Philippine Mobile Belt

This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

In the geology of the Philippines, the Philippine Mobile Belt is a complex portion of the tectonic boundary between the

Most segments of the Philippines, including northern Luzon, are part of the Philippine Mobile Belt, which is bounded by the Philippine Sea Plate to the east, the Molucca Sea Collision Zone to the south, Sunda Plate to the southwest, and the South China Sea Basin to the west and north-west.^[2] To the north it ends in eastern Taiwan, the zone of active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China.^[3] The Philippine Mobile Belt has also been called the Philippine Microplate^[4] and the Taiwan–Luzon–Mindoro Belt.^[5]

Palawan and Sulu

Palawan with the Calamian Islands and the Sulu Archipelago with the Zamboanga Peninsula of western Mindanao are the tops of two protruding north-eastern arms of the Sunda Plate. They are not part of the Philippine Mobile Belt but are in collision with it. The Sulu Trench marks the boundary of the Sulu micro-block with the Sulu Sea basin and the Palawan micro-block. The inactive Palawan Trench marks the subduction boundary between the Palawan microblock and the Spratly Islands plateau of the South China Sea basin.^[6] The Palawan/Calamian arm was also known in 1981 as the Palawan block and Palawan microcontinent,^[7] and in 1989 as the Palawan Micro-Block.^[8]

Boundaries

The Philippine Mobile Belt is bounded on the west by the

To the south the Philippine Mobile Belt terminates in the Molucca Sea Collision Zone, which is itself part of the elongated zone of convergence extending north through the Philippines into Taiwan. Within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone, the Molucca Sea Plate has been totally subsumed by the arc-arc collision of the Halmahera Arc and the Sangihe Arc of eastern Indonesia.^[13]

Regional geology

The belt's

• Taiwan: Continent-Arc Collision – 400 km-long island dominated by mountain ranges. Represents an active orogenic belt resulting from the collision of the western edge of the Philippine Sea Plate where the Luzon arc has developed, with the continental margin of Eurasia. Start of collision is associated with the kinematic reorganization of the Philippine Sea Plate 4 Ma (Pliocene) involving a change in the direction of its movement from a northerly to a northwesterly motion.
• Mindoro-Panay:
  Arc-Continent Collision – Southern termination of the Manila Trench. North Palawan Block enters into collision with the central portion of the Philippine Mobile Belt within Miocene times after cessation of the accretion of South China Sea oceanic crust between 32 and 17 Ma (Oligocene
  - Miocene).
• Moluccas Sea: Arc-Arc Collision – South of Mindanao Island in the Moluccas Sea. Subducting into 2 directions: to the East and to the West. This double-vergent subduction causes consequently the convergence/collision of the 2 corresponding active volcanic arcs. Start of collision in Upper Miocene. Corresponding arcs, the Sangihe and Halmahera, are presently separated by at least 100 km.

The island of Luzon is bisected by the braided N-S trending Philippine Fault System.^[15] Luzon is not bisected E-W, and illustrations showing anything similar are erroneous. Northern Luzon is integral with southern Luzon. Any suggestion that Northern Luzon is not part of the Philippine Mobile Belt is not borne out by the detailed fault mapping of Pinet and Stephan (1989),^[16] and others. A common tectonic plate illustration for the Philippines^[17] is incorrect in this regard.

Collage of 17 principal blocks

The composition of the Philippine Mobile Belt is generally interpreted as a collage of a large variety of blocks or terrane of diverse origin amalgamated before collision with the Eurasian margin.^[18] Seven principal blocks have been identified in Luzon: the Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat, Zambales, Central Cordillera of Luzon, Bicol and Catanduanes Island blocks. In the Central Philippines four principal blocks have been identified: Panay, Mindoro, Cebu and Bohol. In Mindanao six principal blocks have been identified: Pacific Cordillera, Surigao, Pujada peninsular, Central Cordillera of Mindanao, Daguma range and Zamboanga.^[19]

Well-known micro-continental blocks

• North Palawan Block
• Mindoro Block

Magmatic arcs

Ancient arcs

In Luzon, the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene age of the arc is well constrained stratigraphically as well as radiometrically. Most of the intrusive rocks are dioritic in composition, although alkali rocks also occur. In the Central Cordillera of Luzon, intrusive rocks include Paleogene rocks related to an ancient arc and Neogene intrusive and volcanic rocks related to eastward subduction from the Manila Trench.

In Visayas, oldest known magmatic rocks in the Philippines are found in Cebu Island, where dioritic rocks have been dated at

In Mindanao, interpretation of the age of these rocks is further complicated by their petrographic diversity. Sajona and others (1993) analyzed Pliocene-Pleistocene adakitic rocks in Zamboanga Peninsula and mention a possible association with activity along the Philippine Fault in Surigao and northern Davao.

Active arcs

The distribution of Philippine Pliocene-Quaternary volcanoes generally reflects the activity along subduction zones presently bounding the archipelago.

• Five distinct volcanic belts can be defined, namely:
  • Luzon Volcanic Arc corresponding to the Manila Trench
  • East-Philippine Volcanic Arc associated with the Philippine Trench
  • Negros-Panay Arc linked to the Negros Trench
  • Sulu-Zamboanga Arc formed by the Sulu Trench
  • Cotabato Arc related to the Cotabato Trench

Sedimentary basins

The archipelago has 16 sedimentary basins formed by tectonic processes. Here are the following sedimentary basins:^[20]

• Luzon
  • Bicol Shelf
  • Cagayan Valley Basin
  • Central Luzon Basin
  • Ilocos Trough
  • Mindoro–Cuyo Basin
  • East Palawan Basin
  • Northwest Palawan Basin
  • Reed Bank Basin
  • Southeast Luzon Basin
  • Southwest Palawan Basin
  • West Luzon Basin
• Visayas
  • Visayan Basin (or in Luzon)
  • West Masbate–Iloilo Basin
• Mindanao
  • Agusan–Davao Basin
  • Cotabato Basin
  • Sulu Sea Basin

Stratigraphic groupings

See also

• Subduction tectonics of the Philippines
• Back-arc basin

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geology of the Philippines.