11. ^ Deniker, J. - Les Races de l'Europe (1899);The Races of Man (London: Walter Scott Ltd., 1900);Les Races et les Peuples de la Terre (Masson et Cie, Paris, 1926)
  12. ^ Deniker (J.) "Essai d'une classification des races humaines, basée uniquement sur les caractères physiques". Bulletins de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris. Volume 12 Numéro 12. 1889. pp. 320-336.
  13. ^ Andrea Orsucci, "Ariani, indogermani, stirpi mediterranee: aspetti del dibattito sulle razze europee (1870–1914) Archived 2012-12-18 at archive.today, Cromohs, 1998 (in Italian)
  14. ^ William Z. Ripley, in The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1899)
  15. ^ J.G. (1899). "review of The Races of Europe by William Z. Ripley". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 29 (1/2): 188–189.
  16. ISBN 978-0-226-02860-6
    .
  17. ^ Madison Grant, "The Passing of the Great Race", Scribner's Sons, 1921, p. 167
  18. ISBN 978-0-8135-3123-6
    .
  19. ISBN 978-0-415-16723-9
    .
  20. JSTOR 2708681
    .
  21. ^
    ISBN 0-946041-33-4
    , p. 39&40
  22. ^ Gunther, Hans F. K., The Racial Elements of European History, translated by G. C. Wheeler, Methuen & Co. LTD, London, 1927
  23. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 31. Archived from the original on 2010-05-14. The term Neo-Danubian has been used in this work to designate a general class of central and eastern European blond or partially blond brachycephals who seem to be derived in a racial sense from a de-Corded Nordic (and hence Danubian) prototype brachycephalized by Ladogan admixture.
  24. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 32. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  25. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 33. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  26. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 34. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  27. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 30. Archived from the original on 2010-05-14.
  28. ^ a b Melville Jacobs, Bernhard Joseph Stern. General anthropology. Barnes & Noble, 1963. P. 57.
  29. Earnest Albert Hooton
    , G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1939 p. 77.
  30. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 27. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010.
  31. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 29. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  32. S2CID 86739986
    .
  33. JSTOR j.ctvpj76k0.11 – via JSTOR, "For more than four decades beginning in the late 1930s, the Harvard anthropologist Carleton Coon wrote a series of big books for an ever shrinking audience in which he pushed a pseudoscientific racial angle of analysis."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link
    )
  34. PMID 25950769
    .
  35. S2CID 146652143, "Most disturbingly for liberal anthropologists, the new generation of racist "pseudoscience" threatened to return to mainstream respectability in 1962 with the publication of Carleton Coon’s The Origin of Races (Coon 1962)."{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link
    )
  36. ISBN 9781565848870, "Carleton Coon, whose The Origin of Races [...] claimed that Homo sapiens evolved five different times, blacks last. Its poor reception by anthropologists, followed by evidence from archaeology and paleontology that mankind evolved once, and in Africa, finally put an end to such pseudoscience."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link
    )
  37. ISBN 978-0-230-11829-4, "Carleton Coon fully embraced typology as a way to determine the basis of racial and ethnic difference [...] Unfortunately for him, American anthropology increasingly equated typology with pseudoscience."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link
    )
  38. ^ Outline of Physical Anthropology, 1947, p. 49.
  39. ^ Biology, 1972, Saunders, p. 786.
  40. ^ Collier's Encyclopedia, Vol. 9, William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman, Macmillan Educational Co., 1984, p. 412.
  41. ^ "The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine", Wilton Marion Krogman, M. Yaşar İşcan, C.C. Thomas, 1986, p. 270, p. 489.
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