Plain antvireo
Plain antvireo | |
---|---|
Male at Jacutinga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil | |
Female at Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Thamnophilidae |
Genus: | Dysithamnus |
Species: | D. mentalis
|
Binomial name | |
Dysithamnus mentalis (Temminck, 1823)
| |
The plain antvireo (Dysithamnus mentalis) is a
Taxonomy and systematics
The plain antvireo was
The plain antvireo has these 18 subspecies:[2]
- D. m. septentrionalis Ridgway, 1908
- D. m. suffusus Nelson, 1912
- D. m. extremus Todd, 1916
- D. m. semicinereus Sclater, PL, 1855
- D. m. viridis Aveledo & Pons, 1952
- D. m. cumbreanus Hellmayr & Seilern, 1915
- D. m. andrei Hellmayr, 1906
- D. m. oberi Ridgway, 1908
- D. m. ptaritepui Zimmer, JT & Phelps, 1946
- D. m. spodionotus Salvin & Godman, 1883
- D. m. aequatorialis Todd, 1916
- D. m. napensis Chapman, 1925
- D. m. tambillanus Taczanowski, 1884
- D. m. olivaceus (Tschudi, 1844)
- D. m. tavarae Zimmer, JT, 1932
- D. m. emiliae Hellmayr, 1912
- D. m. affinis Pelzeln, 1868
- D. m. mentalis (Temminck, 1823)
Description
The plain antvireo is 10 to 13 cm (3.9 to 5.1 in) long and weighs 12 to 16 g (0.42 to 0.56 oz). It is a rather chunky bird with a large head and short tail. Adult males of the nominate subspecies D. m. mentalis have a dark gray forehead and crown and blackish ear
The other subspecies of the plain antvireo differ from the nominate and each other thus:[3][7][9][10][11][12][13][14]
- D. m. viridis: like the nominate
- D. m. cumbreanus: like the nominate
- D. m. emiliae: like the nominate
- D. m. septentrionalis: male grayer than nominate with yellowish belly; female overall browner
- D. m. suffusus: male slightly paler than septentrionalis
- D. m. affinis: male somewhat paler than suffusus, with a white belly center; female has warm brown upperparts
- D. m. andrei: male slightly darker than affinis; female duller brown than affinis
- D. m. oberi: male like andrei; female with yellower underparts
- D. m. extremus: male has blackish crown, otherwise like the nominate
- D. m. semicinereus: male has almost pure gray upperparts with a hint of olive, a grayer tail than nominate, and gray throat and underparts with white belly center and faint yellow tinge on lower belly and flanks; female has a more tawny crown and even less gray tone on the upperparts than nominate, clay colored edges to flight and tail feathers, olive-brown tinge to throat, light olive-brown breastband, white upper belly becoming yellowish olive on lower belly, and olive sides and flanks
- D. m. spodionotus: male darker than semicinereus; female warm ochraceouswith white throat and belly
- D. m. ptaritepui: similar to spodionotus but male not as dark
- D. m. tavarae: similar to spodionotus but male not as dark
- D. m. olivaceus: male slightly more olive than ptaritepui and tavarae
- D. m. napensis: male paler than olivaceous with less yellow than nominate; female underparts drab buffy-olive with no yellow
- D. m. tambillanus: like napensis
- D. m. aequatorialis: male's underparts much paler than those of napensis and tambillanus with pale yellow belly and gray tinge on the flanks
There is some question about the validity of all the subspecies, with some possibly representing clinal variation rather than subspeciation. "[M]olecular studies [are] needed in order to establish relationships among populations."[3]
Distribution and habitat
The plain antvireo has an oddly shaped and disjunct distribution. The subspecies are found thus:[3][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
- D. m. septentrionalis: from Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in southeastern Mexico south on the Caribbean slope through Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and locally in Nicaragua; Caribbean and Pacific slopes of Costa Rica and Panama to the Panama Canal
- D. m. suffusus: Caribbean and Pacific slopes of Panama from the Canal into Chocó and Antioquia departments in extreme northwestern Colombia
- D. m. extremus: Colombia's Western Andes and west slope of Central Andes between Antioquia and Cauca Department
- D. m. semicinereus: east slope of Colombia's Central Andes and both slopes of the Eastern Andes between Santander and Caquetá departments
- D. m. viridis: northern Colombia from states
- D. m. cumbreanus: northern Venezuela's Coastal Ranges from Falcón and Lara east to northern Sucre
- D. m. andrei: northeastern Venezuela from Sucre to Bolívar, western and southern Guyana, and Trinidad (and see below)
- D. m. oberi: Tobago
- D. m. ptaritepui: tepuis of southeastern Venezuela's Bolívar state
- D. m. spodionotus: from Bolívar and Amazonas states in southern Venezuela into northern Roraima in extreme northern Brazil
- D. m. aequatorialis: Pacific slope from Ecuador's Esmeraldas Province south into the Department of Tumbes in extreme northwestern Peru
- D. m. napensis: eastern slope of the Andes from extreme southern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador into extreme northern Peru's Amazonas Department
- D. m. tambillanus: eastern slope of the Andes in northern and central Peru south to Huánuco and Ucayali departments
- D. m. olivaceus: eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes between Pasco and Madre de Dios departments
- D. m. tavarae: Andes from Madre de Dios in southeastern Peru south into central Bolivia as far as southwestern Santa Cruz Department
