Public sociology
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Public sociology is a subfield of the wider sociological discipline that emphasizes expanding the disciplinary boundaries of sociology in order to engage with non-academic audiences. It is perhaps best understood as a style of sociology rather than a particular method, theory, or set of political values. Since the twenty-first century, the term has been widely associated with University of California, Berkeley sociologist Michael Burawoy, who delivered an impassioned call for a disciplinary embrace of public sociology in his 2004 American Sociological Association (ASA) presidential address.[1] In his address, Burawoy contrasts public sociology with what he terms "professional sociology", a form of sociology that is concerned primarily with addressing other academic sociologists.
Burawoy and other advocates of public sociology encourage the discipline to engage with issues that are of significant public and political concern. These include debates over public policy, political
History
The term "public sociology" was first introduced by
However, the Northwestern University race scholar Aldon Morris argues in his book The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology (2015) that W. E .B. Du Bois was practicing public sociology long before the term was incorporated into the mainstream disciplinary vocabulary, and that scientific racism prevented Du Bois' contributions from being recognized by the discipline for nearly a century.
Morris argues that Du Bois built the first actual scientific department of sociology during his tenure at
Du Bois and his colleagues made use of the scientific method and robust empirical inquiry with the dual goals of turning sociology into a real social science committed to empirical investigation, and using their findings to liberate, empower, and emancipate American blacks from the violence of racist oppression.[6]
Debates over public sociology have rekindled questions concerning the extra-academic purpose of sociology. Public sociology raises questions about what sociology is and what its goals ought to (or even could) be. Such debates (over science and political advocacy, scholarship and public commitment) have a long history in American sociology and in American social science more generally. Historian Mark C. Smith, for instance, has investigated earlier debates over the purpose of social science in his book Social Science in the Crucible: The American Debate over Objectivity and Purpose,1918-1941 (1994), while Stephen P. Turner and Jonathan H. Turner argue in their book, The Impossible Science: An Institutional Analysis of American Sociology (1990), that sociology's search for purpose, through dependence on external publics, has limited the discipline's potential.
Today
While there is no one definition of public sociology, the term has come to be widely associated with Burawoy's particular perspective of sociology. As Mark D. Jacobs and Amy Best write, "The mission of public sociology, in Michael Burawoy's formulation, is to strengthen the institutions of civil society against the encroachments of both state and market."[11] Indeed, Burawoy maintains that, since the last half of the twentieth century and into the twenty first, the political stance of sociology has drifted more leftward, while the all encompassing influence of neoliberalism has dragged the rest of world more rightward. In the aftermath of Reaganomics
Even in the face of such adversity, many sociologists remain optimistic about the potential latent within sociology to develop an alternative paradigm to the market fundamentalism at the heart of Burawoy's critique. The sociological discipline is dynamic and ever changing, and has a long history of incorporating new theoretical and empirical insights into its analyses, often with the goal of empowering marginalized publics.
Sociologists have not been alone in debating the public role of social science. Similar debates have occurred recently in the disciplines of
Future
Following the 2004 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association (ASA), at which Michael Burawoy's vision of public sociology was introduced during his presidential address,[1] there has been continued interest in the topic. In recent years, numerous books and special issues have addressed public sociology, including:
- Public Sociology: Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-First Century (2007), edited by Dan Clawson, Robert Zussman, Joya Misra, Naomi Gerstel, Randall Stokes, and Douglas L. Anderton;[8]
- Public Sociologies Reader (2006), edited by Judith Blau and Keri Iyall Smith;[16]
- Public Sociology: The Contemporary Debate (2007), edited by Larry Nichols.[17]
- Public Sociology and Civil Society, Governance, Politics, and Power (2013), by Patricia Mooney Nickel;[18]
- and Public Sociology: From Social Facts to Literary Acts (New Social Formations) (2nd edition, 2007), by Ben Agger.[19]
Building on the conversation sparked by Burawoy in 2004, the 2007 ASA meeting in New York City contained many facets of public sociology. Many of the presentations engaged directly with the public sociology debate, such as: "Constituting a Practical Public Sociology: Reflections on Participatory Research at the Citizenship Project"[20] by Paul Johnston; "A New Public Sociology of Punishment"[21] by Heather Schoenfeld; "What Do Activists Want? Public Sociology for Feminist Scholars of Reproduction"[22] by Danielle Bessett and Christine Morton; and "Developing a Public Sociology: From Lay Knowledge to Civic Intelligence in Health Impact Assessment"[23] by Eva Elliott and Gareth Williams.
