Notothenioidei
Notothenioidei Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
Six Notothenioidei, illustrations based on "Antarctic Fish and Fisheries" (K.-H. Kock, 1992) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Perciformes |
Suborder: | Notothenioidei Regan, 1913[1] |
Families | |
see text |
Notothenioidei is one of 19 suborders of the order Perciformes. The group is found mainly in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, with some species ranging north to southern Australia and southern South America.[2][3] Notothenioids constitute approximately 90% of the fish biomass in the continental shelf waters surrounding Antarctica.[4]
Evolution and geographic distribution
The Southern Ocean has supported fish habitats for 400 million years; however, modern notothenioids likely appeared sometime after the Eocene epoch.[3] This period marked the cooling of the Southern Ocean, resulting in the stable, frigid conditions that have persisted to the present day.[3] Another key factor in the evolution of notothenioids is the preponderance of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), a large, slow-moving current that extends to the seafloor and precludes most migration to and from the Antarctic region.[3] The earliest known notothenioid is the fossil Mesetaichthys from the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, which already shows close similarities with the extant Dissostichus.[5]
These unique environmental conditions in concert with the key evolutionary innovation of
They are distributed mainly throughout the Southern Ocean around the coasts of New Zealand, southern South America, and Antarctica.[8] An estimated 79% of species reside within the Antarctic region.[3] They primarily inhabit seawater temperatures between −2 and 4 °C (28 and 39 °F); however, some of the non-Antarctic species inhabit waters that may be as warm as 10 °C (50 °F) around New Zealand and South America.[9] Seawater temperatures below the freezing point of freshwater (0 °C or 32 °F) are possible due to the greater salinity in the Southern Ocean waters.[10] Notothenioids have an estimated depth range of about 0–1,500 m (0–4,921 ft).[3]
Anatomy
Notothenioids display a
Because notothenioids lack a swim bladder, the majority of species are
Physiology
Notothenioids have a variety of physiological and
Many notothenioid fishes are able to survive in the freezing, ice-laden waters of the Southern Ocean because of the presence of an antifreeze glycoprotein in blood and body fluids.[15] Although many of the Antarctic species have antifreeze proteins in their body fluids, not all of them do. Some non-Antarctic species either produce no or very little antifreeze, and antifreeze concentrations in some species are very low in young, larval fish.[3] They also possess aglomerular kidneys, an adaptation that aids the retention of these antifreeze proteins.[16]
While the majority of animal species have up to 45% of hemoglobin (or other oxygen-binding and oxygen-transporting pigments) in their blood, the notothenioids of the family Channichthyidae do not express any globin proteins in their blood.[17] As a result, the oxygen-carrying capacity of their blood is reduced to less than 10% that of other fishes.[17] This trait likely arose due to the high oxygen solubility of the Southern Ocean waters. At cold temperatures, the oxygen solubility of water is enhanced.[18] The loss of hemoglobin is partially compensated in these species by the presence of a large, slow-beating heart and enlarged blood vessels that transport a large volume of blood under low pressure to enhance cardiac output.[17][19] Despite these compensations, the loss of globin proteins still results in reduced physiological performance.[17]
Systematics
Naming
Notothenioidei was first described as a separate grouping, as a "division" he named Nototheniiformes, by the British ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan in 1913.[1], this subsequently has been considered as a suborder of the Percifomes.[20] The name is based on the genus Notothenia, a name coined by Sir John Richardson in 1841 and which means “coming from the south”, a reference to the Antarctic distribution of the genus.[21]
Families
This classification follows Eastman and Eakin, 2000[2] and includes references to additional classified species.[22][23] Most species are restricted to the vicinity of Antarctica.