- D. m. emiliae: northeastern Brazil roughly bounded by northeastern Pará, Paraíba, northern Tocantins, and Alagoas
- D. m. affinis: northeastern Santa Cruz in extreme northeastern Bolivia and central Brazil roughly bounded by southern Mato Grosso, southern Tocantins, northern Goiás, and northern Mato Grosso do Sul
- D. m. mentalis: east-central and southeastern Brazil from eastern Bahia south through Rio Grande do Sul and into easter Paraguay and northeastern Argentina's Misiones Province
Subspecies D. m. andrei is known in Guyana in the
The plain antvireo inhabits a variety of landscapes across its wide range. In Mexico and Central America it occurs in the understorey to mid-storey of humid montane evergreen forest and mature secondary forest. In the northern part of this area it ranges in elevation from sea level to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) though mostly below 1,250 m (4,100 ft), while in Costa Rica it reaches 2,500 m (8,200 ft) though only rarely.[3][9][10][11][15] In the northern mountains and tepuis of Venezuela and in the Andes from Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia it occurs in humid evergreen forest and also in semi-deciduous and deciduous forest and woodlands. In Colombia it ranges between 300 and 2,400 m (1,000 and 7,900 ft). In Ecuador west of the Andes it occurs from sea level to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and east of the Andes between 700 and 1,700 m (2,300 and 5,600 ft). In Peru it occurs between 400 and 2,100 m (1,300 and 6,900 ft) and in Bolivia as high as 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[3][12][13][14] In northeastern Brazil subspecies emiliae inhabits dry forest in savanna and also in wetter terra firme and várzea forests. The nominate subspecies mentalis is mostly found in humid Atlantic Forest. Elsewhere in the east and south (i.e. eastern Venezuela, Guyana, inland Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina) it occurs in dry savanna forest, mature secondary forest, gallery forest, and semi-deciduous forest as high as 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[3][7][9]
Behavior
Movement
The plain antvireo is thought to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[3]
Feeding
The plain antvireo feeds mostly on insects; its diet also includes other
Breeding
The plain antvireo's nesting season varies geographically. It spans from February to July in Costa Rica, April to July in Trinidad, and includes November in southeastern Brazil and northern Argentina. Its season has not been detailed elsewhere. Its nest is a cup of fibers from roots, fungus, and green plants and often is covered with green moss; strands of moss often dangle below the cup. It is typically suspended from a branch fork in a shrub or small tree between about 0.6 and 2.5 m (2 and 8 ft) above the ground. The clutch size is two eggs; both parents incubate during the day and usually only the female at night. The incubation period is about 15 days and (in Costa Rica) fledging occurs nine to 10 days after hatch.[3]
Breeding pairs are quite territorial against
Vocalization
The plain antvireo's song is generally a "short...series starting with a few...evenly paced, countable notes at same pitch, notes then gradually becoming more abrupt and dropping in pitch, ending in accelerating roll".[3] Authors have described it as a "high nasal watje watjwatwaturururu sounding as a rattle"[9] and as "a nasal barking series...weu-weu-weu-Weu-Weu-Weu-Weu-Weu'weu'wru'weu'u'u'u"[10]. Its calls include a "nasal, musical note" and a "short...rapid series of gradually rising notes".[3]
Status
The
References
- ^ . Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Plain Antvireo (Dysithamnus mentalis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.plaant1.01 retrieved March 10, 2024
- ^ Temminck, Coenraad Jacob (1838) [1823]. Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: F.G. Levrault. Plate 179, Fig. 3. The 5 volumes were originally issued in 102 parts, 1820-1839
- ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1951). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 7. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 184.
- ^ Cabanis, Jean (1847). "Ornithologische notizen". Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in German). 13: 186–256 [223].
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ^ ISBN 0691090351.
- ^ ISBN 0691120706.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8014-7373-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
- ^ a b c d Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey plate 160
- ^ a b Múnera-Roldán, Claudia; Cody, Martin L.; Schiele-Zavala, Robin H.; Sigel, Bryan J.; Woltmann, Stefan & Kjeldsen, Jørgen Peter (2007): New and noteworthy records of birds from south-eastern Nicaragua. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 127 (2): 152–161. PDF fulltext
- ^ O'Shea, B.J.; Milensky, Christopher M.; Claramunt, Santiago; Schmidt, Brian K.; Gebhard, Christina A.; Schmitt, C. Gregory & Erskine, Kristine T. (2007): New records for Guyana, with description of the voice of Roraiman Nightjar Caprimulgus whitelyi. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 127 (2): 118–128.
- ^
Further reading
- Skutch, Alexander F. (1969). "Plain antvireo" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 35. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 201–208.