Lambros Fatsis' doctoral thesis on public sociology, "Making Sociology Public: A Critical Analysis of an Old Idea and a Recent Debate", can also be recommended as a critical review of the contemporary disciplinary debate about public sociology, incorporating such developments as "e-public sociology" into the scholarly discussion. E-public sociology is a form of public sociology that involves publishing sociological materials in online accessible spaces and subsequent interaction with publics in these spaces.[24]
The debate over public sociology is having far reaching consequences for how many sociology departments teach and do sociology, with several reorienting their programs to encompass elements of public sociology. For example, the sociology department at the University of Minnesota has begun advocating for sociology to claim a larger role in public life, providing "useful, accurate, and scientifically rigorous information to policy makers and community leaders".[25] Similarly, the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at George Mason University began offering a doctoral degree in sociology in the fall of 2008, grounding its two specializations in Institutions and Inequalities and the Sociology of Globalization within a context of public sociological praxis.[26]
In the United Kingdom, too, most institutions that provide undergraduate sociology degrees now advertise the public or "applied" nature of the curriculum (or various key modules that form part of the curriculum). Some examples here would include: Birmingham City University; Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh; Nottingham Trent University; the University of Exeter; Cardiff University; and Bishop Grosseteste University's newly established BA Sociology program.
Indeed, with so many programs incorporating the ideals of public sociology into their curriculums, this will have significant consequences for how future sociologists are trained to do sociology.
Criticism
A significant number of those who practice sociology either as public intellectuals or as academic professionals do not subscribe to the specific version of "public sociology" defended by Michael Burawoy or to any version of "public sociology" at all. And in the wake of Burawoy's 2004 Presidency of the American Sociological Association, which put the theme of public sociology in the limelight, the project of public sociology has been vigorously debated on the web, in conversations among sociologists, and in a variety of academic journals.
Specifically, Burawoy's vision of public sociology has been critiqued both by "
Public sociology faces fierce criticism on the grounds of both of its logic and its goals. Its critics claim that it is based on a false premise of consensus in the sociological community, arguing that "it greatly overestimates the uniformity of the moral and political agenda of sociologists".[27] They question the possibility and the desirability of such moral agreement, pointing out that "almost every social issue involves moral dilemmas, not moral clarity. What is or is not 'just' is almost never unambiguous".[4] Others argue that public sociology is based on an uncritical and overly idealistic perception of the public sphere.[28]
Even stronger critiques come from academics who believe that the program of public sociology will unduly politicize the discipline and thus endanger the legitimacy sociology has in the public dialogue.[4] These critics argue that the project of building a reliable body of knowledge about society is fundamentally incompatible with the goals of public sociology: "To the extent that we orient our work around moral principles, we are less likely to attend to theoretical issues. The greater the extent to which we favor particular outcomes, the less able are we to design our work to actually access such outcomes. And the more ideologically oriented our objectives, the less the chance that we can recognize or assimilate contrary evidence. In other words, rather than good professional sociology being mutually interactive with public sociology, I believe that public sociology gets in the way of good professional sociology."[4]
Applied sociology
"Applied sociology" and "sociological practice" (also referred to as policy sociology) has come to refer to intervention using sociological knowledge in an applied setting. Applied sociologists work in a wide variety of settings including universities, government, and private practice, using sociological methods to help communities solve everyday problems, such as improving community policing and crime prevention, evaluating and improving drug courts, assessing the needs of inner city neighborhoods, developing the capacity of an educational system, or promoting the development of housing and related resources for aging populations.[29]
Sociological practice is different from pure academic sociology in which sociologists work in an academic setting such as a university with a teaching and pure research orientation. Although there are some common origins, sociological practice is entirely distinct from
As defined by the Applied Social Sciences Forum (ASSF), applied Social Science (ASS) seeks to highlight the processes of social and political transformation taking place in a particular society. It is characterized by the operational aspect of the knowledge it produces. Unlike pure academic knowledge, applied social sciences try to steer the debate towards scientific priorities of social and political reform and accompanying social transformations. From this point of view, the applied social sciences can be seen as complementary knowledge that enrich both the action and the academic sciences.[31]
The objectives of ASS are to deepen reflection on practical issues related to their objective, to support the major decision making in society and enable researchers to support their knowledge and enrich the range of possible solutions.[32]
The "action research" is the framework of choice for applied social sciences. Action research can be defined here as a process that involves further intervention by the researcher beyond the return of a single diagnostic assay type, or inventory.
The researcher may, in this way, have several hats within the same search:
- A role of developer issues, logical actions and issues of different actors,
- An expert who accompanies the action from his methodology and science role
- A facilitator role pilot working groups and aims, as and when the progress of its work, its analyzes to confront the realities of stakeholders power feed,
- A mediator who brings out back and speak different stakeholders of an action system
- A role of facilitator who can help build collective courses of action relevant while remaining outside issues discussed.
