Theistic Satanism

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The inverted pentagram is a widespread symbol of Satanism.[1]

Theistic Satanism, otherwise referred to as traditional Satanism, spiritual Satanism, or religious Satanism,

spiritual being worthy of worship or reverence, whom individuals may believe in, contact, and convene with, in contrast to the atheistic archetype, metaphor, or symbol found in LaVeyan Satanism.[2][3][4]

Organizations who uphold theistic Satanist beliefs most often have few adherents, are loosely affiliated or constitute themselves as independent groups and

self-marginalized.[5] Another prominent characteristic of theistic Satanism is the use of various types of magic.[2] Most theistic Satanist groups exist in relatively new models and ideologies, many of which are independent of the Abrahamic religions.[2][4][6]

In addition to the worship of Satan or

occult traditions, and sorcery.[2][4][7]

Overview

Since the first half of the 1990s, the

Islamic conception of the Devil), or a conception of Satan that incorporates "adversarial" gods usually borrowed from pre-Christian polytheistic religions,[14] such as Ahriman or Enki.[16][17] Despite the number of self-professed theistic Satanists constantly increasing since the 1990s, they are considered by most scholars of religion to be a minority group within Satanism.[2][9]

Many theistic Satanists believe that their own individualized concepts are based on pieces of all of these diverse conceptions of Satan, according to their inclinations and sources of spiritual guidance, rather than only believing in one suggested interpretation.

Christian Bible.[19] Peter H. Gilmore, current leader of the atheistic Church of Satan, considers "Devil-worship" to be a Christian heresy, that is, a divergent form of Christianity.[20] The diversity of individual beliefs within theistic Satanism, while being a cause for intense debates within the religion, is also often seen as a reflection of Satan, who is believed to encourage individualism.[21]

Recent and contemporary theistic Satanism

Currents

The diversity of beliefs amongst Satanists, both theistic and

unmarried White male raised as a Christian who began to explore other religions during his teenage years, upholds non-theistic humanism and practices magic.[4] A 2016 survey found that most self-identified Satanists were located in Denmark, Norway, and the United States.[22]

Pre-LeVey

Ruben van Luijk, writes: "there are a few well-documented cases of Satanist organizations that antedate or are contemporary with LaVey’s"[23] and which may qualify as examples of Theistic Satanism.

Citing research by Per Faxneld,[24][25] van Luijk writes there were "two possible cases" in Europe of "isolated religious Satanism, both dating from the very end of the nineteenth and the threshold of the twentieth century". One example was a small group led by Polish writer Stanisław Przybyszewski (1868–1927), who, "Faxneld argues [...] developed a more or less coherent philosophy or spirituality in which Satan played a major symbolic role, amounting to 'what is likely the first attempt ever to construct a more or less systematic Satanism.'"[26] The other example was the Danish writer Carl William Hansen (1872–1936), also known as Ben Kadosh. In the census of 1906, Hansen "declared himself a Luciferian by religion, making himself without doubt the first officially registered Satanist in history".[27] That same year Hansen published a short booklet titled "Den ny morgens gry: erdensbygmesterens genkomst" (in English: "The Dawn of a New Morning: The Return of the World’s Master Builder"), of which van Luijk writes: "in which he announced the establishment of a cult of Satan/Lucifer and proposed the formation of a Masonic Luciferian organization."[27]

There were, according to van Luijk, several other organizations might be considered examples of Theistic Satanism from the early to mid-20th Century. The

Hegelian compound of Christian, occultist, and Satanist elements".[30] Aleister Crowley also explored Satanic themes in his own system and was an influence on many later occultists, but "cannot be called a Satanist himself" given the relatively small place Satan played in Crowley's overall concept.[31]

Apart from these earlier cases the first recognized

Our Lady of Endor" seems to have been the only existing coven of this Satanist organization,[33] which was disbanded shortly after the death of its founder during the 1980s.[32]

Additionally, van Luijk argues the

Process Church of the Final Judgement (founded in 1965) might classify as Theistic Satanism, but "it is not altogether clear when precisely Satan and Lucifer made their appearance in Process theology" before the concepts were promoted openly in 1967; the concepts might have been influenced by LeVey or developed independently.[35]

