North African elephant
North African elephant | |
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Roman mosaic at Ostia Antica, Italy | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Proboscidea |
Family: | Elephantidae |
Genus: | Loxodonta |
Species: | |
Subspecies: | †L. a. pharaoensis
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Trinomial name | |
†Loxodonta africana pharaoensis Deraniyagala, 1948
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The North African elephant (Loxodonta africana pharaohensis) is an extinct subspecies of the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), or possibly a separate elephant species, that existed in North Africa, north of the Sahara, until it died out in Roman times. These were the famous war elephants used by Carthage in the Punic Wars, their conflict with the Roman Republic. Although the subspecies has been formally described,[2][3] it has not been widely recognized by taxonomists. Other names for this animal include the North African forest elephant, Carthaginian elephant, and Atlas elephant. Originally, its natural range probably extended across North Africa and down to the present Sudanese and Eritrean coasts.
Description
Carthaginian frescoes[4] and coins minted by whoever controlled North Africa at various times show very small elephants, perhaps 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) at the shoulder, with the large ears and concave back typical of modern African elephants. The North African elephant was smaller than the modern African bush elephant (L. a. africana), probably similar in size to the modern African forest elephant (L. cyclotis).
History
The North African elephant was a significant animal in Nubian culture. They were depicted on the walls of temples and on Meroitic lamps. Kushite kings also utilize war elephants, which are believed to have been kept and trained in the "Great Enclosure" at Musawwarat al-Sufa. The Kingdom of Kush provided these war elephants to the Egyptians, Ptolemies and Syrians.[5]
After they conquered Sicily in 242 BC, the Romans tried to capture some specimens that had been left behind in the middle of the island by the Carthaginians, but failed in the endeavor. The elephants with which Hannibal crossed the Pyrenees and the Alps in order to invade Italy during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) belonged to this group, with the exception of Hannibal's personal animal, Surus (meaning "the Syrian," or possibly "One-Tusker").[6] This individual, according to his documented name and large size, may have been a Syrian elephant (Elephas maximus asurus), which was possibly a subspecies of the Asian elephant that became extinct shortly after Hannibal invaded Italy, but before the extinction of the North African elephant.[citation needed]
The North African elephant was also used by the
During the reign of Augustus, about 3,500 elephants were killed in Roman circus games,[7][specify] and this prolonged use as a beast in games of baiting along with hunting would drive the species to extinction at the 4th century AD.[8]
Taxonomic uncertainty
Given the relatively recent date of its disappearance, the status of this population can probably be resolved through
See also
References
- ^ Pritisk, Yuri (November 2019). "North African or Carthaginian elephant (Loxodonta africana pharaohensis)". Smithsonian magazine. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
- .
- ^ tunisie : Tunisie, Carthage, la ville disparue
- ISBN 9789774164781.
- S2CID 162984205.
- ISBN 978-1-4351-0121-0.
- ^ Pritisk, Yuri (November 2019). "North African or Carthaginian elephant (Loxodonta africana pharaohensis)". Smithsonian magazine. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- PMID 30051821.