USS Indianapolis (CA-35)
USS Indianapolis (CA-35), 27 September 1939
| |
History | |
---|---|
United States | |
Name | Indianapolis |
Namesake | City of Indianapolis, Indiana |
Ordered | 13 February 1929 |
Awarded | 15 August 1929 |
Builder | New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey |
Cost | $10,903,200 (contract price) |
Laid down | 31 March 1930 |
Launched | 7 November 1931 |
Sponsored by | Lucy M. Taggart |
Commissioned | 15 November 1932 |
Identification |
|
Nickname(s) | "Indy"[1] |
Honors and awards | 10 × battle stars |
Fate | Hit by two torpedoes and sunk by Japanese submarine I-58, 30 July 1945. |
General characteristics (as built)[2] | |
Class and type | Portland-class cruiser |
Displacement | 9,950 long tons (10,110 t) (standard) |
Length | |
Beam | 66 ft 1 in (20.14 m) |
Draft |
|
Installed power |
|
Propulsion |
|
Speed | 32.7 kn (60.6 km/h; 37.6 mph) |
Range | 13,000 nmi (15,000 mi; 24,000 km) at 15 kn (17 mph; 28 km/h) |
Complement |
|
Armament | |
Armor |
|
Aircraft carried | 4 × floatplanes |
Aviation facilities | 2 × Amidship catapults |
General characteristics (1945)[3] | |
Armament |
|
Aircraft carried | 3 × floatplanes |
Aviation facilities | 1 × Amidship catapults (starboard catapult removed in 1945) |
USS Indianapolis (CL/CA-35) was a Portland-class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy, named for the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. Launched in 1931, it was the flagship for the commander of Scouting Force 1 for eight years, then flagship for Admiral Raymond Spruance from 1943 to 1945 while he commanded the Fifth Fleet in battles across the Central Pacific during World War II.
In July 1945, Indianapolis completed a top-secret high-speed trip to deliver uranium and other components for "Little Boy", the first nuclear weapon ever used in combat, to the Tinian Naval Base, and subsequently departed for the Philippines on training duty. At 0015 on 30 July, the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I-58, and sank in 12 minutes. Of 1,195 crewmen aboard, approximately 300 went down with the ship.[4] The remaining 890 faced exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning, and shark attacks while stranded in the open ocean with few lifeboats and almost no food or water. The Navy only learned of the sinking four days later, when survivors were spotted by the crew of a PV-1 Ventura on routine patrol. A U.S. Navy PBY flying boat crew landed to save those in the water. Only 316 survived.[4]
The sinking of Indianapolis was the greatest loss of life from a single ship lost at sea in the history of the U.S. Navy.[a] On 19 August 2017, a search team financed by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen located the wreckage in the Philippine Sea lying at a depth of approximately 18,000 ft (5,500 m).[5] On 20 December, 2018, the crew of Indianapolis was collectively awarded a Congressional Gold Medal.[6]
Construction
Indianapolis was the second of two ships in the Portland class, the third class of "treaty cruisers" constructed by the United States Navy following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, after the two vessels of the Pensacola class, ordered in 1926, and the six of the Northampton class, ordered in 1927.[7] Ordered for the U.S. Navy in fiscal year 1930, Indianapolis was originally designated as a light cruiser because of her thin armor and given the hull classification symbol CL-35. She was reclassified a heavy cruiser, because of her 8-inch (203 mm) guns, with the symbol CA-35 on 1 July 1931, in accordance with the London Naval Treaty.[8]
As built, the Portland-class cruisers were designed for a
The ship had four
The cruiser had nine
The Portland-class cruisers originally had 1-inch (25 mm) armor for deck and side protection, but in construction
Portland-class cruisers were outfitted as
Indianapolis was
Interwar period
Under Captain John M. Smeallie, Indianapolis undertook her shakedown cruise through the Atlantic and into Guantánamo Bay, until 23 February 1932. Indianapolis then transited the Panama Canal for training off the Chilean coast. After overhaul at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, she sailed to Maine to embark President Franklin D. Roosevelt at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, on 1 July 1933.[12] Getting underway the same day, Indianapolis arrived at Annapolis, Maryland, on 3 July. She hosted six members of the Cabinet, along with Roosevelt, during her stay there. After disembarking Roosevelt, she departed Annapolis on 4 July, and steamed for Philadelphia Navy Yard.[12]
On 6 September, she embarked United States Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson, for an inspection of the Navy in the Pacific. Indianapolis toured the Canal Zone, Hawaii, and installations in San Pedro and San Diego. Swanson disembarked on 27 October. On 1 November 1933, she became flagship of Scouting Fleet 1, and maneuvered with the force off Long Beach, California. She departed on 9 April 1934, and arrived at New York City, embarking Roosevelt, a second time, for a naval review. She returned to Long Beach on 9 November 1934 for more training with the Scouting Force. She remained flagship of Scouting Force 1 until 1941. On 18 November 1936, she embarked Roosevelt a third time at Charleston, South Carolina, and conducted a goodwill cruise to South America with him. She visited Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Montevideo, Uruguay, for state visits before returning to Charleston and disembarking Roosevelt's party on 15 December.[12] President Roosevelt underwent his crossing the line ceremony on this cruise on 26 November: an "intensive initiation lasting two days, but we have all survived and are now full-fledged Shellbacks".[13]