First Church of Satan

The First Church of Satan (FCoS), a splinter group that separated from LaVey's Church of Satan during the 1970s,[36] attempts to rediscover the teachings of Aleister Crowley and believe that Anton LaVey actually was a magus in the early days of the Church of Satan but gradually renounced his powers, became isolated and embittered.[36] Furthermore, the First Church of Satan strongly criticizes the current Church of Satan as a pale shadow of its former self, and they strive to "maintain a Satanic organization that is not hostile or manipulative toward its own members".[36]

Temple of Set

The

the Devil is just a caricature.[37] Their practices primarily center on self-development.[37] Within the Temple of Set, the Black Flame of Set is the individual's god-like core which is a kindred spirit to Set, and which they seek to develop.[37] In theistic Satanism, the Black Flame is knowledge which was given to humanity by Satan, who is a being independent of the Satanist himself, and which he can dispense to the Satanist who seeks knowledge.[3] Religion scholar Kennet Granholm regards the Temple of Set as an occult organization that should not be labelled "Satanist" anymore, since it has cut all ties with the Satanic milieu and today entirely belongs to the left-hand path tradition.[38]

Temple of Zeus

The

extraterrestrial being.[17] The Satanic practices promoted by Temple of Zeus involve meditation, telepathic contacts with demons, rituals, and sex magic.[17] In 2004, following the exposure of Andrea Herrington among Joy of Satan's members as the wife of Neo-Nazi leader Clifford Herrington and her ties with the National Socialist Movement, many adherents abandoned Joy of Satan and formed their own autonomous Satanist or Neo-Pagan organizations, such as the House of Enlightenment, Enki's Black Temple, the Siaion, the Knowledge of Satan Group, and the Temple of The Ancients.[17] According to Introvigne (2016), "most are by now defunct, while Joy of Satan continues its existence, although with a reduced number of members".[17] In July 2006, after the exposure of Herrington's wife's Satanic website within the National Socialist Movement, Andrea and Clifford Herrington were both kicked out of the National Socialist Movement;[40] following the Herrington scandal, Bill White, the then-National Socialist Movement's spokesman, also quit alongside many others.[40] According to Introvigne (2016), "its ideas on extraterrestrials, meditation, and telepathic contacts with demons became, however, popular in a larger milieu of non-LaVeyan "spiritual" or "theistic" Satanism".[17]

Order of Nine Angles

The

radical Islam while continuing to lead the Order of Nine Angles; later on, he repudiated the Islamic religion in 2010 and publicly declared to have renounced all forms of extremism.[44]

The Order of Nine Angles identify as theistic Satanists, practicing "traditional Satanism",

White supremacist international networks,[46] most notably the Iron March forum.[46] A number of rapes, killings and acts of terrorism have been perpetrated by individuals influenced by the O9A.[47]

764

child exploitation, assaults, murders and rapes.[51] 764 members form "blood pacts" with Satan as a demonstration of their faith.[52] In September 2023, the FBI published a bulletin warning the public of the network.[53]

Greater Church of Lucifer

In

Neo-Pagans and various followers of diverse occult spiritualities.[54] Ford presents both a theistic and atheistic approach to Luciferianism, and his ideas are enunciated in a wide compendium of publications,[54] although they are difficult to situate into a single, cohesive belief system;[54][55] the Wisdom of Eosphoros (2015) is considered the Greater Church of Lucifer's official statement and the core of its Luciferian philosophy.[54]
Theistic Luciferianism is considered an individualistic, personal spirituality which is established via initiation and validation of the Adversarial philosophy. Luciferians, if theistic, do not accept the submission of 'worship' yet rather a unique and subjective type of Apotheosis via the energies of perceived deities, spirits and demons.