The methodological tools of the SSA are:
- Qualitative approaches (different types of interviews and / or collective)
- Quantitative methods using questionnaires and / or literature searches, data processing statistics
- The analysis of practices
- Action research
- Participatory methods
Notable applied, public, and clinical sociologists
- Jane Addams
- John G. Bruhn
- Elizabeth J. Clark
- W. E. B. Du Bois[6]
- Jonathan A. Friedman
- Jan M. Fritz
- C. Margaret Hall
- Rand L. Kannenberg
- Abdelwahab Ben Hafaiedh
- Roger A. Straus
- Lester F. Ward
- Tressie McMillan Cottom
- Michael Eric Dyson
- Melissa Harris-Perry
- Cornel West
See also
- Public anthropology
- Sociotherapy
- Sociologists Without Borders, international organization
- Public Criminology
References
- ^ S2CID 53656925. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ^ Hanemaayer, A., & Schneider, C.J. (eds) (2014). The Public Sociology Debate: Ethics and Engagement Archived 2015-02-02 at the Wayback Machine." Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press
- ^ Piven, Francis Fox (2007). "From Public Sociology to Politicized Sociologist". Public Sociology: Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-first Century. University of California Press. pp. 158–168.
- ^ a b c d Tittle, Charles. 2004. "The Arrogance of Public Sociology"[permanent dead link]. Social Forces, June 2004, 82(4).
- JSTOR 2095658.
- ^ a b c d Morris, Aldon (2015). The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology. University of California Press.
- ^ Lutters, Wayne G.; Ackerman, Mark S. (1996). "An Introduction to the Chicago School of Sociology" (PDF). University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
- ^ a b Public Sociology. University of California Press. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
- ^ Burawoy, M. 2004 American Sociological Association Presidential address: For public sociology. American Sociological Review, 2005, Vol. 70, Issue 1, 4-28.
- ^ Burawoy, Michael: "The Critical Turn to Public Sociology", Critical Sociology, Summer 2005.
- ^ "Footnotes--May/June 2008 Issue--George Mason Introduces New PhD Program in Public Sociology". www.asanet.org. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
- ^ Little, Daniel (November 9, 2007). "Understanding Society". Sociology as a Social Science Discipline: 1. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
- ^ Glenn, Evelyn Nakano (2007). "Whose Public Sociology?". Public Sociology: Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-first Century. University of California Press. pp. 213–230.
- ^ ssrc.org Archived 2013-04-16 at archive.today
- ^ Calhoun, C. 2004 "The promise of public sociology". The British Journal of Sociology, 2005, Vol. 56, Issue 3, 355-363.
- ISBN 9780742545878.
- ^ "Public Sociology". Transaction Publishers. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
- ISBN 9781594519772.
- ISBN 9780742541061.
- ^ Johnston, Paul. "Constituting a Practical Public Sociology: Reflections on Participatory Research at the Citizenship Project" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007. 2011-06-09
- ^ Schoenfeld, Heather. "1. A New Public Sociology of Punishment" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association (ASA), TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007. 2011-06-09
- ^ Bessett, Danielle. and Morton, Christine. "What Do Activists Want? Public Sociology for Feminist Scholars of Reproduction" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007. 2011-06-09
- ^ Elliott, Eva. and Williams, Gareth. "Developing a public sociology: from lay knowledge to civic intelligence in health impact assessment" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City, Aug 11, 2007. 2011-06-09
- ^ Schneider, C.J. (2014). Social Media and e-Public Sociology. In Ariane Hanemaayer and Christopher J. Schneider, editors, The Public Sociology Debate: Ethics and Engagement, University of British Columbia Press: 205-224.
- ^ "The Engaged Department: Public Sociology in the Twin Cities" by Ronald Aminzade, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Footnotes nov. 2004.
- ^ "Footnotes--May/June 2008 Issue--George Mason Introduces New PhD Program in Public Sociology". www.asanet.org. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
- ^ Francois Nielsen. 2004. "The Vacant 'We': Remarks on Public Sociology." Social Forces, Vol. 82, No. 4 (Jun., 2004), pp. 1619-1627
- ^ Brady, David. 2004. "Why Public Sociology May Fail." Social Forces, Vol. 82, No. 4 (Jun., 2004), pp. 1629-1638
- ISBN 978-0-7391-3395-8
- ISBN 0-7425-1662-8.
- ^ The Applied Social Science Forum website - assforum.org
- ^ Abdelwahab Ben Hafaiedh: The Applied Social Science today - Tunisian Association of Sociology - Tunis 2001 p 23
Further reading
- Agger, Ben (2007). Public Sociology: From Social Facts to Literary Acts (2nd edition ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. OCLC 76940021.
- OCLC 11030006
- C. Wright Mills. 1959 (2000). OCLC 41476714
- Burawoy, Michael: "For Public Sociology" (American Sociological Review, February 2005)
- Burawoy, Michael: "The Critical Turn to Public Sociology" (Critical Sociology, Summer 2005)
- Deflem, Mathieu. Public Sociology, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie, and Chevrolet. The Journal of Professional and Public Sociology 1(1), 2005.
- Deflem, Mathieu. Comment (on public sociology). Contemporary Sociology 34(1):92-93, 2005.
- Fatsis, L. (2014) "Making sociology public: A critical analysis of an old idea and a recent debate", PhD Thesis, School of Law Politics and Sociology, University of Sussex.