Raymond A. Spruance
Raymond A. Spruance | |
---|---|
Baltimore, Maryland, US | |
Died | December 13, 1969 Pebble Beach, California, US | (aged 83)
Buried | |
Allegiance | United States |
Service/ | United States Navy |
Years of service | 1907–1948 |
Rank | Admiral |
Commands held | United States Fifth Fleet United States Pacific Fleet |
Battles/wars | |
Awards | |
Other work | Ambassador to the Philippines |
Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 – December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. He commanded U.S. naval forces during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, one of the most significant naval battles of the Pacific Theatre. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. At Midway, dive bombers from Enterprise sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Most historians consider Midway the turning point of the Pacific War.[1]
Official Navy historian
Early life
Spruance was born in
Career prior to World War II
Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USS Iowa, an 11,400-ton veteran of the Spanish–American War. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around-the-world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909.
Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi.
In 1916 he aided in the
Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship
He commanded the Percival during the sea trials off the California coast and during the patrol cruises with the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet until May 1922, when he was ordered to
Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice Admiral
Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]
He began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927. Spruance served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico.
World War II
Before Midway
In the first months of World War II in the Pacific, Spruance commanded the four heavy cruisers and support ships of Cruiser Division Five from his flagship, the heavy cruiser USS Northampton. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. These raids were critical to morale—setting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. Navy.[4]
Midway
During the third week of May 1942, U.S. naval intelligence units confirmed that the Japanese would—by early June—
Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command.[11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare.[12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flagship, USS Yorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]
The U.S. Navy intercept force centered on the three carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown, and their air-attack squadrons. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chūichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kondō and others. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato.
At 0530 June 4, a scout plane from Midway sighted the
The battle commenced on the morning of June 4; the first several waves of U.S. attack aircraft were badly beaten, both near Midway and at sea around the Japanese task force. Then U.S.
Hiryū, the surviving carrier, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. But several hours later—near the end of daylight hours—a U.S. scout plane located Hiryū again. Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. However a second strike from Hiryū would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop-up phase of the battle.
The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. In 1949, naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison noted that Spruance was subjected to criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese and allowing the surface fleet to escape.[13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history".[14][15] For his actions at the battle of Midway, Rear Admiral Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and cited as follows: "For exceptionally meritorious service ... as Task Force Commander, United States Pacific Fleet. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality."[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle.[17]
The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. The setback in the Japanese timetable to encircle the Pacific gave the U.S. industrial machine time to crank up war production, and ultimately, to turn the advantage on Japan in the production of ships, planes, guns, and all the other matériel of war. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well.[citation needed]
Commanding the Fifth Fleet
Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet.
On 5 August 1943 Spruance was placed in command of the Central Pacific Force, which, on April 29, 1944, was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. When not in command of the fleet the admirals and their staffs were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations.
The two admirals were a contrast in styles. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. Spruance was calculating and cautious. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral
Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains:
My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. When you moved into Admiral Halsey's command from Admiral Spruance's … you moved [into] an area in which you never knew what you were going to do in the next five minutes or how you were going to do it, because the printed instructions were never up to date.... He never did things the same way twice. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]
This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral".
Spruance directed
Battle of the Philippine Sea
While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea.[21] Buell quotes Spruance speaking with Morison:
As a matter of tactics I think that going out after the Japanese and knocking their carriers out would have been much better and more satisfactory than waiting for them to attack us, but we were at the start of a very important and large amphibious operation and we could not afford to gamble and place it in jeopardy.
However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. Admiral Ernest J. King, the Chief of Naval Operations, said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct." Spruance's fast carrier commander, Marc Mitscher, told his chief of staff Arleigh Burke:
You and I have been in many battles, and we know there are always some mistakes. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. Admiral Spruance could have been right. He's one of the finest officers I know of. It was his job to protect the landing force....[8]
End of the Pacific War
For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. He shifted his flag to the old battleship USS New Mexico of the shore bombardment force after Indianapolis was struck by a kamikaze off Okinawa. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945, a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the admiral manning a fire hose amidship. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station, Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign.[22] Spruance later chose the battleship USS New Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces.
Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]
Spruance succeeded
On October 16, 1946, the former
Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]
Post-war
Retirement
At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated
So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it.[25]
Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. He was decorated with Order of Leopold and Croix de guerre with Palm by the Government of Belgium for his service for the Allied cause.[26]
Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following
Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. At the crucial Battle of Midway your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation...[24]
Later life
He was appointed as Ambassador to the Philippines by President Harry S. Truman, and served there from 1952 to 1955.