Temple of the Black Light

One other group is the Temple of the Black Light, formerly known as the Misanthropic Luciferian Order prior to 2007. The group espouses a philosophy known as "Chaosophy". Chaosophy asserts that the world that mankind lives in, and the universe that it lives in, all exist within the realm known as Cosmos. Cosmos is made of three spatial dimensions and one linear time dimension. Cosmos rarely ever changes and is a materialistic realm. Another realm that exists is known as Chaos. Chaos exists outside of the Cosmos and is made of infinite dimensions and unlike the Cosmos, it is always changing. Members of the TotBL believe that the realm of Chaos is ruled over by 11 dark gods, the highest of them being Satan, and all of said gods are considered manifestations of a higher being. This higher being is known as Azerate, the Dragon Mother, and is all of the 11 gods united as one. The TotBL believes that Azerate will resurrect one day and destroy the Cosmos and let Chaos consume everything. The group has been connected to the Swedish black/death metal band Dissection, particularly its front man Jon Nödtveidt.[56] Nödtveidt was introduced to the group "at an early stage".[57] The lyrics on the band's third album, Reinkaos, are all about beliefs of the Temple of the Black Light.[58] Nödtveidt committed suicide in 2006.[59][60]

Turku Society for the Spiritual Sciences

neo-Gnosticism and Theosophy and combined these with antisemitism and satanism. To him, Lucifer, Satan and Jesus were subordinate to the Monad, and could be worshiped together. According to Siitoin, Moses invented magic, but jealous Demiurge-Jehova seeks to obscure its knowledge from the gentiles. Lucifer was a Promethean figure who created the original humanity and granted them wisdom so that they would evolve to be equal to Gods in time, while Jehova created the Jewish race to usurp Lucifer's power and lord over humanity. Siitoin was also influenced by Christian apocrypha, like Gospel of Judas and to him Jesus was an agent of the Monad and Lucifer against the Demiurge. These are combined with elements of Finnish folk magic.[62][63][64][65] The society allegedly performed satanic orgies which researcher of religion Pekka Iitti opined might not be "far off from the truth".[66] Several of the perpetrators of the Kursiivi printing house arson in November 1977 were members of the society.[67][68]

Satanic Reds

Differing from other Satanic organizations, the Satanic Reds is an occult organization with a

reforms inspired by Franklin D. Roosevelt.[70]

Other groups and currents

Some groups are mistaken by scholars for theistic Satanists, such as the First Church of Satan.[3] However, the founder of the FCoS, John Allee, considers what he calls "Devil-worship" to often be a symptom of psychosis. Other groups such as the 600 Club,[71] are accepting of all types of Satanists, as are the Synagogue of Satan, which aims for the ultimate destruction of all religions, paradoxically including itself, and encourages not self-indulgence but self-expression balanced by social responsibility.[72]

Relation to other theologies

Theistic

Melek Taus;[17] however, Introvigne (2016) himself remarks that their theistic Satanist interpretation of Enki derives from the writings of Zecharia Sitchin while the one about Melek Taus partially derives from the writings of Anton LaVey.[17]

Values in theistic Satanism

Éliphas Lévi's 19th-century drawing of the Baphomet (also known as the "Sabbatic Goat" or the Goat of Mendes),[76] adopted symbol of some left-hand-path systems, including some theistic Satanist groups.

Seeking knowledge is seen by some theistic Satanists as being important to Satan, due to Satan being equated with the serpent in Genesis, which encouraged humans to partake of the fruit of the

Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.[77] Some perceive Satan as Éliphas Lévi's conception of Baphomet – a half-human and half-animal hermaphroditic bestower of knowledge (gnosis).[76] Some Satanic groups, such as Luciferians, also seek to gain greater gnosis.[56] Some of such Satanists, such as the former Ophite Cultus Satanas, equate Yahweh with the demiurge of Gnosticism, and Satan with the transcendent being beyond.[56]

Self-development is important to theistic Satanists. This is due to the Satanists' idea of Satan, who is seen to encourage individuality and freedom of thought, and the quest to raise one's self up despite resistance, through means such as

magic and initiative. They believe Satan wants a more equal relationship with his followers than the Abrahamic god does with his. From a theistic Satanist perspective, the Abrahamic religions (chiefly Christianity) do not define "good" or "evil" in terms of benefit or harm to humanity, but rather on the submission to or rebellion against God.[78] Some Satanists seek to remove any means by which they are controlled or repressed by others and forced to follow the herd, and reject non-governmental authoritarianism.[79]

