Proboscis monkey
Proboscis monkey | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Primates |
Suborder: | Haplorhini |
Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
Family: | Cercopithecidae |
Subfamily: | Colobinae |
Tribe: | Presbytini |
Genus: | Nasalis É. Geoffroy, 1812 |
Species: | N. larvatus[1]
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Binomial name | |
Nasalis larvatus[1] Wurmb, 1787
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The proboscis monkey or long-nosed monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is an
This species co-exists with the
Taxonomy
The proboscis monkey belongs to the subfamily Colobinae of the Old World monkeys. The two subspecies are:[2]
- N. l. larvatus (Wurmb, 1787), which occupies the whole range of the species from Cambodia to the Philippines
- N. l. orientalis (Chasen, 1940), restricted to north-east Kalimantan
However, the difference between the subspecies is small, and not all authorities recognise N. l. orientalis.[2]
The genus name Nasalis comes from the Latin word nasus meaning "nose".[7][additional citation(s) needed]
This animal was made known to Westerners by Baron Friedrich von Wurmb in 1781, he later sent specimens of it to Stamford Raffles in Europe.[8][additional citation(s) needed]
Description
The proboscis monkey is a large species, being one of the largest monkey species native to
Sexual dimorphism is pronounced in the species. Males have a head-body length of 66 to 76.2 cm (26.0 to 30.0 in) and typically weigh 16 to 22.5 kg (35 to 50 lb), with a maximum known weight of 30 kg (66 lb). Females measure 53.3 to 62 cm (21.0 to 24.4 in) in head-and-body length and weigh 7 to 12 kg (15 to 26 lb), with a maximum known mass of 15 kg (33 lb).[9][10][11] The male has a red penis with a black scrotum.[12]
The proboscis monkey has a long coat; the fur on the back is bright orange, reddish brown, yellowish brown or brick-red.[12][13] The underfur is light-grey, yellowish, or greyish to light-orange.[12][13] Infants are born with a blue coloured face that at 2.5 months darkens to grey. By 8.5 months of age, the face has become cream coloured like the adults.[14] Both sexes have bulging stomachs that give the monkeys what resembles a pot belly. Many of the monkeys' toes are webbed.[12]
Nose
Further adding to the dimorphism is the large nose or proboscis of the male, which can exceed 10.2 cm (4.0 in) in length,[15] and hangs lower than the mouth. Theories for the extensive length of their nose suggest it may be sexual selection by the females, who prefer louder vocalisations, with the size of the nose increasing the volume of the call.[16][12][13]
The nose is smaller in the female and is upturned in the young.[17] Nevertheless, the nose of the female is still fairly large for a primate. The skull of the proboscis monkey has specialized nasal cartilages that support the large nose.[3]
Distribution and habitat
The proboscis monkey is
Behavior and ecology
Social behavior
Proboscis monkeys generally live in groups composed of one adult male, some adult females and their offspring.
In
Reproduction
Females become sexually mature at the age of five years. They experience sexual swelling, which involves the genitals becoming pink or reddened.[24][27] At one site, matings largely take place between February and November, while births occur between March and May.[28] Copulations tend to last for half a minute.[22][24] The male will grab the female by the ankles or torso and mount her from behind.[22] Both sexes will encourage mating, but they are not always successful.[27] When soliciting, both sexes will make pouted faces. In addition, males will sometimes vocalize and females will present their backsides and shake their head from side to side.[19][27][28][14] Mating pairs are sometimes harassed by subadults.[27] Proboscis monkeys may also engage in mounting with no reproductive purpose, such as playful and same-sex mounting, and females will attempt to initiate copulation even after they have conceived.[14] Gestation usually last 166–200 days or slightly more.[28] Females tend to give birth at night or in the early morning. The mothers then eat the placenta and lick their infants clean.[29] The young begin to eat solid foods at six weeks and are weaned at seven months old. The nose of a young male grows slowly until reaching adulthood. The mother will allow other members of her group to hold her infant.[22][28][29] When a resident male in a one-male group is replaced, the infants are at risk of infanticide.[30]
Communication
Proboscis monkeys are known to make various vocalizations. When communicating the status of group, males will emit honks. They have a special honk emitted towards infants, which is also used for reassurance. Males will also produce alarm calls to signal danger. Both sexes give threat calls, but each are different. In addition, females and immature individuals will emit so-called "female calls" when angry.[31] Honks, roars and snarls are made during low-intensity agonistic encounters. Nonvocal displays include leaping-branch shaking, bare-teeth open mouth threats and erection in males, made in the same situations.[22]
Feeding and activities
As a seasonal folivore and frugivore, the proboscis monkey eats primarily fruit and leaves.