- Genus †Mesetaichthys Bieńkowska-Wasiluk, Bonde, Møller & Gaździcki, 2013 (Eocene of Seymour Island)[5]
- Family Gill, 1862[24]
- Genus Bovichtus Valenciennes, 1832 [25]
- Genus Cottoperca Steindachner, 1875[25]
- Genus
- Family
- Genus Castelnau, 1872[26]
- Genus
- Family Eleginopsidae Gill, 1893[24]
- Genus Eleginops Gill, 1862 [27]
- Genus
- Family Nototheniidae Günther, 1861[24]
- Genus Aethotaxis H. H. DeWitt, 1962 [28]
- Genus Cryothenia Daniels, 1981[28]
- Genus Dissostichus Smitt, 1898[28]
- Genus Gobionotothen Balushkin, 1976[28]
- Genus Gvozdarus Balushkin, 1989[28]
- Genus Lepidonotothen Balushkin, 1976 [28]
- Genus Lindbergichthys Balushkin, 1979[28]
- Genus Notothenia Richardson, 1844[28]
- Genus Nototheniops Balushkin, 1976[28]
- Genus La Monte, 1936 P[28]
- Genus Paranotothenia Balushkin, 1976[28]
- Genus Patagonotothen Balushkin, 1976[28]
- Genus Pleuragramma Balushkin, 1982[28]
- Genus TrematomusBoulenger, 1902[28]
- Genus
- Family Harpagiferidae Gill, 1861[24]
- Genus Harpagifer Richardson, 1844 [29]
- Family Artedidraconidae Andriashev, 1967[24]
- Genus Artedidraco Lönnberg, 1905[30]
- Genus
- Genus Histiodraco Regan, 1914[30]
- Genus Pogonophryne Regan, 1914[30]
- Family Bathydraconidae Regan, 1913[24]
- Genus Acanthodraco Skóra, 1995 [31]
- Genus Akarotaxis DeWitt & Hureau, 1980 [31]
- Genus Bathydraco Günther, 1878[31]
- Genus
- Genus Gerlachea Dollo, 1900[31]
- Genus Gymnodraco Boulenger, 1902[31]
- Genus Parachaenichthys Boulenger, 1902[31]
- Genus Prionodraco Regan, 1914 (one species)[31]
- Genus Psilodraco Norman. 1937[31]
- Genus Racovitzia Dollo, 1900[31]
- Genus Vomeridens DeWitt & Hureau, 1980[31]
- Family Channichthyidae Gill, 1861[24]
- Genus Chaenocephalus Richardson, 1844 [32]
- Genus Chaenodraco Regan, 1914[32]
- Genus Champsocephalus Gill, 1861 (two species)[32]
- Genus Channichthys Richardson, 1844[32]
- Genus Chionobathyscus Andriashev & Neyelov, 1978[32]
- Genus Chionodraco Lönnberg, 1905[32]
- Genus Cryodraco Dollo, 1900[32]
- Genus Dacodraco Waite, 1916[32]
- Genus
- Genus Pagetopsis Regan, 1913[32]
- Genus Pseudochaenichthys Norman, 1937[32]
- Genus
References
- ^ a b Charles T. Regan (1913). "Antarctic fishes of the Scottish National Antarctic expedition". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B. 49 (Part II (Part 2)).
- ^ a b J. T. Eastman & R. R. Eakin (2000). "An updated species list for notothenioid fish (Percifomes; Notothenioidei), with comments on Antarctic species" (PDF). Arch. Fish. Mar. Res. 48 (1): 11–20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Eastman, Joseph (1993). Antarctic Fish Biology: Evolution in a Unique Environment. San Diego, California: Academic Press, Inc.
- ^ Gon, O and Heemstra, PC (1992). "Fishes of the Southern Ocean". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 67: 220–221.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ ISSN 1641-7291.
- PMID 21237811.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 22331888.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - S2CID 84516955.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Surface Temperature - NOAA's Science On a Sphere". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2018.
- . Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- PMID 10862723.
- S2CID 84943879.
- PMID 30231868.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 26085661.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 9108060.
- ISBN 978-0-19-878555-2.
- ^ PMID 16651546.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Dissolved Oxygen". University of Rhode Island Office of Marine Programs. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- S2CID 58589102.
- .
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021). "Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
- ^ Last, P.R., A.V. Balushkin and J.B. Hutchins (2002): Halaphritis platycephala (Notothenioidei: Bovichtidae): a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern Australia. Copeia 2002(2):433-440.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). Species of Channichthys in FishBase. February 2013 version.
- ^ PMID 25543675. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ a b c Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Bovichtidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Pseudaphritidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Eleginopsidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Notothenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Harpagiferidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Artedidraconidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Bathydraconidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Channichthyidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
Further reading
- Macdonald, J. A. (2004). "Notothenioidei (Southern Cod-Icefishes)". In M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, ...W. E. Duellman (Eds.), Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia (2nd ed., Vol. 5, pp. 321–329). Detroit: Gale.