Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Events of the September 2023 offensive need to be added.(November 2023) |
In the aftermath of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, peacekeeping operations were initiated by Russia in the Nagorno-Karabakh region to monitor the ceasefire between the Armenian and Azerbaijani forces. Separate from the Russian operation, Turkey also has personnel working in a joint Russian–Turkish monitoring centre.
After the war, in accordance to the
On 11 November, a
The first major breach of the ceasefire that was confirmed by the Russian peacekeeping forces in the region occurred on 11 December, near Hadrut. Chaylaggala (Khtsaberd), Hin Tagher (Kohne Taghlar) villages, as well as the Katarovank monastery had become an Artsakh holdout in the Hadrut Province during the war. Clashes erupted around the Armenian holdout pocket despite the ceasefire agreement, and it has been reported that the Azerbaijani forces seized control of Hin Tagher on 12 December, with some clashes continuing in the area. Later, Artsakh authorities confirmed that six of their servicemen had been injured. Both sides accused each other of reigniting the conflict. The Russian peacekeeping forces requested both sides to respect the ceasefire. On 13 December, the Russian peacekeeping contingent took control of Hin Tagher. However, the next day, the Russian Ministry of Defence released a map showing both villages outside of the borders of the peacekeeping mission, and both came under Azerbaijan's control.
The blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh drew international criticism and raised doubts in the ability and willingness of the peacekeepers to fulfil their mission to ensure freedom and security of movement along the Lachin corridor in line with the trilateral ceasefire agreement of 9 November 2020.
In September 2023 Russian peacekeepers did not intervene as Azerbaijan launched a lightning offensive to seize the region, which resulted in mass exodus and near-complete emptying of its Armenian population.[1] In April 2024, Russian peacekeepers began to withdraw from Nagorno-Karabakh, leaving the region under the full control of Azerbaijan.[2][3]
Background
On 27 September 2020,
Following the capture of Shusha, the second-largest settlement in Nagorno-Karabakh, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, and the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, ending all hostilities in the area from 00:00, 10 November 2020 Moscow Time.[11][12][13] Under the agreement, the warring sides kept control of their currently held areas within Nagorno-Karabakh, while Armenia will return the surrounding territories it occupied in 1994 to Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan will also gain land access to its Nakhchivan exclave bordering Turkey and Iran.[14] Approximately 2,000 Russian soldiers were deployed as peacekeeping forces along the Lachin corridor between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh for a mandate of at least five years.[15]
Russian peacekeeping contingent
The Russian peacekeeping forces, provided by the
By 22 November 2020, 25,000 displaced Armenians had returned to the region.[23] On 10 December, the Mayor of Stepanakert stated that about 18,000 displaced Armenians had returned to the city.[24] On 11 December, a car belonging to an Armenian civilian collided with a truck of the Russian peacekeeping forces in Stepanakert–Askeran highway.[25]
The contingent is currently led by Major General Andrei Volkov.[26]
Russian-Turkish Joint Monitoring Centre
On 11 November, the Russian and Turkish defence ministers signed a memorandum of understanding to create a Russian-Turkish Joint Monitoring Centre (RTJMC) in Azerbaijan,[27] although the Russian officials stated that Turkey's involvement in the peacekeeping operations will not affect Nagorno-Karabakh.[28] On 16 November, the Turkish government submitted a motion to the Grand National Assembly on deploying peacekeepers in Azerbaijan.[29] The Turkish parliament approved the motion following day, giving the Turkish Armed Forces a one-year mandate on sending troops to Azerbaijan.[28][30] On 1 December, the Turkish sappers arrived in Azerbaijan and started demining the Azerbaijani-controlled territories in the region, alongside the Azerbaijani sappers,[31] and the following day, the Ministry of National Defence of Turkey, Hulusi Akar, stated that the Turkish government had agreed with Russia, and that the RTJMC was under construction.[32][33] According to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Sergey Lavrov, the RTJMC will operate remotely, using drones and other technical means to monitor possible violations.[34] On 16 December, 136 members of the Turkish Land Forces Special Mine Search Clearance Team were sent to Azerbaijan to assist in the demining of the region, as well as to train mine clearance personnel of Azerbaijan.[35] On 29 December, Turkey sent 35 of its officers to Azerbaijan.[36]
The Turkish officers arrived in Azerbaijan on 30 January 2021,
