Elephantidae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the family of proboscideans. For the common name, see Elephant.

Elephantidae
Temporal range: Late Miocene–Holocene
A male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in the wild at Bandipur National Park in India
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Proboscidea
Superfamily: Elephantoidea
Family: Elephantidae
Gray, 1821
Type genus
Elephas
Genera[3]
Synonyms[4]
  • Elephasidae Lesson, 1842

Elephantidae is a

living
.

The family was first described by John Edward Gray in 1821,[5] and later assigned to taxonomic ranks within the order Proboscidea. Elephantidae has been revised by various authors to include or exclude other extinct proboscidean genera.

Description

Elephantids are distinguished from more primitive proboscideans like

gomphotheres by their teeth, which have parallel lophs, formed from the merger of the cusps found in the teeth of more primitive proboscideans, which are bound by cement.[6] In later elephantids, these lophs became narrow lamellae,[7] with the number of lophs/lamellae per tooth, as well as the tooth crown height (hypsodonty) increasing over time.[8] Elephantids chew using a proal jaw movement involving a forward stroke of the lower jaws, different from the oblique movement using side to side motion of the jaws in more primitive proboscideans.[9] The most primitive elephantid Stegotetrabelodon had a long lower jaw with lower tusks and retained permanent premolars similar to many gomphotheres, while modern elephantids lack permanent premolars, with the lower jaw being shortened (brevirostrine) and lower tusks being absent.[8]

Comparison of teeth

Classification

See also:
Elephants
Phylogeny of recent and Late Pleistocene elephantid species, including Palaeoloxodon and mammoths, showing the hybridisation between African forest elephants and Palaeoloxodon, after Palkopoulou et al. 2018
"Man, and the elephant" plate from Hawkins's A comparative view of the human and animal frame, 1860
French Museum of Natural History

Some authors have suggested to classify the family into two subfamilies, Stegotetrabelodontinae, which is monotypic, only containing Stegotetrabelodon, and Elephantinae, containing all other elephantids.

Loxodonta, with Palaeoloxodon closely related to Loxodonta. Palaeoloxodon also appears to have received extensive hybridisation with the African forest elephant, and to a lesser extent with mammoths.[10]

Living species

Classification

Evolutionary history

Evolution of elephants from the ancient Eocene (bottom) to the modern day (top)

Elephantids are thought to have evolved from gomphotheres, with some authors proposing the most likely ancestors to be African species of the "tetralophodont gomphothere" Tetralophodon.[11] The earliest members of the family, are known from the Late Miocene, around 9–10 million years ago.[12] The modern genera of elephants and mammoths had diverged from each other by the end of the Miocene, around 5 million years ago. Elephantids began to migrate out of Africa during the Pliocene, with mammoths and Elephas arriving in Eurasia around 3–3.8 million years ago.[13] Around 1.5 million years ago, mammoths migrated into North America.[14] At the end of the Early Pleistocene, around 0.8 million years ago, Palaeoloxodon migrated out of Africa, becoming widespread across Eurasia, from Western Europe to Japan.[15] Palaeoloxodon and Mammuthus became extinct during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene, with the last population of mammoths persisting on Wrangel Island until around 4,000 years ago.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ H. T. Mackaye, M. Brunet, and P. Tassy. 2005. Selenetherium kolleensis nov. gen. nov. sp.: un nouveau Proboscidea (Mammalia) dans le Pliocène tchadien. Geobios 38(6):765-777
  2. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(95)80068-9
    .
  3. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.003
    .
  4. JSTOR 1006229
    .
  5. ^ Gray, John Edward (1821). "On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals". London Medical Repository. 15: 297–310.
  6. S2CID 883007
    .
  7. PMID 37580434
    .
  8. ^
    S2CID 245067102
    , retrieved 2023-11-21
  9. S2CID 214094348
    .
  10. PMID 29483247
    .
  11. S2CID 202024016
    .
  12. ^ H. Saegusa, H. Nakaya, Y. Kunimatsu, M. Nakatsukasa, H. Tsujikawa, Y. Sawada, M. Saneyoshi, T. Sakai Earliest elephantid remains from the late Miocene locality, Nakali, Kenya Scientific Annals, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece VIth International Conference on Mammoths and Their Relatives, vol. 102, Grevena -Siatista, special volume (2014), p. 175
  13. ISSN 2571-550X
    .
  14. S2CID 206639522
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-78570-965-4
    , retrieved 2020-04-14
  16. S2CID 203103403
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elephantidae&oldid=1220812089"