World War II
On 7 December 1941, Indianapolis, leading Task Force 3, (Indianapolis and destroyer-minesweepers
New Guinea campaign
With the task force, she steamed to the South Pacific, to 350 mi (560 km) south of Rabaul, New Britain, escorting the aircraft carrier Lexington. Late in the afternoon of 20 February 1942, the American ships were attacked by 18 Japanese aircraft. Of these, 16 were shot down by aircraft from Lexington and the other two were destroyed by anti-aircraft fire from the ships.[12]
On 10 March, the task force, reinforced by another force centered on the carrier
Aleutian Islands campaign
Indianapolis then headed for the North Pacific to support American units in the
1943 operations
In January 1943, Indianapolis supported a landing and occupation on Amchitka, part of an Allied island hopping strategy in the Aleutian Islands.[12]
On the evening of 19 February, Indianapolis led two destroyers on a patrol southwest of
After refitting at Mare Island, Indianapolis moved to Hawaii as flagship of
1944
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2020) |
The cruiser met other ships of her task force at Tarawa, and on
In March and April, Indianapolis, still flagship of the 5th Fleet, attacked the
In June, the 5th Fleet was busy with the assault on the
A combined US fleet fought the Japanese on 19 June in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Japanese carrier planes, which planned to use the airfields of Guam and Tinian to refuel and rearm, were met by carrier planes and the guns of the Allied escorting ships. That day, the U.S. Navy destroyed a reported 426 Japanese planes while losing 29.[15] Indianapolis shot down one torpedo plane. This day of aerial combat became known as the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot". With Japanese air opposition wiped out, the US carrier planes sank Hiyō, two destroyers, and one tanker and damaged others. Two other carriers, Taihō and Shōkaku, were sunk by submarines.
Indianapolis returned to Saipan on 23 June to resume fire support and six days later moved to Tinian to attack shore installations (see
1945
Overhauled, Indianapolis joined Vice Admiral
Immediately after the strikes, the task force raced to the Bonin Islands to support the
The next target for the US forces was
Indianapolis was assigned to
Transporting nuclear weapons
After major repairs and an overhaul, Indianapolis received orders to undertake a top-secret mission of the utmost significance to national security: to proceed to
Indianapolis departed San Francisco's Hunters Point Naval Shipyard on 16 July 1945, within hours of the Trinity test. She set a speed record of 74+1⁄2 hours[18] from San Francisco to Pearl Harbor, an average speed of 29 kn (54 km/h; 33 mph). Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 19 July,[19] she raced on unaccompanied,[20] delivering the atomic bomb components to Tinian on 26 July.[21]
Indianapolis was then sent to Guam, where a number of the crew who had completed their tours of duty were relieved by other sailors. Leaving Guam on 28 July, she began sailing toward
Sinking
At 00:15 on 30 July 1945, Indianapolis was struck on her starboard side by two
Rescue
Navy command did not know of the ship's sinking until survivors were spotted in the open ocean three and a half days later. At 10:25 on 2 August, a
First to arrive was an amphibious PBY-5A Catalina patrol plane flown by Lieutenant Commander (USN) Robert Adrian Marks. Marks and his flight crew spotted the survivors and dropped life rafts; one raft was destroyed by the drop while others were too far away from the exhausted crew. Against standing orders not to land in open ocean, Marks took a vote of his crew and decided to land the aircraft in twelve-foot (3.7 m) swells. He was able to maneuver his craft to pick up 56 survivors. Space in the plane was limited, so Marks had men lashed to the wing with parachute cord. His actions rendered the aircraft unflyable. After nightfall, the destroyer escort USS Cecil J. Doyle, the first of seven rescue ships, used its searchlight as a beacon and instilled hope in those still in the water. Cecil J. Doyle and six other ships picked up the remaining survivors. After the rescue, Marks' plane was sunk by Cecil J. Doyle as it could not be recovered.[26]
Many of the survivors were injured, and all suffered from lack of food and water (leading to
Two of the rescued survivors, Robert Lee Shipman and Frederick Harrison, died in August 1945.Hundreds of sharks were apparently drawn to the wreck. After picking off the dead and wounded, they began attacking survivors. The number of deaths attributed to sharks ranges from a few dozen to 150.[29]
"Ocean of Fear", a 2007 episode of the Discovery Channel TV documentary series Shark Week, states that the sinking of Indianapolis resulted in the most shark attacks on humans in history, and attributes the attacks to the oceanic whitetip shark species. Tiger sharks may also have killed some sailors. The same show attributed most of the deaths on Indianapolis to exposure, salt poisoning, and thirst/dehydration, with the dead being dragged off by sharks.[30]