The total area of RTJMC is about 4 hectares. There are 65 modular service, administrative and living rooms in the area. In addition, there are separate and general monitoring centres, a briefing room, a canteen for a hundred people, a medical centre, a laundry, a hairdresser, a tailor and a shop for the use of both parties. There is a water station, a transformer, a generator, a parking lot, two outdoor sports camps, as well as two indoor gyms, food and cold storage in the area. The whole area was fenced along the perimeter, four observation towers were installed, and round-the-clock security was organized.[40] Right after the opening ceremony, the Russian and Turkish servicemen started to work on a parity basis. The RTJMC is guarded by Azerbaijani servicemen. Total of 60 servicemen from Turkey and Russia serve at the RTJMC. The RTJMC monitors the ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabakh using unmanned aerial vehicles. When the monitoring center was opened, it was initially announced that a general and 38 servicemen would serve on the Turkish side. The Turkish staff of the RTJMC is headed by Major General Abdullah Katırcı, and the Russian staff is headed by Major General Victor Fedorenko.[41]
Ceasefire violations
2020
The villages of Chaylaggala (Khtsaberd) and Hin Tagher (Kohne Taghlar) as well as the Katarovank monastery, became an Artsakh holdout in the Hadrut Province during the war.[42]
In mid-December, Azerbaijani media reported that armed Armenian groups were attacking Azercell employees, who were installing equipment, and on 11 December, that an Azerbaijan soldier was injured as a result of an attack from another group of armed Armenians.[43][44] This was confirmed by the Azerbaijani military authorities later on, who stated that three Azerbaijani servicemen were killed and two were wounded as a result of a "sudden attack by the Armenians" in Sor, Khojavend District on 26 November. Also, according to the ministry, on 8 December, one Azerbaijani serviceman was killed and an Azercell employee was seriously injured during the installation of communication facilities and transmission equipment near Hadrut. Some Azerbaijani sources have claimed that Armenian servicemen have remained in the forests around Hadrut after the battle over the town, and stated that these Armenian pockets were related to the clashes. Retired Azerbaijani colonel Shair Ramaldanov had stated that there could be "provocative" and "guerrilla-type" actions from the Armenian forces in the region. However, according to Ramaldanov, the Azerbaijani military authorities were taking "security measures" against them.[45][46] The following day, the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev reiterated the Azerbaijani media reports, calling the incident an "act of terrorism" and[47] threatening to crush Armenian forces with an "iron fist".[48] Later on, the Azerbaijani military authorities accused the Armenian forces of violating the ceasefire and stated that its forces restored the ceasefire.[49]
Artsakh authorities refuted that any Armenian forces had attacked Azerbaijani positions, and stated that Azerbaijani forces had launched military operations in the region, injuring six Armenian servicemen,
The Russian peacekeeping forces confirmed that the ceasefire was breached,[49] and requested that both sides respect the ceasefire.[55] On 13 December, Hin Tagher came under the control of the Russian peacekeeping contingent.[56] On the same day, the Armenian president Armen Sarkissian called on the National Assembly to convene an extraordinary session regarding the issue.[57] and the Armenian PM Nikol Pashinyan convened an emergency meeting of the Armenian Security Council.[58] However, the next day, the Russian Ministry of Defence released a map showing both villages outside of the borders of the peacekeeping mission,[59] and both came under Azerbaijan's control.[60]
On 15 December, the Azerbaijani sources shared footage, apparently showing over 100 Armenian POWs from the Hadrut region. The following day, Artsakh authorities stated that they had started an investigation to identify the people in the videos,[61] and then reported that about 60 Armenian servicemen went missing.[62] Hours later, Artsakh authorities confirmed several dozen of the troops were captured by the Azerbaijani forces.[63] Meanwhile, the Armenian media reported that the Azerbaijani forces allowed about 30 Armenian soldiers who were encircled to leave the region with the help of the Russian peacekeeping forces.[64] Then, the people in Shirak blocked the road leading to the Armenia–Georgia border, demanding the return of the Armenian POWs.[65]
On December 28, 2020, an Azerbaijani soldier was killed and another injured during a shooting attack in Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan blamed the attack on "an Armenian armed group"; stating that all six attackers were shot dead.[66]
2021
On 9 October 2021, an Artsakh civilian, 55-year-old Aram Tepnants, was killed during agricultural work in the
