Pittosporum tobira
Pittosporum tobira | |
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Leaves and flowers of P. tobira | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Apiales |
Family: | Pittosporaceae |
Genus: | Pittosporum |
Species: | P. tobira
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Binomial name | |
Pittosporum tobira |
Pittosporum tobira is a species of sweet-smelling flowering plant in the pittosporum
Description
It is an evergreen shrub which can reach 10 m (33 ft) tall by 3 m (10 ft) broad,[3] and can become treelike. It can also be trimmed into a hedge. The leaves are oval in shape with edges that curl under and measure up to 10 cm (4 in) in length. They are leathery, hairless, and darker and shinier on the upper surfaces. The inflorescence is a cluster of fragrant flowers occurring at the ends of branches. The flower has five white petals each about a centimetre long. The fruit is a hairy, woody capsule about 1 cm wide divided into three valves. Inside are black seeds in a bed of resinous pulp.
Distribution
It is native to parts of Eastern Asia but has been introduced as an ornamental plant in many parts of the world. In China, it is found in the Fujian province and has been introduced in several others. In Japan, it is found in Honshu and the islands of Kyushu, Shikoku, as well as the Ryukyu Islands. It is also found in South Korea and northern Taiwan.[4][1] It has been introduced to parts of the United States, and may be found in California, North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.[5]
It grows in forests, limestone areas, slopes, sandy seashores, and roadsides, usually to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) above sea level.[4]
Taxonomy and phylogeny
P. tobira is one of over 200 species of the genus Pittosporum which also includes kōhūhū and tarata. Phylogenetic research suggests P. japonicum , P. glabratum , P. illicioides, and P. balfouri are closely related.[6][7]
Names and Etymology
The binomial qualifier tobira derives from the Japanese name for the plant. The genus name Pittosporum derives from the Greek substantives pitta (meaning "pitch") and sporos (meaning "seed") in reference to the resinous substance that surrounds the seed.[8]
In Japan and China, where it is native, it is known as tobera (トベラ) and hǎitóng huā (海桐花) respectively. Its Japanese name, tobera, comes from "tobira no ki" which roughly translates to "door tree". This is because the plant emits a foul odour when leaves or branches are cut and so it was hung up in doorways during
In English, it is known as Japanese pittosporum, mock orange, Australian-laurel, and Japanese cheesewood.[2] In German it is also known as chinesischer Klebsame ("Chinese sticky seed") or Pechsame (Pech, "pitch, tar"; Same, "seed"). In Swedish it is called glansbuske ("glossy shrubs"). In Brazilian Portuguese, it is known as lágrima-sabéia ("teardrop"), pau-de-incenso ("incense stick"), or pitósporo-japonês.[1]
Chemistry
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 385.65 kcal (1,613.6 kJ) |
71.25 g | |
5.61 g | |
12.54 g | |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 11% 140 mg |
Iron | 17% 3.05 mg |
Magnesium | 87% 367.47 mg |
Manganese | 47% 1.08 mg |
Potassium | 24% 723.36 mg |
Sodium | 1% 26.01 mg |
Zinc | 18% 2.01 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 8.02 g |
Caffeic acid | 3,857 mg |
Ferulic acid | 2,007 mg |
p-coumaric acid | 1,285 mg |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[10] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[11] |
Although not typically considered edible, the nutritional composition of P. tobira seeds have been analyzed. The seeds are mostly carbohydrates (71.3%) while their low fat content (5.6%) means it cannot be classified as an oily seed. The high ash content may suggest the presence of considerable amounts of inorganic nutrients in this plant.[12]
The total phenolic content was 102.7 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram (GAE/g) while the total flavonoid content was 31.62 mg of catechin equivalent per gram dry weight basis (CAE/g DW).[12]
An HPLC analysis revealed the presence of five phenolic acids with
Methanol extracts of P. tobira was found to control more than 90% development of
Cultivation and uses
This shrub is a common, drought-tolerant and fairly hardy landscaping plant.[14] Many cultivars have been developed, including dwarf forms (such as Wheeler's dwarf) and the popular 'Variegata', which has variegated leaves.[15] It is used for hedges, living privacy screens, and indoor and outdoor planter boxes.[15] The stems, leaves, and dried fruits are used in flower arrangements.[15]
P. tobira is suitable for a Mediterranean climate, but may be more sensitive than other common ornamental plants to drought-induced stress. In 2014, a study comparing the effects of drought stress of five common ornamental plants found P. tobira to be the only plant whose total dry biomass was significantly affected (noting a 19% decrease in biomass).[16] The plant may also be useful for fire-resistant landscaping due to its high gross heat of combustion.[17] This plant may also be associated with more damage to other plant species when it is nonnative. A 2016 analysis of 49 plant species in green spaces in Madrid found P. tobira to be among the most likely shrubs to be associated with damage to native plant species.[18]
The species[19] and the cultivar 'Variegatum'[20] have both gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[21]
Ecology and interactions
Common pests of this plant include various
The pathogenic plant fungus Rhizoctonia solani forms white, web-like basidial fructifications on the lower sides of infected leaves of Pittosporum tobira.[23]
The fruit of the plant are not poisonous but not edible. However, they are eaten by
Gallery
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Japanese Cheesewood flowers
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Pittosporum tobira -MHNT
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Fruits and seeds in Japan
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P. tobira growing in Italy
References
- ^ a b c d e "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^ a b c "Japanese Cheesewood". Flower Databse. Retrieved 31 Jan 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ^ a b "Pittosporum tobira in Flora of China @ efloras.org". Flora of China. Retrieved 31 Jan 2021.
- ^ "Plants Profile for Pittosporum tobira (Japanese cheesewood)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
- .
- ^ "Pittosporum". Phylogeny of New Zealand Plants. Retrieved 31 Jan 2021.
- ISBN 9781845337315.
- ^ 日本の樹木 続.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ PMID 29084557.
- ^ Gyung-Ja (2006). "In Vivo Antifungal Activities of 67 Plant Fruit Extracts Against Six Plant Pathogenic Fungi" (PDF). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 16 (3): 491–495.
- ^ "Pittosporum tobira (Austrian laurel, Japanese Pittosporum, Mockorange, Mock Orange, Pittosporum) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
- ^ a b c d e Stamps, R. H. Tobira Production and Use
- .
- S2CID 21719033.
- .
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pittosporum tobira". Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pittosporum tobira 'Variegatum'". Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 79. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ UC Davis IPM
- .
- ^ "トベラとはどんな花?特徴的な匂いにまつわる風習と隠語". Retrieved 31 Jan 2021.
- ^ "トベラとは?特徴的な匂いをもつ植物の正体と育て方をご紹介!". Retrieved 31 Jan 2021.
External links
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