Twelve Tribes communities

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Christian communities. For other uses, see Twelve Tribes (disambiguation).

Twelve Tribes
Classification
Structure
Apostolic Council[2]
RegionNorth America, South America, Western Europe, Australia[3]
FounderElbert "Gene" Spriggs
Origin1972
Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
Members2,500–3,000[4]
Official websitewww.twelvetribes.org
A Twelve Tribes dance

The Twelve Tribes, formerly known as the Vine Christian Community Church,[5] the Northeast Kingdom Community Church,[6] the Messianic Communities,[6] and the Community Apostolic Order,[7] is a movement that is defined as either a cult[14] or a new religious movement.[7]: 155  It was founded by Gene Spriggs and sprang out of the Jesus movement in 1972 in Chattanooga, Tennessee.[2] The group calls itself an attempt to recreate the

1st-century church as it is described in the Book of Acts.[2]

The group's origins in Chattanooga led to

denominations
are fallen, and it therefore refuses to align itself with any denomination or movement.

The group's strict courtship rules and their views on child rearing have been a source of controversy. The use of community labor, in which all funds are managed by the group as opposed by individuals, has been criticized for being exploitative and allowing child labor.[15]

They have been criticized for their beliefs and practices, including for their supremacist views against black and Jewish people outside of their membership. The group's teachings have been characterized as "racist, misogynistic and homophobic", and ex-members report excessive corporal punishment, failure to stop child sexual abuse, and exploitation of followers for labor.[16]

History

Origins

The origins of the Twelve Tribes movement can reportedly be tracked back to the "Light Brigade," a 1972 teenagers' ministry.

racial groups, a practice which was not engaged in at that time.[1] On January 12, 1975, the group arrived at First Presbyterian only to find out that the service had been cancelled for the Super Bowl,[1] this led the group to form The Vine Christian Community Church.[18] During this time, the group "planted" churches, each with its own Yellow Deli, in Dalton and Trenton, Georgia; Mentone, Alabama; and Dayton, Tennessee.[5]

Their withdrawal from the religious mainstream turned what had been a friction-filled relationship into an outcry against them.

anti-cultist Ted Patrick began a series of deprogrammings that sought to convince Twelve Tribes members to leave the Twelve Tribes community.[19] The group nevertheless largely ignored the negative press and the wider world in general, and continued to operate its businesses[6] opening the Areopagus café and a second local Yellow Deli in downtown Chattanooga.[19][23] In 1978, an invitation was received from a small church in Island Pond, Vermont, for Spriggs to minister there; the offer was declined but the group began moving in stages to the rural town, naming the church there The Northeast Kingdom Community Church.[20] One of Patrick's last deprogramming cases in Chattanooga occurred in 1980; it involved a police detective who, according to Swantko, had his 27-year-old daughter arrested on a falsified warrant in order to facilitate her deprogramming, with the support of local judges.[11] The group continued moving, closing down all of its Yellow Delis and associated churches except for the one in Dalton.[5] At one point, a leader conceded that the group was deeply in debt[22] before closing the Dalton church down and moving the last members to Vermont.[1]

Move to Vermont

Common Sense Café and Yellow Deli in Island Pond, Vermont; owned and operated by Twelve Tribes. Permanently closed, as of 2019

The move to Vermont, combined with an initial period of economic hardship, caused some members to leave.

anticult movement.[6] The case was later dropped in 1985 after a judge ruled that Wiseman had been denied his right to a speedy trial. Eddie Wiseman's public defender, Jean Swantko, who had been present during the raid, later joined the Twelve Tribes and married Wiseman.[25]

During the 1980s, Twelve Tribes members followed Grateful Dead tours by bus, recruiting members from their concerts.[26]

Expansion

"We Need Radical Change", an example of Twelve Tribes "free paper" commonly distributed at events as a form of evangelism[2][27][28]

By 1989, the church had become widely accepted in Island Pond[29] and grew substantially during the 1980s and 1990s, opening branches in several different countries, including the Czech Republic, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Spain, Germany, Argentina, and the United Kingdom. During this expansion phase, the group used the name Messianic Communities, before deciding to rename itself The Twelve Tribes.

Through the mid-

child labor,[30] custodial interference,[11] and illegal homeschooling.[31] In 2006, the group held a reunion for members and friends of the Vine Christian Community Church and the former Yellow Deli in Warner Park, announcing a new community in Chattanooga.[32] The movement proceeded to open a new Yellow Deli in 2008, nearly 30 years after leaving Chattanooga.[19]

Death of founder

The founder of the movement, Elbert Eugene Spriggs Jr. (May 18, 1937 — January 11, 2021), died in 2021 while visiting his Hiddenite, North Carolina, property. Within the movement Spriggs was also known as "the anointed one" and by the Hebrew name "Yoneq".[33]

Beliefs and practices

The Twelve Tribes's beliefs resemble those of

Mosaic law[27] including dietary laws, and the festivals.[27][34] This interpretation of the prophesied restoration of Israel[2] leads the group to believe that the end times has arrived, though no date has been set.[35]

