Open-source religion

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Open-source religions employ

open-source and free-culture movement.[2]

Origin

In 1994, with his essay, "The Holy War: Mac vs. DOS," the scholar and novelist Umberto Eco popularized the use of religious metaphors in comparing operating system design and user experience.[3] By the late 1990s, the term "open-source religion" began appearing in technology magazines as a reference to the open-source Linux operating system's organizing principle and as an analogy for highlighting the philosophical differences between advocates of open-source vs. proprietary software.[4][5] In 2001, Daniel Kriegman began describing a religion he invented called Ozacua (later Yoism) as "the world's first opensource religion."[6][7] The concept of an "open source religion" was further expanded upon by the media theorist, Douglas Rushkoff in his book, Nothing's Sacred: The Truth about Judaism (2003), where he offered the following description as an introduction to Open Source Judaism:

An open source religion would work the same way as open source software development: it is not kept secret or mysterious at all. Everyone contributes to the codes we use to comprehend our place in the universe. We allow our religion to evolve based on the active participation of its people....An open source relationship to religion would likewise take advantage of the individual points of view of its many active participants to develop its more resolved picture of the world and our place within it.[8]

Discordianism, Copyleft, and open-source software

Page of the Principia Discordia that includes the following Copyright disclaimer, "Ⓚ ALL RIGHTS REVERSED – Reprint what you like," the earliest example of what would become a declaration of copyleft.
Discordian reference to the mythological Kallisti, or Apple of Discord, as an all rights reversed symbol.

Before the coinage of the term

underground publications.[9]

Commercial publishers are not likely to be interested in the Principia due, at least, to the counter copyright on it–for, if they had a good seller, then other publishers could print it out from under them. Consequently publication and distribution will have to occur spontaneously, thru the “underground”, as alternative cultures learn to meet their own needs and provide their own services. This non-commercial limitation of the Principia is to provide less limitations in other respects, and it is not an accident. The Principia is not simply a handbook, it is a demonstration.[10]

Via the counterculture, by the mid-1970s, the concept had influenced a generation of Discordians including the nascent hacker culture.[11] The project to create Tiny BASIC was proposed in Bob Albrecht and Dennis Allison's Dr. Dobb's Journal of Tiny BASIC Calisthenics & Orthodontia, a journal of the Homebrew Computer Club, a small group of computer hobbyists who began meeting in 1975 around Silicon Valley. The first lines of the source code for Tiny Basic as released in 1976 by Li-Chen Wang stated ‘(ↄ) COPYLEFT ALL WRONGS RESERVED’. In 1984–5 programmer Don Hopkins sent Richard Stallman a letter labeled "Copyleft—all rights reversed". Stallman chose the phrase to identify his free software method of distribution.[12] The relationship between Discordianism and "Kopyleft" remain part of the culture of Discordianism, as explained by the Discordian Rev. Dr. Jon Swabey in his Apocrypha Discordia.

Discordianism and the concept of KopyLeft go hand in hand. Although just a small part of the counter-culture gestalt, I believe that the Principia Discordia was probably one of the earliest expressions and strongest champions of this idea, which has since seen such concepts as the
Open Source Software initiative, with endeavours such as the Linux Operating System.”[13]

Open-source in established religious traditions

For established traditions whose canonical works, records of discourse, and inspired artworks reside in the

open content licensing provide a structure by which communities can innovate new religious systems collaboratively under the aegis of copyright law. For some religious movements, however, public access and literacy, and the potential of adaptive reuse also provide an opportunity for innovation and reform within established traditions. In an interview by Alan Jacobs in The Atlantic magazine on open-source religion, Aharon Varady (founding director of the Open Siddur Project) explained that "cultures breathe creativity like we breathe oxygen" arguing that open-source provides one possible strategy for keeping a tradition vibrant while also preserving historical works as non-proprietary during a period of transition from analog to digital media.[14]