The Russian defence ministry said that on 13 October 2021, in the area of the Sarsang Reservoir, a convoy of construction equipment of Azerbaijan, which followed the Madagiz-Getavan-Vank route in Artsakh, was fired upon.[70]
In the evening on 14 October 2021, according to the Artsakh's Ombudsperson, Azerbaijani militaries have attacked the positions of the
According to the Artsakh's Investigative Committee, on 8 November at 15:00, a serviceman of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces "made his way from the territory controlled by the Azerbaijani side near the city of
On 13 November, at around 07:00, a man got out of a taxi in front of the joint post near Shusha, where Russian peacekeepers and Azerbaijani servicemen were stationed, and threw a grenade towards the Azerbaijani military. The Azerbaijani sources reported at least three injuries and released footage of the attack. Azerbaijani sources identified the man as a 46-year-old local Armenian Norayr Mirzoyan. He was detained by Russian peacekeepers, while the Azerbaijani government demanded his transfer. The Armenian media reported that the attacker was the brother of an Armenian worker killed in this area on November 8,[74] however, this was later denied.[75]
On 3 December 2021, a resident of
2022
Since 5 March 2022, there have been reports of shooting between Azerbaijan and Artsakh.[78]
Between 24–25 March 2022, the armed forces of Azerbaijan, violating the ceasefire agreement, entered the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh and set up an observation post. According to the Russian defence ministry, four strikes by an unmanned aerial vehicle of the "
Since 12 December 2022, citizens of Azerbaijan claiming to be "eco-activists" started protests on the Lachin corridor,[87] thus effectively blocking the only road connecting Artsakh to the outside world and to Armenia[88] in violation of the trilateral ceasefire agreement of 9 November 2020. Although the Azerbaijanis claim to have peaceful intentions, their blockade is causing severe consequences for the population; importation of food, fuel, and medicine is blocked, and the 120,000 residents of the region are trapped, creating a humanitarian crisis.[89] Despite statements from the Russian side, assuring of Russian peacekeepers' efforts to reinstate free movement on the corridor[90][91] the road has remained blocked, which has drawn international criticism toward the mission.[92][93]
2023
On 25 March 2023, in the 4th month of the
Between 19 and 20 September 2023,
List of all ceasefire violations reported by the Russian Peacekeeping mission
The list includes all Russian military’s reports of ceasefire violations both in the zone of responsibility of the Russian peacekeeping contingent (in and around Nagorno-Kharabakh) and in places of contact between the Armed Forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan, reported by the Russian side:
date | number of violations | location | the violator
(according to the Russian MOD) |
consequences
(according to the Russian MOD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
11.12.2020 | 1 | territory of the former Hadrut province | not indicated[100] | |
18.09.2021 | 3 | near Shusha | Azerbaijan[101] | two Armenian servicemen of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army were wounded |
13.10.2021 | 1 | Madagiz-Getavan-Vank road | not indicated[102] | an Azerbaijani convoy of construction equipment was fired on - no casualties |
08.11.2021 | 1 | near Shusha | Azerbaijan[103] | a group of Armenian workers from Nagorno-Karabakh were fired on - 1 worker killed and 3 injured |
11.08.2021 | 1 | 2 km northwest of Yeghtsaog | Azerbaijan[104] | two UAV strikes on the positions of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army |
27.01.2022 | 1 | near the village Karmir Shuka | Azerbaijan[105] | positions of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army were shelled 2 km southwest of the village - no casualties |
11.02.2022 | 1 | village Karmir Shuka | Azerbaijan[106] | gunfire in the direction of the village by the Azerbaijani side - no casualties |
15.02.2022 | 1 | near the village of Dzhanatag | Azerbaijan[107] | gunfire on a position of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army - one serviceman received a wound, no return gunfire |
21.02.2022 | 1 | territory of the former Shusha district | Azerbaijan[108] | military personnel of the Nagorno-Karabakh defense army were fired on - as a result gunfire was returned - no one was injured |
04.03.2022 | 1 | near the village of Marzili | Azerbaijan[109] | while carrying out coordinated agricultural work, the Azerbaijani side fired several shots into the air - no casualties |
05.03.2022 | 2 | near the villages of Muganly and Janyatag | Azerbaijan[110] | gunfire opened at the inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh, who were carrying out coordinated agricultural work in the area of the village Muganly. Also skirmishes between guard posts in the area of the village Janyatag - no casualties |
06.03.2022 | 3 | area of responsibility of Russian peacekeepers | not indicated[111] | no casualties |
07.03.2022 | 1 | area of responsibility of Russian peacekeepers | not indicated[112] | no casualties |