One noted aspect of the group is its insistence on using the name "Yahshua",[6] as opposed to Jesus.[1] Because the name "Yahshua" represents the nature of Jesus, the group similarly bestows upon each member a Hebrew name that is meant to reflect the personality of the individual.[36]

The group believes there are Three Eternal Destinies. It believes that after the

second coming, believers will be brought back for the thousand years to reign with "Yahshua" before the last judgment. At the end of this millennium, all of the nonbelievers will be judged according to their deeds and put into one of two groups: the righteous and the filthy/unjust. The filthy and the unjust will be sent to the Lake of Fire while the righteous will go on into eternity and fill the universe.[37]

Leadership and structure

The leadership within is structured as a series of Councils which consists of local councils, regional councils, and a global Apostolic Council;[2] the group is also overseen within these councils by a fluid number of teachers, deacons, deaconesses, elders and apostles.[7] Gene Spriggs is highly regarded as the first person to open up his home to brothers and sisters, but members state that he is not regarded as a spiritual figurehead.[28]

The group operates as a

501(d) – "for-profit organization with a religious purpose and a common treasury." The community pays property taxes, but the 501(d) structure tends to result in no income tax liability.[2][19]

Courtship and marriage

Twelve Tribes wedding (2009)

Courtship within the Community involves a "waiting period"

betrothed (engaged) if their parents (or the entire community, if they are adults) confirm their love and compatibility;[7][28] the couple is then permitted to hold hands.[38]

Weddings are dramatized pre-enactments[8] of what the group believes will happen at the end of time when "Yahshua" returns to earth for his bride.[19][28]

Children

Children have been noted to play a central role in the group's

homeschooled.[7][28] Within the group, children are apprenticed to elders by the age of 13 to be trained in "crafts and specialized labor".[7]: 158 [39][40] The group acknowledges using corporal punishment[7][40] with a "reed-like rod"[27] like a balloon stick (a minimum)[41] across the child's bottom,[7] though many former members, including children raised in the group, say punishments can include severe beatings to the point of bleeding or collapse, and are often repeated daily.[42][43]

Businesses

The Twelve Tribes supports itself through means that allow its members to work together, without the need to seek outside employment. Businesses the group owns and operates include:

Tribal Trading store in Irun, Spain
  • Tribal Trading: an organic foods distribution company based in Irún, Spain.[48]
  • A farm in Kansas.[49]
  • A construction business in Colorado. For that particular community, construction using unpaid labor is their main source of income.[49]

The group also runs restaurant chains:

  • Yellow Deli Restaurants[15]
  • Common Ground Café Restaurants

Controversies

Countercult movement

Bob Pardon, the executive director of Christian countercult movement New England Institute of Religious Research has done extensive research on Twelve Tribes. According to a report from the Southern Poverty Law Center, Pardon first became aware of Twelve Tribes when a former member reported potential evidence of child abuse. Because he was initially skeptical, he was given access to the group in order to research it. He also received information on the group's teachings from high level former members.[10] Pardon released his research and findings in a report that stated "Messianic Communities, under the leadership of Spriggs, has tended towards an extreme authoritarianism" and a "Galatian heresy."[50]

In France, the group was listed on the 1995 Governmental Report by the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France under the name "Ordre apostolique – Therapeutic healing environment."[51]

Twelve Tribes members Jean Swantko and husband Ed Wiseman have made efforts to combat social stigma and the anti-cult movement by engaging in dialogue with the media and government authorities.[52] Swantko, who also represents the group in legal matters,[53] has presented at conferences[52] including the Communal Studies Association[54] and Society for the Scientific Study of Religion[55] as well as a chapter in James T. Richardson's Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe.

The Twelve Tribes has been cited by

front-end/back-end disproportionality" in media coverage. According to Wright, the media often focuses on unsubstantiated charges against the group, but as charges are investigated and as cases fall apart, the media covers them significantly less at the end than it does at the beginning. Wright then asserts that this leaves the public with the impression that the group was guilty of the disproven charges.[9]

The Island Pond raid

Members leaving the courthouse with their children on June 22, 1984

On June 22, 1984, Vermont State Police arrived at the Twelve Tribes's Island Pond residences and took custody of hundreds of group members with their children, based on an investigation of accusations of child abuse. All cases were dismissed when a judge found that the search warrant was unconstitutional.[7]: 153  Frank Mahady, the judge in the case, called the action a "grossly unlawful scheme", while Judge Wolchik, who had signed the initial search warrant, said that he was given "false or unreliable information".[7]: 153 

The Vermont Chapter of the

Richard Snelling, the then-Governor of Vermont who had authorized the raid, reportedly drew the "hottest political fire of his career" in the weeks after;[57] while Vermont Attorney General John J. Easton Jr. attributed the raid to assisting his campaign for governorship.[58]

In 1992, John Burchard, who had been the State Commissioner of Social and Rehabilitation Services, and Vanessa L. Malcarne, published an article in