Open-source Judaism

Although a work of radical 1960s Jewish counterculture rather than an explicitly religious work, the satirical songbook Listen to the mocking bird (Times Change Press, 1971) by

open-source" in 1998, essays and manifestos linking open-source and Judaism began appearing in 2002 among Jewish thinkers familiar with trends in new media and open-source software. In August 2002, Aharon Varady proposed the formation of an "Open Siddur," an open-source licensed user-generated content project for digitizing liturgical materials and writing the code needed for the web-to-print publishing of Siddurim (Jewish prayer books).[16] Meanwhile, media theorist Douglas Rushkoff began articulating his understanding of open-source in Judaism. "The object of the game, for me," Rushkoff explained, "was to recontextualize Judaism as an entirely Open Source proposition."[17]

Open-Source Judaism logo

The term "Open Source Judaism" first appeared in

open content
terms.

Beginning with the

open content licenses. The explicit objectives of these projects also began to differ from Rushkoff's "Open Source Judaism." Rather than seek reforms in religious practices or doctrines, these projects used Open Content licenses to empower users to access and create their own resources from a common store of canonical texts and associated translations and metadata. By 2012, open-source projects in Judaism were mainly active in facilitating collaboration in sharing resources for transcribing and translating existing works in the Public Domain, and for adaptation and dissemination of works being shared by copyright owners under Open Content licenses.[14]

Open-source Yoga

Following proprietary claims on Yoga movements by some Yoga instructors, Open Source Yoga Unity was formed in 2003 to assert that Yoga movements reside in the public domain. The organization provides a common voice, and the pooling of resources, to legally resist the application of a proprietary Copyright to any Yoga style thereby "ensuring its continued natural unfettered practice for all to enjoy and develop." The organization explains, that "while we appreciate the teachings of yoga teachers, we do not believe that they have the legal right to impose control over another's Yoga teaching or practice."[21] In Open Source Yoga Unity v. Bikram Choudhury (2005), the organization settled out of court, avoiding a federal court hearing to determine whether Bikram Choudhury's copyrighted sequence of 26 poses and two breathing exercises could be legally protected.[22]

Open-source Wicca

Concerned with the lack of a source text containing documentation on Wicca in the tradition of Gerald Gardner, Dr. Leo Ruickbie self-published Open Source Wicca: The Gardnerian Tradition (2007) for "putting you back in control of spirituality." The work, a collection of "the original foundation documents of Wicca" authored between 1949 and 1961, was published digitally and in print under a Creative Commons Attribution license.[23]

Open-source in establishing new religions

Several projects aiding individuals and communities in formulating their own belief systems cite inspiration from ideas common to the

open-source movement and self-identify as open-source religions or religious initiatives. The establishment of new religions through open-source methods is closely related to chaos magic, which emphasizes the pragmatic use of belief systems and the creation of new and unorthodox methods,[24] the difference being that any knowledge gained through such innovation is shared openly.[25]

Yoism

Yoism

According to one founder,

Einsteinian pantheism.[26][27][28] Inspired by the Linux operating system, Kriegman describes his religion as "open-source" and explains that, similar to open-source software projects, participants in Yoism do not owe their allegiance to any leader and that their sense of authority emerges via group consensus decision-making.[1][29][30] Yoism adopted the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike copyleft license for sharing original works in May 2015.[31]

Human Worship

Human Worship, or Open Religion, is an "eternal tradition of considering

skeptics
are the same holy persons as prophets.