08.03.2022 | 1 | near the village of Khramort | Azerbaijan[113] | no casualties as a result of mortar shelling |
10.03.2022 | 3 | area of responsibility of Russian peacekeepers | not indicated[114] | an Armenian resident of Nagorno-Karabakh was injured |
11.03.2022 | 13 | territory of the former Askeran province | Azerbaijan[115] | no casualties |
24-25.03.2022 | 1 | Farukh village | Azerbaijan[116] | The Azerbaijani Armed Forces entered the zone of responsibility of the Russian peacekeeping contingent on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, set up an observation post and launched four strikes using Bayraktar-TB 2 UAVs on the positions of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army |
26.03.2022 | 2 | territory of the former Askeran province | Azerbaijan[117] | Two people wounded on both sides as a result of an exchange of fire |
11.04.2022 | 1 | Farukh village | Azerbaijan[118] | an Armenian serviceman of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army was wounded |
15.04.2022 | 1 | Yarymdzha village of the former Mardakert province | Azerbaijan[119] | violation by the Azerbaijani side of the established line of contact between the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan and the Armed Forces of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army |
29.07.2022 | 1 | near Taghavard village | Azerbaijan[120] | |
01.08.2022 | 3 | Nagorno-Karabakh | Azerbaijan[121] | an Armenian serviceman of the 2021–2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis
|
02.08.2022 | 1 | Saribaba height area | Azerbaijan[122] | aggravation of the situation |
03.08.2022 | 4 | in the area of Saribaba and Buzdukh heights and also in the territory of the former Mardakert province | Azerbaijan[123] | 2 killed and 14 wounded Armenian servicemen of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army |
06.08.2022 | 1 | Sotk, Armenia | Azerbaijan[124] | a soldier of Armenian Armed Forces was wounded |
05.11.2022 | 1 | territory of the former Askeran province 1.8 km east of Khramort village | Azerbaijan[125] | small arms fire from an Azerbaijani post on a local resident carrying out farm work - agricultural machinery received minor damage but the resident was not injured |
12.11.2022 | 1 | territory of the former Askeran province 1.8 km east of Khramort village | Azerbaijan[126] | small arms fire at a local resident carrying out farm work - he was slightly injured and equipment received minor damage |
19.11.2022 | 1 | near the village of Avdur of the former Martuni province | Azerbaijan[127] | small arms fire at a tractor that was carrying out agricultural work - no casualties |
24.11.2022 | 1 | near Magavuz | Azerbaijan[128] | violation of the ceasefire - no casualties |
26.11.2022 | 3 | area of responsibility of Russian peacekeepers | not indicated[129] | violation of the ceasefire - no casualties |
06.01.2023 | 1 | 1 km northwest of the settlement Hatsi | Azerbaijan[130] | small arms fire at a local resident carrying out farm work - he was slightly injured and equipment received minor damage |
05.03.2023 | 1 | near the settlement of Dyukyanlar | Azerbaijan[131] | servicemen of the armed forces of Azerbaijan fired at a car with law enforcement officers of Nagorno-Karabakh. As a result three people were killed and one employee who was in the car was injured. On the Azerbaijani side - two dead, one wounded |
25.03.2023 | 1 | in the Martuni province, in the vicinity of Shushi | Azerbaijan[132] | a unit of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, in violation of paragraph 1 of the ceasefire agreement, crossed the line of contact and occupied the height 2054.0 (2.9 km north - east of Mount Sarybaba) and proceeded with engineering equipment to the post |
Criticism
Allegations of being pro-Armenia
In early January 2021, the Azerbaijani authorities accused the Russian peacekeepers of "exhibiting a pro-Armenia attitude, instead of taking the required neutral stance for the implementation of the peace agreement." Araz Aslanli, chairman of the
Despite allegations of being pro-Armenian, Armenian locals and officials from Artsakh have claimed that the Russian peacekeepers are profiting from Azerbaijan's ongoing blockade of the region, by charging several thousand dollars per vehicle of essential goods.[135][136]
Allegations of being anti-Armenia or pro-Azerbaijan
In an interview on Armenian public television Secretary of Armenia's Security Council, Armen Grigoryan, made a statement suggesting that Lachin corridor crisis could be related to efforts from Russia and Belarus to push Armenia to join a Union State: "Armenia is under pressure in this regard, but when our democratic structures resist, we receive a different type of pressure — of the military variety".[137]
After an incident on Hakari bridge on 15 June 2023, the Foreign Ministry of Armenia summoned the Russian Ambassador to express its strong displeasure about actions of peacekeepers for having escorted the Azerbaijani servicemen, who tied advancing into Armenian side to place an Azerbaijani flag.