The Headquarters of Commander Marianas on Guam and of the Commander Philippine Sea Frontier on Leyte kept Operations plotting boards on which were plotted the positions of all vessels with which the headquarters were concerned. However, it was assumed that ships as large as Indianapolis would reach their destinations on time, unless reported otherwise. Therefore, their positions were based on predictions and not on reports. On 31 July, when she should have arrived at Leyte, Indianapolis was removed from the board in the headquarters of Commander Marianas. She was also recorded as having arrived at Leyte by the headquarters of Commander Philippine Sea Frontier. Lieutenant Stuart B. Gibson, the operations officer under the Port Director, Tacloban, was the officer responsible for tracking the movements of Indianapolis. The vessel's failure to arrive on schedule was known at once to Gibson, who failed to investigate the matter and made no immediate report of the fact to his superiors. Gibson received a letter of reprimand in connection with the incident. The acting commander and operations officer of the Philippine Sea Frontier also received reprimands, while Gibson's immediate superior received a letter of admonition (a less severe military punishment than a reprimand).[31][32]
In the first official statement, the Navy said that distress calls "were keyed by radio operators and possibly were actually transmitted" but that "no evidence has been developed that any distress message from the ship was received by any ship, aircraft or shore station".[32] Declassified records later showed that three stations received the signals but none acted upon the call. One commander was drunk, another had ordered his men not to disturb him, and a third thought it was a Japanese trap.[33]
Immediately prior to the attack, the seas had been moderate, the visibility fluctuating but poor in general, and Indianapolis had been steaming at 17 kn (20 mph; 31 km/h). When the ship failed to reach Leyte on 31 July, as scheduled, no report was made that she was overdue. The Navy then created the Movement Report System to prevent such disasters in the future.[34]
Court-martial of Captain McVay
Captain
While many of Indianapolis's survivors said McVay was not to blame for the sinking, the families of some of the men who died thought otherwise: "Merry Christmas! Our family's holiday would be a lot merrier if you hadn't killed my son", read one piece of mail.[37] The guilt that was placed on his shoulders mounted until he died by suicide in 1968. McVay was discovered on his back patio by his gardener.[38] He was 70 years old.
McVay's record cleared
In 1996, sixth-grade student Hunter Scott began his research on the sinking of Indianapolis for a class history project. Scott's effort led to an increase in national publicity,[39] which got the attention of retired Congressional lobbyist Michael Monroney, who had been scheduled to be assigned to Indianapolis before she shipped out on her final voyage. Around the same time, Captain William J. Toti, USN, final commanding officer of the fast attack nuclear submarine USS Indianapolis (SSN-697) received an appeal from several Indianapolis survivors to assist with the exoneration effort. Toti then demonstrated through analysis that the tactic of zigzagging would not have spared the Indianapolis from at least one torpedo hit by the I-58.[40] Monroney brought the matter to the attention of his son-in-law, who was on the staff of Senator Bob Smith (R, NH) and was able to get the issue in front of Smith. Smith convinced Senator John Warner (R, VA) to hold hearings on the Senate Armed Services Committee on 14 September 1999, in which several Indianapolis survivors testified. Also called to testify in the hearings were Vice Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Donald Pilling, Director of Naval History Center Dr. William Dudley, and the Judge Advocate General of the Navy Rear Admiral John Hutson. The hearings were reported to sway Senator Warner into allowing a "Sense of Congress" resolution clearing Captain McVay's name to be passed to full Congress for a vote. In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay's record should state that "he is exonerated for the loss of Indianapolis". President Bill Clinton also signed the resolution.[41] The resolution noted that, although several hundred ships of the U.S. Navy were lost in combat during World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the loss of his ship due to enemy action in combat.[42] In July 2001, United States Secretary of the Navy Gordon England directed Captain Toti to enter the Congressional language into McVay's official Navy service record, clearing him of all wrongdoing.[43][44]
Commanders
Commanders of USS Indianapolis:[45]
Rank | Name | Date |
---|---|---|
Captain | John M. Smeallie | 15 November 1932 – 10 December 1934 |
Captain | William S. McClintic | 10 December 1934 – 16 March 1936 |
Captain | Henry Kent Hewitt | 16 March 1936 – 5 June 1937 |
Captain | Thomas C. Kinkaid | 5 June 1937 – 1 July 1938 |
Captain | John F. Shafroth Jr. | 1 July 1938 – 1 October 1941 |
Captain | Edward Hanson | 1 October 1941 – 11 July 1942 |
Captain | Morton L. Deyo |
11 July 1942 – 12 January 1943 |
Captain | Nicholas Vytlacil | 12 January 1943 – 30 July 1943 |
Captain | Einar R. Johnson | 30 July 1943 – 18 November 1944 |
Captain | Charles B. McVay III | 18 November 1944 – 30 July 1945 |
Awards
- Combat Action Ribbon
- American Defense Service Medal with fleet clasp
- battle stars[46]
- American Campaign Medal
- World War II Victory Medal
Wreck discovery
The wreck of Indianapolis is in the Philippine Sea.