Dudeism

Dudeism is a religion based mainly on Taoism and Epicureanism, but which uses the film The Big Lebowski as its primary liturgical vehicle. It has no strict doctrine and instead invites its ministers and followers to help decide its tenets. Its founder has frequently referred to Dudeism as an "open-source religion".[33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Charles Piller (2006-07-23). "Divine Inspiration From the Masses". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  2. ^ Crumm, David. "Open Source Religion". Assignment Zero. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  3. ^ Eco, Umberto (September 30, 1994). "The Holy War: Mac vs. DOS" (PDF). Espresso. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  4. ^ Liebmann, Lenny (May 10, 1999). "Say Hello to the 'Lintel' Reformation". Computerworld. 33 (19): 34. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  5. ^ Foster, Ed (June 6, 2001). "Apple padlocks UI decor". InfoWorld. 23 (24): 12. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  6. ^ "Ozacua: the Living Religion (5 April 2001)". ozacua.com. Daniel Kriegman. Archived from the original on April 19, 2001. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  7. ISBN 0-262-12249-9
    . Retrieved 11 March 2015. religion.
  8. ISBN 1400051398
    .
  9. ^ Clutterbuck, Brenton. "Chasing Eris: An Interlude on Copyleft". Historia Discordia. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  10. ^ "The Greater Poop #30, July/August 1970, Page 00001. | Historia Discordia". The Greater Poop (30): 1. July–August 1970. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  11. ^ Buxton, Kristin (2005-11-09). "The Lifecycle of the Principia Discordia: The dissemination of the religion disguised as a joke and joke disguised as a religion". The Lazarus Corporation. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  12. ISBN 1-56592-582-3
    .
  13. ^ Swabey, Jon (2001). Apocrypha Discordia (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  14. ^ a b Jacobs, Alan (2012-06-12). "The Potential and Promise of Open-Source Judaism". The Atlantic Magazine Online. The Atlantic Magazine. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  15. ^ Kupferberg, Naphtali (1971). Listen to the Mocking Bird: Satiric Songs to Tunes You Know. Washington, New Jersey: Times Change Press. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  16. ^ Varady, Aharon (2002-08-09). "update 2002-08-08". Aharon's Omphalos. Aharon Varady. Retrieved 16 June 2014. and Varady, Aharon. "The Open Siddur Project". Aharon Varady's Homepage. The Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on October 13, 2002. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  17. ^ Rushkoff, Douglas. "Open-Source Religion". G4 TV - The Screen Savers. G4 TV. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  18. ISBN 1400051398
    .
  19. ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Rachel (2003-06-11). "Is Judaism Becoming Irrelevant?". AlterNet. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  20. ^ Douglas Rushkoff (2003). Nothing Sacred: The Truth about Judaism. Three Rivers Press.
  21. ^ "About Open Source Yoga Unity". Open Source Yoga Unity Facebook Page. Facebook. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  22. ^ Open Source Yoga Unity v. Bikram Choudhury (N.D. Cal., 4/1/05, No. C 03–3182 PJH)
  23. ^ Ruickbie, Leo. "Open Source Wicca". Leo Ruickbie. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  24. ISBN 9781567183368
    .
  25. ^ A.o.C., Fra. "Open Source Magic". Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  26. ^ Gary Craig (2011-04-11). "Civil commitment still evolving in N.Y." Rochester Democrat and Chronicle.
  27. ^ Kean, Sam (May–June 2009). "Open to Revisions". Search Magazine. Retrieved 2010-09-19. [Daniel Kriegman] based the [...] religion on a cocktail of rational inquiry, empiricism, and science. [...] To this rationalism [...] Kriegman mixed in a healthy dram of the pantheistic god of Spinoza (above) and Einstein [...]
  28. ^ Forni, Alberto (January 2010). "Yoism on Italian Radio". dISPENSER. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Yoism is a complex system that incorporates elements of philosophy and diverse religious backgrounds, ranging from the pantheism of Spinoza to Mahayana Buddhism, up to Taoism [...]
  29. ^ Gunderson, Matt (January 11, 2004). "Taking 'yo' off the street and into church". Globe Newspaper Company. Archived from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  30. ^ Demare, Carol (December 9, 2009). "Religion called Yoism plays role in appeal". Albany Times Union, Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  31. ^ "Creative Commons Copyleft License". Yoism. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  32. ^ Open Soul: Holy Scripture of Human Worship. Retrieved 5 October 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  33. ^ Theødor (2017-08-31). "What you could learn from the founder of Dudeism". Medium. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  34. ^ "Top 10 Churches Where God Is Not Worshiped". Listverse. 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2019-04-07.

Further reading

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-source_religion&oldid=1218941815"