Qalawun
al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn | |
---|---|
al-Malik al-Manṣūr
| |
Egypt | |
Burial | |
Consort |
|
Qalawunid dynasty | |
Dynasty | Bahri Mamluks |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Qalāwūn aṣ-Ṣāliḥī (
The current sultan,
Biography and rise to power
Qalawun Originally from the bahir Mamluks, they are children who were touched by slavery because they were kidnapped from their parents or sold from poverty, and they end up in Cairo, where one of the sultans or princes frees the Mamluk, supervises his upbringing and the Mamluk arises in Cairo.[2]
He became a mamluk (slave soldier) in the 1240s after being sold to a member of Sultan al-Kamil's household. Qalawun was known as al-Alfī ("the Thousander"), because as-Salih Ayyub bought him for a thousand dinars of gold.
Qalawun initially barely spoke
The governor of Damascus, Sunqur al-Ashqar, did not agree with Qalawun's ascent to power and declared himself sultan. Sunqur's claim of leadership, however, was repelled in 1280, when Qalawun defeated him in battle.[6] In 1281, Qalawun and Sunqur reconciled as a matter of convenience when Abaqa Khan, head of the Ilkhanate, invaded Syria. Qalawun and Sunqur, working together, successfully repelled Abaqa's attack at the Second Battle of Homs.
. Barakah died there in 1280 (it was rumored that Qalawun had him poisoned), and Khadir gained control of the castle, until 1286 when Qalawun took it over directly.In 1282 he founded
Mamluk diplomacy
As Baibars had done previously, Qalawun entered into land control treaties with the remaining
The treaties were always in Qalawun's favor, and his treaty with Tyre mandated that the city would not build new fortifications, would stay neutral in conflicts between the Mamluks and other Crusaders, and Qalawun would be allowed to collect half the city's taxes.In 1281 Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with
Wars against the Crusader states
Undeterred by the terms of these newly formed peace treaties, Qalawun sacked the "impregnable" Hospitaller fortress of Margat in 1285, and established a Mamluk garrison there. He also captured and destroyed the castle of Maraclea. He captured Latakia in 1287 and Tripoli on April 27, 1289, thus ending the Crusader County of Tripoli. The Fall of Tripoli in 1289 was spurred by the Venetians and the Pisans, who opposed rising Genoese influence in the area. In 1290, reinforcements of King Henry arrived in Acre and drunkenly slaughtered peaceable merchants and peasants, Christians and Muslims alike.
Qalawun sent an embassy to ask for an explanation and above all to demand that the murderers be handed over for punishment. The Frankish response was divided between those who sought to appease him and those who sought a new war. Having received neither an explanation nor the murderers themselves, Qalawun decided that the ten-year truce he had formed with Acre in 1284 had been broken by the Franks. He subsequently besieged the city that same year. He died in Cairo on 10 November 1290, before taking the city, but Acre was captured the next year by his son al-Ashraf Khalil.
Despite Qalawun's distrust of his son, Khalil succeeded him following his death. Khalil continued his father's policy of replacing Turkish Mamluks with
Family
Qalawun's first wife was Fatima Khatun, known as Umm Salih.[11] She was the daughter of Sayf ad-Din Karmun (Karamūm), a Mongol commander from the Golden Horde who had integrated the Mamluks.[12] They married in 1265–66. She was the mother of his eldest son, as-Salih Ali[13] (died 2 September 1288[14]) and Ghaziya Khatun.[15] She died in 1283–84, and was buried in her own mausoleum in Southern Cemetery, Cairo.[11]
After her death, he married her sister, the widow of Sayf ad-Din Kunduk.[16] Another wife was Qutqutiya Khatun. She was the mother of his second son, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil.[17][18]
Another wife was Sitt Ashlun Khatun (Ašlūn), the daughter of an
Another wife was the daughter of Amir Shams ad-Din Sunqur al-Takriti al-Zahiri. They married in 1288–89. Qalawun, however, dissolved the marriage shortly thereafter.
See also
Notes
- Faris ad-Din Aktai in 1254, Bahri Mamluks (including Baibars and Qalawun) fled to an-Nasir Yusuf in Syria,[3] then returned to Egypt during the reign of Qutuz.
References
- ISBN 978-90-04-49248-6.
When Qalāwūn assumed the throne in 1280, he took the regnal title al-manṣūr (the victorious).
- ^ Atlas of the History of the Mamluk Period, p. 13.
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 326.
- ISBN 978-977-424-632-6.
- ISBN 978-1-84014-618-9.
- ISBN 978-0-521-52594-7.
- ^ Burgoyne, 1987, p. 131
- .
- ^ Crawford, p. 61.
- ISBN 90-04-10246-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-977-416-205-3.
- ISBN 978-90-6831-683-4.
- ^ Northrup 1998, p. 116.
- ^ a b Northrup 1998, p. 143.
- ^ a b Bauden, Frédéric. "The Qalawunids: A Pedigree" (PDF). University of Chicago. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- ^ Northrup 1998, pp. 116–17.
- ISBN 978-90-04-11794-5.
- ISBN 978-90-04-34505-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-6831-683-4.
- ^ Northrup 1998, p. 117.
- ^ a b c Northrup 1998, p. 158.
- ^ Northrup 1998, p. 75.
- ^ Northrup 1998, p. 142.
Bibliography
- Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton (1987). Mamluk Jerusalem. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust. ISBN 090503533X.
- The Travels of Ibn Battuta translated by H.A.R. Gibb
- Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977), From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-87395-263-4
- Northrup, Linda (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of al-Mansur Qaldwun and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H./1279-1290 A.D.). Stuttgart. ISBN 3-515-06861-9.)
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External links
- The American University in Cairo - Complex of Qalawun