He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D.),
Spruance died in
Personality
Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. He never smoked, and drank little. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors.[28]
His achievements in the navy were well known, but himself much less. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. He was modest and candid about himself. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. My mind is blank."[28]
Legacy
The destroyers Spruance (DD-963), lead ship of the Spruance class of destroyers, and Spruance (DDG-111), 61st ship of the Arleigh Burke class of destroyers, were named in his honor.[29]
The main auditorium of the U.S. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby.[citation needed]
Cultural depictions
Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway.
Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance.[30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once.[31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." Yet the decision is hailed by the series's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American victory.[32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. Not till many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts."[33]
Awards
1st Row | Navy Cross | Navy Distinguished Service Medal with two 5⁄16" Gold Stars |
Army Distinguished Service Medal
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd Row | Navy Commendation Medal
|
Presidential Unit Citation with one star |
World War I Victory Medal with "Overseas" clasp | ||||||
3rd Row | American Defense Service Medal with "Fleet" clasp |
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
with eight 3/16-inch battle stars |
World War II Victory Medal
| ||||||
4th Row | Navy Occupation Medal with "Asia" clasp |
Philippine Liberation Medal with two stars |
Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior (Greece) | ||||||
5th Row | Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) |
Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) |
Croix de Guerre with Palm (Belgium) |
Dates of rank
- United States Naval Academy Midshipman – July 2, 1903, Passed Midshipman – September 26, 1906
Ensign | Lieutenant junior grade | Lieutenant | Lieutenant commander | Commander |
---|---|---|---|---|
O-1 | O-2 | O-3 | O-4 | O-5 |
September 13, 1908 | September 13, 1911 | October 2, 1913 | August 31, 1917 (temporary) July 23, 1918 (permanent) |
September 21, 1918 (temporary) February 1, 1922 (permanent) |
Captain | Commodore | Rear admiral | Vice admiral | Admiral |
---|---|---|---|---|
O-6 | O-7 | O-8 | O-9 | O-10 |
June 30, 1932 (permanent) |
Never held | June 1, 1939 (temporary) October 1, 1940 (permanent) |
May 15, 1943 | February 4, 1944 |
References
- ^ H. P. Willmott (2010). The Last Century of Sea Power: From Washington to Tokyo, 1922–1945. Indiana UP. p. 517.
- ^ Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won
- The Two-Ocean War. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 162.
- ^ ISBN 0-316-11470-7.
- ^ Spruance, Raymond A. – Naval History and Heritage Command
- ^ U.S. Naval Heritage & History Command, Biography, Raymond A. Spruance Archived March 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, accessed March 17, 2013
- ^ a b c "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance – Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department". United States Navy Department. July 21, 1941. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ a b Tuohy, William. 2007. American's Fighting Admirals: Winning the War at Sea in World War II
- ISBN 0-688-01620-0.
- ISBN 0-688-01620-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
- ISBN 1-57488-923-0.
- ^ Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 – August 1942". (History of United States Naval Operations in World War II), Volume IV, p. 142
- ISBN 1-59114-524-4.
- ISBN 0-316-11470-7.
- ^ Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library.
- Naval History & Heritage Command. June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
- ^ Kent G. Budge, The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
- ISBN 978-0-7603-2985-6.
- ^ Michael D. Hull, World War II magazine, May 1998 issue
- ISBN 0-316-11470-7.
- ISBN 978-0-3455-4871-9.
- ^ Military Times, Hall of Valor, Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, accessed March 17, 2013 [dead link]
- ^ a b Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library
- ISBN 0-316-11470-7.
- ^ "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance – America's Navy". America's Navy. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ "Anne Bogart Interview". YouTube. August 23, 2022.
- ^ a b Michael D. Hull, World War II magazine, 1998 issue
- ^ "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 – July 25, 1942)". YouTube.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 – July 25, 1942) 1988". YouTube.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 – July 25, 1942) 1988". YouTube.[permanent dead link]
- OCLC 893652792.
Further reading
- Bess, Michael (2006). Choices Under Fire: Moral Dimensions of World War II. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0307263657.
- Buell, Thomas B. (1974). The Quiet Warrior / A Biography of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-11470-7.
- Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1970). How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and His Admirals. Weybright and Talley. ASIN B0006C5D54.
- Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942. New York: W. W. Norton.
- ——— (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. New York: W. W. Norton.
- ——— (2020). Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945. New York: W. W. Norton.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.