Conservation status
The proboscis monkey is assessed as
The proboscis monkey can be found in 16 protected areas:
References
- OCLC 62265494.
- ^ . Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Proboscis monkey". Animal Diversity Web. December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "Conservation of the Proboscis Monkey and the Orangutan in Borneo: Comparative Issues and Economic Considerations" (PDF). Working Papers on Economics, Ecology and the Environment. March 2007.
- S2CID 29045930.
- ^ PMID 35498121.
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "nāsus". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library.
- ^ Lydekker, Richard, ed. (1894). The Royal Natural History. New York, USA: Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 84–85.
- ^ ISBN 0262640333.[page needed]
- ^ "Primate Factsheets: Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Primate Info Net. University of Wisconsin–Madison. n.d. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ "Up Close With Borneo Primates". Special Features. Brudirect. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ ISBN 0080469116.
- ^ ISBN 9679994716.[page needed]
- ^ a b c d Woltanski, Amy (2004). "Nasalis larvatus (proboscis monkey)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ^ Ellis, D. (1986). "Proboscis monkey and aquatic ape". Sarawak Museum Journal. 36 (57): 251–262.
- ^ "Proboscis Monkey". World Land Trust. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
- ^ "proboscis monkey". www.britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. 19 Feb 2020. Retrieved 11 Feb 2022.
- S2CID 29045930.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bennett E. L., Gombek F. (1993) Proboscis monkeys of Borneo. Sabah (MY):Koktas Sabah Berhad Ranau.
- ^ a b c Sebastian A. C. (2000). "Proboscis monkeys in Danau Sentarum National Park". Borneo Research Bulletin. 31: 359–371.
- S2CID 20269823.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Boonratana R. (1993). The ecology and behaviour of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in the lower Kinabatangan, Sabah (PhD). Mahidol University.
- ^ a b c Boonratana R. (2002). "Social organisation of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in the lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia". Malay Nat. Journal. 56 (1): 57–75.
- ^ S2CID 46315032.
- ^ a b c d Boonratana R. (1999). "Dispersal in proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in the lower Kinabatangan, Northern Borneo". Tropic Biodiversity. 6 (3): 179–187.
- S2CID 84905354.
- ^ S2CID 10625574.
- ^ a b c d Rajanathan R.; Bennett E. L. (1990). "Notes on the social behaviour of wild proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)". Malay Nat. Journal. 44 (1): 35–44.
- ^ S2CID 39403318.
- S2CID 20111145.
- ^ Messeri P.; Trombi M. (2000). "Vocal repertoire of proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus, L.) in Sarawak". Folia Primatol. 71 (4): 268–287.
- ^ S2CID 23442969.
- S2CID 85675872.
- PMID 21450728.
- S2CID 26318484.
- ^ Stuebing, R. B.; Bezuijen, M. R.; Auliya, M.; Voris, H. K. (2006). "The current and historic distribution of Tomistoma schlegelii (the False Gharial)(Müller, 1838)(Crocodylia, Reptilia)". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 54 (1): 181–197.
- S2CID 84996963.
External links
- ARKive – images and movies of the Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus)
- Primate Info Net Nasalis Factsheets
- Save the Proboscis Monkeys Petition and weblog with info on the rare, endangered species.
- A Video about proboscis monkeys by National Geographic
- John C. M. Sha, Ikki Matsuda & Henry Bernard (2011) The Natural History of the Proboscis Monkey
- John C. M. Sha, Henry Bernard, and Senthival Nathan (2008) Status and Conservation of Proboscis Monkeys in Sabah, East Malaysia