Behavioral Sciences and the Law, encouraging changes in the law that would have allowed the raid to succeed.[59][60] The group held anniversary events in both 1994 and 2000;[61] and produced a 75-minute documentary.[62]

Teachings about Jews

The group teaches that the

Bat Mitzvah celebrations, and they regularly perform Israeli folk dances.[64]

Child labor and homeschooling

In 2001,

lightbulb.[40]

In June 2018, another New York State investigation into the Common Sense Farm was launched, yielding allegations of child labor, after an Inside Edition hidden camera investigation revealed children working in the group's soap factory. The Twelve Tribes-owned business Greener Formulas had been contracted with brands including Acure and Savannah Bee to manufacture its private label body care products and was using the facilities of Common Sense Farm (also owned by the group) for production. Both Acure and Savannah Bee terminated their contracts with Greener Formulas following the airing of the Inside Edition story.[68][47]

In Germany and France, the controversies centered on the issues of homeschooling, health, child abuse, and religious freedom. The group has several times been in conflict with authorities in Germany and France over homeschooling their children, with a particularly long and protracted dispute between the community in Klosterzimmern, in the municipality of

rare exceptions.[69] When fines and arrests failed to have an effect on the community, authorities granted the group the right to operate a private school on the commune's premises in 2011, under state supervision. The agreement entailed that the school would not teach sex education and evolution.[70][71] Authorities revoked the school's right to operate in 2013, after it refused to answer to allegations of physical abuse and a lack of certified teaching staff.[72]

Views on slavery

According to a 2018 report by the Southern Poverty Law Center, the Twelve Tribes teaches its followers the curse of Ham as a racial curse that made Ham a servant of his brother, Shem. This teaching is used to justify slavery. Their teaching states that slavery was "a marvelous opportunity that blacks could be brought over here to be slaves so that they could be found worthy of the nations".[73] Nevertheless, there are Black members of the Twelve Tribes, which teaches that "slavery is over for those who believe".[73] The SPLC concludes that since Twelve Tribes views only themselves as true believers, this does not apply to any black person outside the group.[73]

Other issues

On September 5, 2013, German police raided two communities belonging to the Twelve Tribes and removed 40 children to protect them from continued abuse.[74] The raid was prompted by undercover reporting by Wolfram Kuhnigk, who secretly recorded how the sect beat their children. The group admits that they use a "reed-like rod" for discipline, but denies abusing their children.[75] In 2018, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the German move to take away the children from the sect.[76][77]

In [the Wetjen v. Germany case], the parents believed, based upon their religion, that they had the obligation to cane their children under the age of 12 when they were disobedient. The Court distinguished the right granted to parents to pass on their religious and philosophical beliefs from the Wetjen's actions stating that, "[w]hile the Court has accepted that this [the passing on of moral convictions] might even occur in an insistent and overbearing manner, it has stressed that it may not expose children to dangerous practices or to physical or psychological harm."[78]

On June 26, 2018, the group was showcased on the Vice HD channel in the United States on an episode of their Cults and Extreme Belief series, as former member Samie Brosseau accused the group of abusive practices.[79]

In July 2019, the American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released a 40-page summary of the results of a closed preliminary investigation stemming from allegations of child abuse at the group's Hiddenite, North Carolina, property.[80]: 1  The documents revealed the existence of other investigations over the years to include suspicions of child abuse in other compounds. There were also deaths alleged to be suspicious.[80]: 4, 7–8, 40, 51 

On February 19, 2020, police in New South Wales, Australia, executed a search warrant as part of Strike Force Nanegai, on the group's Peppercorn Creek Farm property, seizing documents and other evidence in what has been a prolonged investigation into allegations of child abuse in the group.[81] On March 3, 2020, police returned for a more extensive search operation for stillborn babies buried on the property at Peppercorn Creek Farm and another of the group's properties. On March 7, an updated report said the body of at least one infant was found at the farm. In September 2020, NSW police announced in a statement they anticipated a close of the investigation late 2020 or early 2021. No official closure or criminal charges has been announced as of October 2021.[82][83]

In December 2021, a fire broke out in Boulder County, Colorado. In June 2023, the Boulder County Sheriff's Office issued its investigative summary of the fire in which it concluded that the Marshall Fire originated from two sources, one of them being a slash burn intentionally started on the Twelve Tribes residential property six days prior on December 24, 2021.[84] The slash burn was visited by local firefighters after a community member noted the size of the fire, however, the responders were reportedly unconcerned with the fire. A resident at the property told detectives that he allowed the fire to burn to coals at which point he covered the fire with dirt, but did not extinguish the coals with water. Criminal charges were not brought against those at the property as slash burning is not illegal in Boulder County.[85]

Outreach

A Twelve Tribes 'Hippie bus' (2007)
Peacemaker 1 bus (1984)

The Twelve Tribes utilizes mobile operations and vehicles to evangelize at various events.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "In attempting to restart the New Testament Church, the group has developed a physical and artistic culture that is its interpretation of first century Messianic Judaism translated into 20th century terms."[1]: 186 

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