As Satan in the Old Testament tests people, theistic Satanists may believe that Satan sends them tests in life to develop them as individuals. They value taking responsibility for oneself. Despite the emphasis on self-development, some theistic Satanists believe that there is a will of Satan for the world and for their own lives. They may promise to help bring about the will of Satan,

magic. In the Bible, a being called "the god of this world" is mentioned in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians 4:4, which Christians typically equate with Satan.[81]
Some Satanists therefore think that Satan can help them meet their worldly needs and desires if they pray or work magic. They would also have to do what they could in everyday life to achieve their goals, however.

Theistic Satanists may try not to project an image that reflects negatively on their religion as a whole and reinforces stereotypes, such as promoting Nazism, abuse, or crime.[79] However, some groups, such as the Order of Nine Angles, criticize the emphasis on promoting a good image for Satanism; the ONA described LaVeyan Satanism as "weak, deluded and American form of 'sham-Satanic groups, the poseurs'",[82] and ONA member Stephen Brown claimed that "the Temple of Set seems intent only on creating a 'good public impression', with promoting an 'image'".[83] The order emphasises that its way "is and is meant to be dangerous"[84] and "[g]enuine Satanists are dangerous people to know; associating with them is a risk".[85] Similarly, the Temple of the Black Light has criticized the Church of Satan, and has stated that the Temple of Set is "trying to make Setianism and the ruler of darkness, Set, into something accepted and harmless, this way attempting to become a 'big' religion, accepted and acknowledged by the rest of the Judaeo-Christian society".[56] The TotBL rejects Christianity, Judaism, and Islam as "the opposite of everything that strengthens the spirit, and is only good for killing what little that is beautiful, noble, and honorable in this filthy world".[56]

There is argument among Satanists over animal sacrifice, with most groups seeing it as both unnecessary and putting Satanism in a bad light, and distancing themselves from the few groups that practice it,[

which?] such as the Temple of the Black Light.[86]

Theistic Satanism often involves a religious commitment, rather than being simply an occult practice based on dabbling or transient enjoyment of the rituals and magic involved.[87] Practitioners may choose to perform a self-dedication rite, although there are arguments over whether it is best to do this at the beginning of their time as a theistic Satanist, or once they have been practicing for some time.[88][59]

Historical mentions of Satanism

The age of accusations

La Sorciere, written by Jules Michelet
.

In the

witch-hunts.[89] The most notorious cases were those of two German Inquisitors and Dominican priests under the patronage of Pope Innocent VIII: Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, authors of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486),[2] in the Holy Roman Empire,[89] along with the Salem witch trials that occurred during the 17th-century Puritan colonization of North America.[89][92]

It is not known to what extent accusations of groups worshiping Satan in the time of the witch trials identified people who did consider themselves Satanists, rather than being the result of religious superstition or mass hysteria, or charges made against individuals suffering from

mental illness. Confessions are unreliable, particularly as they were usually obtained under torture.[93] However, scholar Jeffrey Burton Russell, Professor Emeritus of the University of California at Santa Barbara, has made extensive arguments in his book Witchcraft in the Middle Ages that not all witch trial records can be dismissed and that there is in fact evidence linking witchcraft to Gnostic Christian heretical movements, particularly the antinomian sects.[94] Russell comes to this conclusion after having studied the source documents themselves. Individuals involved in the Affair of the Poisons were accused of Satanism and witchcraft.[95]

Historically, Satanist was a pejorative term for those with opinions that differed from predominant religious or moral beliefs.

witchcraft trials.[98]

Grimoire Satanism

sigil of Lucifer, as it originally appeared in the Grimorium Verum

In the 1700s, various kinds of popular "Satanic" literature began to be produced in France, including some well-known

Justine he gives a fictional account of the Black Mass,[99] although Ronald Hayman
has said Sade's need for blasphemy was an emotional reaction and rebellion from which Sade moved on, seeking to develop a more reasoned atheistic philosophy.[100] Nineteenth century occultist Éliphas Lévi published his well-known drawing of the Baphomet in 1855, which notably continues to influence Satanists today.

