Phu Kradung Formation

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Coordinates: 17°12′N 102°24′E / 17.2°N 102.4°E / 17.2; 102.4
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Phu Kradung Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
~Tithonian–Berriasian
Approximate paleocoordinates
14°42′N 108°30′E / 14.7°N 108.5°E / 14.7; 108.5
RegionIsan
Country Thailand
ExtentKhorat Plateau
Type section
Named byWard & Bunnag
Year defined1964
Phu Kradung Formation is located in Thailand
Phu Kradung Formation

The Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation is the lowest member of the Mesozoic Khorat Group which outcrops on the Khorat Plateau in Isan, Thailand. This geological formation consists of micaceous, brown to reddish-brown siltstone beds with minor brown and grey shale and sandstone beds. Occasional lime-noduled conglomerate occurs.[1]

The Phu Kradung Formation sediments were deposited in a lake-dominated floodplain cut by meandering and occasionally braided river channels.[2]

The Phu Kradung Formation is considered, on the basis of recent vertebrae fossil discoveries, to be Late Jurassic in age. However, new palynology and biostratigraphic data suggests an age of Early Cretaceous for the upper section.[2][3]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from this formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[4][5]

Chalawan, an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian, is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete mandible collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation. It contains a single species, Chalawan thailandicus.[6]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon
Ootaxon
Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Brachyopidae indet. Phu Noi locality, Kham Muang district, Kalasin province.[7] Posterior part of the skull (KS34-1481) and two intercentra (KS34-1474 and KS34-1489).[7]
Brachyopoidea indet. Intercentra (TF 3328, TF 3329, and TF 3144).[7] Also found in the Klong Min Formation.
Khao Wong locality, Khao Wong district, Kalasin province.[7] Intercentrum (KS37-8).[7]

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Mamenchisauridae indet. Kalasin province.[8] "Isolated posterior cervical vertebra"[4][5][8]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet. "a nearly complete left tibia"[9][10]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet. "Skull elements such as teeth, premaxillae, and maxillae as well as appendicular materials of more than one individual."[10]
Minimocursor M. phunoiensis Phu Noi, Kalasin province.[11] Partial articulated skeleton, isolated lower jaw & left leg.[11] A basal neornithischian.
Stegosauridae indet. "Single dorsal vertebra".[4][12][13] Informally known as
"Siamodracon altispinus
".

Pseudosuchians

Pseudosuchians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Chalawan C. thailandicus Mandible.[4][6] A pholidosaurid.
Indosinosuchus I. kalasinensis [14] A teleosaurid.
I. potamosiamensis Skulls and postcrania.[15] A teleosaurid.
Sunosuchus S. thailandicus A mandible.[6] Reassigned to Chalawan.
Cf. Theriosuchus Cf. T. sp. Chong Chat, Nong Bua Lamphu province.[16] Part of a left
dentary (CCC-1) and a lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 283).[16]
 An atoposaurid.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Rhamphorhynchidae indet. Humerus.[17] Originally identified as an azhdarchid. [18]

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Basilochelys B. macrobios Kham Phok, Mukdahan Province.[19] A
trionychoid
.
Eucryptodira
indet. 		[4]
Kalasinemys K. prasarttongosothi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[20] Skull and shell material.[20] A xinjiangchelyid.
Phunoichelys P. thirakhupti Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[21] Shell remains.[21] A xinjiangchelyid.
Yakemys Y. multiporcata Khorat Plateau.[22] Shell elements.[22] A macrobaenid.

Fish

Bony fish

Bony fish
reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Ferganoceratodus F. annekempae Phu Noi.[23] A lungfish.
Isanichthys I. lertboosi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin province.[24] 4 specimens. A lepisosteiform.
I. palustris A single, nearly complete specimen.[25] A lepisosteiform.
Khoratichthys K. gibbus "Impression of a single articulated fish".[26] A ginglymodian.
Thaiichthys T. buddhabutrensis Phu Nam Jun, Kalasin Province.[27] A lepisosteiform.

Cartilaginous fish

Multiple fin spines have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation which cannot be precisely identified.[28]

Cartilaginous fish
reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Acrodus A. kalasinensis Kalasin province.[28] Teeth.[28] A hybodontiform.
Heteroptychodus H. cf. H. kokutensis One almost complete tooth and 20 fragmentary crowns.[28]
?
Hybodontidae
 Dermal denticles of 2 morphotypes.[28] A
hybodontid
.
Hybodus aff. H. sp. "One almost complete anterior crown (SM2012-1-004) and a complete posterior tooth (SM2012-1-005)".[28]
H. sp. Teeth.[28] "Similar to the teeth of H. huangnidanensis (which is probably a junior synonym of H. antingensis)".
Jiaodontus J. sp. 10 teeth.[28] A hybodontiform.
Lonchidion L. sp. A SM2012-1-015-6 and 12 crowns.[28] A hybodontiform.
L. sp. B Teeth and crowns.[28] A hybodontiform.

Plants

Plants reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Xenoxylon X. phyllocladoides Fossil wood.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Suteetorn and Jarnyahran (1986). "Geological Map of Thailand 1:250,000, Sheet NE 48-14 (Roi Et).
  2. ^ a b Racey and Goodall (2009). "Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia". Geological Society. London. Special Publication 315 Pp 69-84.
  3. ISSN 1424-2818
    .
  4. ^ a b c d e Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-520-24209-2
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 128482290
    .
  7. ^
    ISSN 2193-0074
    .
  8. ^ a b Suteethorn, S., Le Loeuff, J., Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., and Wongko, K. 2013. First evidence of a mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 459–469.
  9. ISSN 0037-9409
    .
  10. ^
    S2CID 197574833
    .
  11. ^
    ISSN 1424-2818
    .
  12. ^ Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian]. PDF.
  13. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0551
    .
  14. PMID 33083104
    .
  15. S2CID 91988192
    .
  16. ^
    S2CID 128623617
    .
  17. doi:10.14456/RANDK.2015.3
    .
  18. S2CID 133811716
    .
  19. ^ Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. 2009. Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand . In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.
  20. ^
    S2CID 134746960
    .
  21. ^
    S2CID 55028418
    .
  22. ^
    ISSN 1424-2818
    .
  23. S2CID 225146856
    .
  24. S2CID 55334010
    .
  25. S2CID 84971079
    .
  26. S2CID 89359438
    .
  27. ISSN 1631-0683
    .
  28. ^
    S2CID 129714897
    .
  29. S2CID 210621255
    .
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