Prunus mahaleb

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Prunus mahaleb
Spring flowers of St. Lucie cherry

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Species:
P. mahaleb
Binomial name
Prunus mahaleb
Subspecies

See text.

Distribution map
Synonyms

Of the species:[3]

  • Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill.
  • Mahaleb vulgaris Takht.
  • Padellus mahaleb (L.) Vassilcz.
  • Padus mahaleb (L.) Borkh.

Of subsp. cupaniana:[4]

  • Padellus mahaleb subsp. cupaniana (Guss.) Pénzes
  • Prunus cupaniana Guss.

Of subsp. mahaleb:[5]

  • Cerasus corymbosa St.-Lag.
  • Druparia mahaleb Clairv.
  • Padellus mahaleb subsp. simonkaii (Pénzes) Soják
  • Padus monstrosa Dippel
  • Prunus mahaleb subsp. baldaccii Pénzes
  • Prunus mahaleb subsp. simonkaii Pénzes
  • Prunus odorata Lam.

Prunus mahaleb, the mahaleb cherry[6] or St Lucie cherry, is a species of cherry tree. The tree is cultivated for a spice obtained from the seeds inside the cherry stones. The seeds have a fragrant smell and have a taste comparable to bitter almonds with cherry notes.

The tree is native to central and southern Europe, Iran and parts of central Asia. It is adjudged to be native in northwestern Europe or at least it is naturalized there.[2][7][8] It is a deciduous tree or large shrub, growing to 2–10 m (rarely up to 12 m) tall with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter.

Description

The tree's

glabrous and green. The petiole is 5–20 millimetres long, and may or may not have two glands. The flowers are fragrant, pure white, small, 8–20 mm diameter, with an 8–15 mm pedicel; they are arranged 3–10 together on a 3–4 cm long raceme. The flower pollination is mainly by bees. The fruit is a small thin-fleshed cherry-like drupe 8–10 mm in diameter, green at first, turning red then dark purple to black when mature, with a very bitter flavour; flowering is in mid spring with the fruit ripening in mid to late summer.[8][9][10]

It demonstrates selective fruit abortion, producing a high proportion of excess flowers that result in low fruit set levels. This reduces the number of "poor quality" fruit and increases the viability of its seeds.[11][12]

Subspecies

As of February 2023, two subspecies were accepted by Plants of the World Online:[3]

  • Prunus mahaleb subsp. cupaniana (Guss.) Arcang. (synonyms include Prunus cupaniana) – restricted to north Sicily[4]
  • Prunus mahaleb subsp. mahaleb (synonyms include Prunus odorata) – elsewhere in the native range of the species[5]

Distribution and habitat

Prunus mahaleb occurs in thickets and open woodland on dry slopes; in central Europe at altitudes up to 1,700 m (5,600 ft), and in highlands at 1,200–2,000 m in southern Europe.[10] It has become naturalised in some temperate areas, including Europe north of its native range (north to Great Britain and Sweden), and locally in Australia and the United States.[10][13][14]

Ecology

A scientific study

blackcaps proved to be the most important seed dispersers. When P. mahaleb is fruiting, these birds consume the fruit almost exclusively, and disperse the seeds to the locations favourable for the tree's growth. The way in which some birds consume the fruits and the habitats those birds use may act as a selective force in determining which genetic variations of the cherry flourish.[16]

Cultivation

Away from its native range, the species is grown as an

ornamental tree for its strongly fragrant flowers, throughout temperate regions of the world. A number of cultivars have been selected for their ornamental value, including 'Albomarginata', with variegated foliage, 'Bommii', a dwarf with strongly pendulous branches, 'Globosa', a compact dwarf clone, 'Pendula', with drooping branching, and 'Xanthocarpa' with yellow fruit.[17]

Uses

St Lucie cherry stones

The plant is also cultivated for

çörek (chorak), the Greek sweet-bread tsoureki or the Armenian sweet-bread chorak. The chemical constituents are still uncertain, but the spice is prepared from the seeds, either by grinding and powdering the seed kernels, or in oil extracted from the seeds.[19]

The

pipes.[20]

The bark, wood, and seeds contain coumarin.[20][21] They have anti-inflammatory, sedative and vasodilation effects.[citation needed]

The fruit of Prunus mahaleb is inedible.[22]

History

Main article: Mahleb

Prunus mahaleb is a likely candidate for the ḫalub-tree mentioned in early Sumerian writings, a durable fruit-bearing hardwood with seeds and leaves known for their medicinal properties and associated with the goddess

al-" is the Arabic definite article).[27] In 1593 the Latin botanist Carolus Clusius spelled it mahaleb.[27] Today its cultivation and use is largely restricted to the region that in the 19th and earlier centuries formed the Ottoman Empire. Syria is the main exporting country.[19]

References

  1. ^ Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. (2016). "Prunus mahaleb". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T172121A48416825. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Prunus mahaleb". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
  3. ^ a b "Prunus mahaleb L..", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2023-02-11
  4. ^ a b "Prunus mahaleb subsp. cupaniana (Guss.) Arcang." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  5. ^ a b "Prunus mahaleb subsp. mahaleb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  6. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Prunus mahaleb". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  7. ^ Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Prunus mahaleb Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^
    ISBN 0-00-220013-9
    .
  9. ^ Flora of NW Europe: Prunus mahaleb Archived 2007-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^
    ISBN 0-340-40170-2
    .
  11. JSTOR 2445715
    .
  12. JSTOR 2445332
    .
  13. ^ New South Wales Flora: Prunus mahaleb
  14. ^ USDA Plants Profile: Prunus mahaleb
  15. JSTOR 2937263. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-11.
  16. JSTOR 3545521
    .
  17. ISBN 0-7195-2427-X
    .
  18. ^ "Mahaleb Cherry | Whitman County | Washington State University".
  19. ^ a b Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Mahaleb Cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.)
  20. ^ a b Vedel, H., & Lange, J. (1960). Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow. Metheun & Co. Ltd., London.
  21. PMID 5440687
    .
  22. ISBN 0-394-50760-6
    .
  23. ISBN 161451545X
    .
  24. ^ "Mahaleb" in Remarques sur les mots français dérivés de l'arabe, by Henri Lammens, year 1890.
  25. ^ Le livre de l'agriculture, by Ibn al-'Awwam, translated to French J.-J. Clément-Mullet, year 1866, volume II page 367–368.
  26. ^ "Maaleb" and "mahaleb" in the Pandectarum of Matthaeus Silvaticus (in Latin).
  27. ^ a b Mahaleb @ CNRTL.fr (in French).

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Prunus mahaleb.
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