Finally, in 1891,

George Bataille claims that Huysman's description of the Black Mass is "indisputably authentic".[98] Not all theistic Satanists today routinely perform the Black Mass, possibly because the Mass is not a part of modern evangelical Christianity in Protestant-majority countries,[89]
and so not such an unintentional influence on Satanist practices in those countries.

Organized Satanism

The earliest verifiable theistic Satanist group was a small group called the

Ophite Cultus Satanas, which was created in Ohio in 1948. The Ophite Cultus Satanas was inspired by the ancient Ophite sect of Gnosticism, and the Horned God of Wicca
. The group was dependent upon its founder and leader, and therefore dissolved after his death in 1975.

Michael Aquino published a rare 1970 text of a Church of Satan Black Mass, the Missa Solemnis, in his book The Church of Satan,

Satanism and Witchcraft, by Jules Michelet
. Anton LaVey specifically denounced "devil-worshippers" and the idea of praying to Satan.

Although non-theistic LaVeyan Satanism had been popular since the publication of The Satanic Bible in 1969, theistic Satanism did not start to gain any popularity until the emergence of the Order of Nine Angles in western England, and its publication of The Black Book of Satan in 1984.[104] The next theistic Satanist group to be created was the Misanthropic Luciferian Order, which was created in Sweden in 1995. The MLO incorporated elements from the Order of Nine Angles, the Illuminates of Thanateros, and qlippothic Qabalah.

The Dakhma of Angra Mainyu (Church of Ahriman), founded in 2012, is a theistic Satanist organization led by Adam Daniels.[105] Its worship includes celebrations of a Black Mass that involve desecration of consecrated hosts that are used in Christian celebrations of Holy Communion.[106][107][108] The Church of Ahriman performs rituals that involve the desecration of Christian statuary of the Virgin Mary using menstrual blood (which they refer to as "The Consumption of Mary"), as well as desecration of religious texts such as the Qur'an.[109][110] The Dakhma of Angra Mainyu performs Satanic exorcisms, an inversion of Christian exorcisms.[106]

Satan

Main article: Satan

Satan is a sinful entity depicted as the embodiment of evil in the Abrahamic religions. In Judaism, Satan is seen as an agent subservient to God, typically regarded as a metaphor for the yetzer hara, or "evil inclination." In Christianity and Islam, he is usually seen as a fallen angel or jinn who has rebelled against God, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of demons.

Devil in Christianity

Main article: Devil in Christianity
The Fallen Angel (1847) by Alexandre Cabanel

A large percentage of theistic Satanists worship

sin, who rebelled against God in an attempt to become equal to God himself.[a] He is depicted as a fallen angel, who was expelled from Heaven at the beginning of time, before God created the material world, and is in constant opposition to God.[112][113]

The Devil is described and depicted as being perfect in beauty. He was so enamored with his own beauty and self, that he became vain, and so prideful

Sin, by the 17th-century English poet John Milton in Paradise Lost.[117]

Symbolism

Witches' Sabbath (1798) by Francisco Goya, depicting Satan in the form of a garlanded goat.

Since the 19th century, various small religious groups have emerged that identify as Satanists or use Satanic iconography. The Satanist groups that appeared after the 1960s are widely diverse, but two major trends are theistic Satanism and atheistic Satanism.[118] Theistic Satanists venerate Satan as worthy of worship, viewing him not as omnipotent but rather as a patriarch. In contrast, atheistic Satanists regard Satan as a symbol of certain human traits.[119]

A goat head and inverted pentagram form the Sigil of Baphomet.

Baphomet, a deity allegedly worshipped by the Knights Templar,[120] frequently appears in Satanic symbolism, with usage based on claims that Freemasonry worshipped both Satan and Baphomet, as well as Lucifer, in their rituals. Both Satan and Baphomet are often depicted or symbolized as a goat, therefore the goat and goat's head are significant symbols throughout Satanism. The inverted pentagram is also a significant symbol used for Satanism, sometimes depicted with the goat's head of Baphomet within it, popularized by the Church of Satan. In most recent and modern times the "inverted cross" is used and seen as an anti-Christian and satanic symbol, used similarly in the way of the inverted pentagram.[121]

Personal theistic Satanism

The American serial killer Richard Ramirez self-identified as a (theistic) Satanist.