After a SEDE Delegation led by Nathalie Loiseau joined EUMA for a patrol near Lachin corridor[141] she criticised the Russian peacekeepers for their inaction and inability to ensure safe and unhindered passage through the corridor as per the ceasefire agreement, stating: “If Russia has decided to agree with Azerbaijan, to be on Azerbaijan’s side, then it is time for Russia to say about it publicly.”[142][143]
Meduza published a report uncovering guidelines distributed by the Kremlin to Russia’s state-controlled news media with instructions on the coverage of Azerbaijan's military offensive against Nagorno-Kharabakh, with instructions to stress that the assault was precipitated by Armenia and its Western “partners”.[144]
Claims of violation of Azerbaijan's sovereignty
On 2 January 2021, the Turkish pro-government[145] newspaper, Yeni Şafak, reported that Russia had violated the terms of the ceasefire agreement, sending over five thousand people to the region "under the name of soldiers, civil servants, technical experts, doctors, nurses and construction workers."[146]
In late April, rehearsal began taking place at
Criticism for inability or unwillingness to fulfil obligations
Armenia and Nagorno-Kharabakh
A series of ceasefire violations led to criticism of the peacekeeping mission in the Armenian public and political circles. Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan pointed to "gross, prolonged violations of a ceasefire regime",[150] recalling several episodes: "The December 11, 2020, capture of the villages of Khtsaberd and Hin Tagher and Armenian servicemen by Azerbaijan in the presence and connivance of Russian peacekeepers, the March 24, 2022, seizure of the village of Parukh in Nagorno-Karabakh again in the presence of Russian peacekeepers, the constant and increasing ceasefire violations along the line of contact, the cases of physical and psychological terror against the Armenians of Artsakh in the presence of peacekeepers are simply unacceptable".[151]
Several political leaders and activists in Nagorno-Kharabakh met with the head of the Russian Peacekeepers to discuss the situation, after which some of the participants told media that they weren’t satisfied with assurances that the incidents would not be repeated and organised a protest action the next day, carrying banners reading: "Peacekeepers, where is the peace you promised?", "Stop Azerbaijani aggression", and "Return Parukh and Khtsaberd."[151]
Eduard Aghajanian, the chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, also expressed dismay that: "advancing Azerbaijani armed forces appeared behind the Russian peacekeepers’ backs" and said he expected "clear answers from our Russian partners about the conditions in which this happened".[152]
The 2022-23 blockade of the Lachin corridor, resulted in renewed criticism of the peacekeepers. On 22 December 2022 Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that the peacekeeping contingent was not "fulfilling its obligation to control the Lachin corridor".[153][154] He later underlined the importance of the peacekeeping mission, reminding that peacekeepers and the Russian Federation has made specific commitments to ensure the security of the Nagorno-Karabakh people and asked for clarifications on: "How does the Russian Federation assess the situation? What is its plan and road map to restore the Lachin corridor" also stating that if Russia "is unable to ensure stability and security in Nagorno-Karabakh for objective or subjective reasons, it should initiate discussions in the UN Security Council on giving Russian peacekeeping forces in Nagorno-Karabakh a UN Security Council mandate or sending additional multinational peacekeeping forces to Nagorno-Karabakh."[155]
International bodies
In a letter to the US State Department, Senators Bob Menendez (Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee) and Jack Reed (Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee) also state that "Russian forces entrusted with keeping the peace have clearly failed in their duties".[156]
The
The Dutch Parliament in a resolution on the Lachin corridor blockade stated that: "Russian peacekeepers do not intervene in that area, and that this situation threatens to create a humanitarian emergency for the population of Nagorno-Karabakh."[157]
Senior EU official blamed the Russian peacekeeping mission for green-lighting "Azerbaijan's blitzkrieg against Armenians" in Nagorno-Karabakh in September 2023, to destabilise Armenia and achieve change of leadership and of the current democratically elected prime minister "to be replaced by a pro-Russian figure".[158]
See also
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