Potash wars (California)

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Searles Lake
Trona, California, abuts northwest of the dry Searles Lake bed.
Location	Trona Rd at Center St., San Bernardino County, California
Coordinates	35°45′28″N 117°22′38″W / 35.7577694444444°N 117.377358333333°W / 35.7577694444444; -117.377358333333
California Historical Landmark
Designated	August 16, 1962
Reference no.	774
Location of Searles Lake in California

The Potash wars were a series of events that took place from 1910 to 1915 in the Searles Valley near Searles Lake, a dry lake (also called Slate Range Lake and Borax Lake), near the current town of Trona in the San Bernardino County of California. The Potash wars gained national and international news at the time due to the involvement of famous lawman Wyatt Earp and the importance of the valley's supply of potash at the time. Potash is an important crop fertilizer and the Searles Valley was a major supplier in the 1910s.

Background

In the mid-19th century and earlier, potash was produced almost exclusively on asheries from burning wood or kelp, but by 1861 Germans pioneered mining potassium salts and American farmers soon started using them as fertilizers on a wide scale.

In 1863, John W. Searles (1828-1897) discovered concentrated minerals in the saline deposits in

On October 19, 1910, 44 new Los Angeles claim jumpers arrived at Searles, their leader was Henry E. Lee, an Oakland attorney. The group has surveyors, laborers and 20 men armed guards/gunmen. The leader of the guards/gunmen was Wyatt Earp. They camp at the abandoned town of Slate Range City. To help stake their claim five of Earp's armed men, went to the nearby Austin claim in the morning. Earp told the group they were trespassers on the claim they owned. One of the men grabbed Earp's shotgun being held by one of his men. Earp pulled his automatic weapon and told him to let go and he did. As calm returned one man accidentally discharged his gun. On October 25, 1910, a US Marshall came and arrested Earp and 27 of his men and served them with a summons from Judge Charles W. Slack to appear before the U.S. Circuit Court for Contempt. Starting in 1901 Earp had gone to the desert from Los Angeles and made a number of mining claims.^[9][10][11]

The October 1910 event came up in a 1916 court case. Nick Cataldo claimed the Earp was working at the request of Tom Lewis, a Los Angeles Police Department Commissioner. He also claimed that Austin and three armed men came into Earp's camp and told the Lee party to depart. Engineer Lou Rasor told how Earp grabbed one of Austin's men's rifle and then had a revolver put to his face.^[12]

In December 1912 Lee put a second crew together to go back and try to reclaim his land claim. With unrest starting in Germany, who controlled the world market of potash, and with the importance of potash in the US, on December 23, 1912, a Federal Court instructed that Lee's claims be guarded by United States Officers, Deputy Sheriffs and the William J. Burns International Detective Agency. The action was taken due to the threat of Lee's armed men seeking to get back claims they said were taken from them in the rich potash and borax deposits of Searles lake. The news reminded many of the ’49 claim jumpers and mining camps fights.^[13] On December 27, 1912, Lee dropped his claim, there was a time limit on him re-staking this old claim and his time had run out, after he was not able to get his men to the old site and set up before the December 31 deadline.^[14]

Those that fought both with guns and in court were correct, the dry lake holds vast amounts of rich mineral wealth.^[15]

Post wars

In 1913

In 1917 American Trona Corporation built the American Trona Corporation Building in San Pedro, to process and store salt potash. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.^[22]

From 1922 to 1928, the Epsom Salts Monorail crossed the Searles Lake on a wooden trestle.

In 1926 - American Trona became

• On August 16, 1962, John W. Searles discovery site was granted a California Historical Landmark designated.

The California Historical Landmark marker reads:

• NO. 774 SEARLES LAKE BORAX DISCOVERY - John Searles discovered borax on the nearby surface of Searles Lake in 1862. With his brother Dennis, he formed the San Bernardino Borax Mining Company in 1873 and operated it until 1897. The chemicals in Searles Lake-borax, potash, soda ash, salt cake, and lithium-were deposited here by the runoff waters from melting ice-age glaciers, John Searles' discovery has proved to be the world's richest chemical storehouse, containing half the natural elements.^[27]

• A 2000 E Clampus Vitus monument was place to remember the Searles brothers:

The marker reads:

• This monument commemorates two wagon routes used by the Searles brothers to haul borax from their plant on Borax Lake (now Searles Lake) to the railhead at Mojave. The southern route traveled west of the Trona Pinnacles to Searles' freight station at Garden City. This is the present route of the Trona Railway which connects with the Union Pacific at Searles Station. Garden City was a virtual oasis, providing food and shelter for the teamsters and a barn accommodating 100 mules. The western route went through Salt Wells Canyon (Poison Canyon) to a dry station one mile from the head of the canyon and on to garden City where both routes joined. It then continued through Garlock and connected with the road to Mojave. Erected 2000 by Billy Holcomb Chapter No. 1069, E Clampus Vitus in cooperation with Searles Valley Historical Society.^[28]

Stafford Wallace Austin

Stafford Wallace Austin born on May 16, 1862, at Hilo, Hawaii. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. His first job was working for United States General Land Office in Lone Pine, California. He saw the actions of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power in the Owens Valley and wrote a report to the Secretary of the Interior about the issue he saw. He departed the Land Office in 1906 and moved to Oakland, California to practice private law. In addition to his practice he was also a teacher. He married Mary Hunter Austin on May 18, 1891, she wrote the book, Land of Little Rain about the Owens Valley. They had one child Ruth Austin (1891-1918).^[29][30] Austin and his brother came up with a new irrigation system and try to market it, but were unsuccessful. His private law firm became the receiver for foreclosure proceedings of the California Trona Company. His response was to find a way for the unsuccessful California Trona Company to move out of debt. Much of the Potash wars can be found in his daily diary he kept from December 16, 1909 and November 30, 1917. He was paid $270 per month by the Foreign Mines Development Company. Austin had a test drill done and found that the mineral-rich layers ran about 100 feet under the dry lake. Austin later was the Trona city's first postmaster, appointed on March 27, 1914. Austin died on September 14, 1931, in Los Angeles, California.^[31][32] The Austins designed and built a home in Independence, California which later became a California Historical Landmark No. 229.^[33][34]

John Wemple Searles

John Wemple Searles was born on November 16, 1828, in

• Panamint Valley
• Indian Wells Valley
• California water wars

References

External links

• The Searles Valley Historical Society
• Mineralogy Database - Minerals, Locations, Mineral Photos and Data
• Discovery of Arsenic Eating Microbe
• Searles Lake Gem and Mineral Society
• Satellite Photo (Google Maps)