The American serial killer Richard Ramirez claimed that he was a (theistic) Satanist; during his 1980s killing spree he left an inverted pentagram at the scene of each murder and at his trial called out "Hail Satan!"[122] Ramirez made various references to Satan during his legal proceedings; he notably drew a pentagram on his palm at his trial.[123] Ramirez stated during his death row interview he believed in a "malevolent being" and that Satan's "description eludes" him.[124] Ramirez also enjoyed frequently degrading and humiliating his victims, especially those who survived his attacks or whom he explicitly decided not to kill, by forcing them to profess that they loved Satan, or telling them to "swear on Satan" if there were no more valuables left in their homes he had broken into and burglarized.

Modern-day public image of Satanism and moral panics

Main article:
Satanic ritual abuse

As a

Satanic Panic.[2][89][125][126]

Allegations included the existence of a

sexual exploitation of children, and human trafficking for prostitution.[2][89][125] In the United States, the Kern County child abuse cases, McMartin preschool trial, and the West Memphis cases were widely reported.[125] One case took place in Jordan, Minnesota, in which children made allegations of the manufacture of child pornography, ritualistic animal sacrifice, coprophagia, urophagia, and infanticide, at which point the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was alerted. Twenty-four adults were arrested and charged with acts of sexual abuse, child pornography, and other crimes claimed to be related to Satanic ritual abuse; three went to trial, two were acquitted, and one was convicted. Supreme Court Justice Scalia noted in a discussion of the case that "[t]here is no doubt that some sexual abuse took place in Jordan; but there is no reason to believe it was as widespread as charged", and cited the repeated, coercive techniques used by the investigators as damaging to the investigation.[127]

These notorious cases were launched after children were repeatedly and coercively interrogated by social workers, resulting in false allegations of child sexual abuse.[2][125] No evidence was ever found to support any of the allegations of an organized Satanist conspiracy or Satanic ritual abuses,[2][125] but in some cases the Satanic Panic resulted in wrongful prosecutions.[125] However, the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect conducted a study led by University of California psychologist Gail Goodman did find "convincing evidence of lone perpetrators or couples who say they are involved with Satan or use the claim to intimidate victims."[128] One such case Goodman studied involved "grandparents [who] had black robes, candles, and Christ on an inverted crucifix--and the children had chlamydia, a sexually transmitted disease, in their throats", according to the report by a district attorney.[128]

In 2025, members of the Satanist group 764 were arrested for "blackmailing children—mainly girls—into carrying out sexual acts, harming themselves or even attempting suicide."[129] An investigation by the BBC found that members of this Satanic cult "seek out vulnerable young girls on social media, often in communities dedicated to self-harm or mental health."[129] Anti-terror police have stated that the Satanist network 764 poses "an immense threat" that is "not just within the United Kingdom but globally".[129]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "By desiring to be equal to God in his arrogance, Lucifer abolishes the difference between God and the angels created by him and thus calls the entire system of order into question (if he were instead to replace God, the system itself would only be preserved with reversed positions)".[111]

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Abrams, Joe (Spring 2006). Wyman, Kelly (ed.). "The Religious Movements Homepage Project – Satanism: An Introduction". virginia.edu. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Partridge 2004, p. 82.
  4. ^
    ISSN 1612-2941
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  5. ^ Holt & Petersen 2016, pp. 447–448.
  6. ^ a b Petersen 2004, pp. 424–427, 442–443.
  7. ^ a b Petersen 2004, pp. 424–427.
  8. ^ a b Petersen 2004, pp. 429, 437.
  9. ^ a b Introvigne 2016, pp. 525–527.
  10. ^ [2][4][8][9]
  11. ^ Holt & Petersen 2016, pp. 441–452.
  12. ^ Petersen 2014, pp. 136–141.
  13. ^ [4][8][11][12]
  14. ^ a b Holt & Petersen 2016, pp. 450–452.
  15. ^ Gallagher 2004, p. 190.
  16. ^ Petersen 2004, p. 438.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Introvigne 2016, pp. 370–371.
  18. ^ "Is Theistic and Spiritual Satanism Just Reverse Christianity?". 10 November 2017.
  19. ^ Archived Cathedral of the Black Goat 'Views' Page[usurped]
  20. ^ High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore. "Satanism: The Feared Religion". churchofsatan.com.
  21. ISBN 9781411690738
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  22. ^ Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 164–165.
  23. ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 299–300.
  24. ^ Faxneld, Per. “The Strange Case of Ben Kadosh: A Luciferian Pamphlet from 1906 and Its Current Renaissance.” Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism 11 (2011) 1:1–22.
  25. ^ Faxneld, Per (2012). “Witches, Anarchism, and Evolutionism: Stanislaw Przybyszewski’s Fin-de-siècle Satanism and the Demonic Feminine.” In The Devil’s Party: Satanism in Modernity, edited by Per Faxneld and Jesper Petersen, 53–77. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012
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  27. ^ a b van Luijk 2016, p. 286.
  28. ^ van Luijk 2016, pp. 301–302.
  29. ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 301.
  30. ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 300.
  31. ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 311.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Lewis 2001a, p. 96.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016, pp. 49–50.
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  35. ^ van Luijk 2016, p. 306.
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  40. ^
    Schoep moved ahead with damage-control operations by nudging chairman emeritus Herrington from his position under the cover of "attending to personal matters." But it was too late to stop NSM Minister of Radio and Information Michael Blevins, aka Vonbluvens, from following White out of the party, citing disgust with Herrington's Joy of Satan ties. "Satanism," declared Blevins in his resignation letter, "affects the whole prime directive guiding the [NSM] – SURVIVAL OF THE WHITE RACE." [...] NSM was now a Noticeably Smaller Movement, one trailed in extremist circles by a strong whiff of Satanism and related charges of sexual impropriety associated with Joy of Satan initiation rites and curiously strong teen recruitment efforts.
     • "National Socialist Movement". SPLCenter.org. Montgomery, Alabama: Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2020. The NSM has had its share of movement scandal. In July 2006, it was rocked by revelations that co-founder and chairman emeritus Cliff Herrington's wife was the "High Priestess" of the Joy of Satan Ministry, and that her satanic church shared an address with the Tulsa, Okla., NSM chapter. The exposure of Herrington's wife's Satanist connections caused quite a stir, particularly among those NSM members who adhered to a racist (and heretical) variant of Christianity, Christian Identity. Before the dust settled, both Herringtons were forced out of NSM. Bill White
    , the neo-Nazi group's energetic spokesman, also quit, taking several NSM officials with him to create a new group, the American National Socialist Workers Party.
  41. ^ "The National Socialist Movement". Adl.org. New York City: Anti-Defamation League. 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
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  46. ^
    pagan neo-fascists a belief in a primordial spirituality that has been supplanted by the Abrahamic faiths
    . Its doctrines are apocalyptic, predicting a final confrontation between monotheistic "Magian" civilization and primordial "Faustian" European spirituality. The skull mask network groups are not religiously monolithic, and most accept members who are not O9A adherents, but O9A philosophy has had a strong influence on the culture of the network. The O9A texts emphasize solitary rituals and the sense of membership in a superhuman spiritual elite. The O9A texts do not make social or financial demands on new adherents. Psychological commitment is instead generated through secrecy and the challenging, sometimes criminal, nature of the initiatory and devotional rituals. Because the rituals are solitary and self-administered, they create a set of shared 'transcendent' experiences that enhance group cohesion without the need for members to be geographically close to each other. Its leaderless structure and self-administered initiations make the O9A worldview uniquely well-suited to spread through online social networks, while the ritual violence used in O9A religious ceremonies contributed to the habituation of individual skull mask network members to violence.
  47. ^ "The Order of Nine Angles". Institute for Strategic Dialogue. 5 February 2024.
  48. ISSN 0261-3077
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Bibliography

Further reading
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