In July 2016, new information came out regarding the possible location of Indianapolis when naval records were discovered indicating that the Tank Landing Ship LST-779 recorded passing by Indianapolis 11 hours before the torpedoes struck. This information allowed researchers to determine that Indianapolis had been moving faster and was therefore farther west than previously assumed, as well as slightly off the route taken. Using this information, National Geographic planned to mount an expedition to search for the wreck in the summer of 2017.[48] Reports estimated that Indianapolis was actually 25 miles (40 km) west of the reported sinking position, in water over three miles (4,800 m) deep, and likely on the side of an underwater mountain.[49]
A year after the discovery of the records, the wreck was located by Paul Allen's "USS Indianapolis Project" aboard the research vessel Petrel [50] on 19 August 2017, at a depth of 18,000 ft (5,500 m).[51] The wreck was revealed to the public on 13 September 2017, in a live TV show on PBS titled "USS Indianapolis, Live from the Deep", starring Miles O'Brien and also including now-retired Captain William Toti.[52] The wreck is well-preserved due to the great depth at which Indianapolis rests, among the rocky mountain ranges of the North Philippine Sea.[53]
In September 2017, a map detailing the wreckage was released. The main part of the wreck lies in an enormous impact crater; her bow, which broke off before the ship sank, lies 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east. The two forward 8-inch guns, which also broke off on the surface and mark the ship's last position on the surface, lie 0.5 miles (0.80 km) east of the main wreck. The bridge, which broke off the ship due to the torpedoes, lies in a debris field near the forward guns. The single 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place, though the stern's roof collapsed over itself. Airplane wreckage from the ship lies about 0.6 miles (0.97 km) north of the main part of the wreck.[54] The full exposition of the method by which the wreck was located and documented was released in another PBS documentary on 8 January 2019 titled USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter.[55]
Reunions
Since 1960, surviving crew members have been meeting for reunions in Indianapolis. Fourteen of the thirty-two remaining survivors attended the 70th reunion, held 23–26 July 2015. The reunions are open to anyone interested, and have more attendees each year, even as death leaves fewer survivors. Held only sporadically at first, then biannually, the reunions were later held annually. Every year, the survivors, by 2015 most of them in their nineties, vote whether to continue.[56][57][58] Seven out of twenty remaining survivors attended the 2017 reunion.[59] With the death of Cleatus Lebow on 29 September 2022,[60] there is only one crew member still alive, Harold Bray.[61]
Memorials
The USS Indianapolis Museum had its grand opening on 7 July 2007, with its gallery in the Indiana War Memorial Museum at the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza.[62]
The USS Indianapolis Memorial was dedicated on 2 August 1995. It is located on the Canal Walk in Indianapolis.[63] The heavy cruiser is depicted in limestone and granite and sits adjacent to the downtown canal. The crewmembers' names are listed on the monument, with special notations for those who died.[64] It was designated a national memorial by Congress in 1993.[65]
In May 2011, the
Some material relating to Indianapolis is held by the
In popular culture
In a scene in the 1975 movie Jaws, one of the main characters, Quint, who is a survivor of the Indianapolis, recounts the sinking and shark attacks. This scene brought Indianapolis, and its sinking, into a much wider public spotlight 30 years after the original events occurred.[69][70] The 2019 play The Shark Is Broken, which opened on Broadway in 2023, both explores Robert Shaw (Quint's actor) rewriting the dialogue to the scene, as well as doing a full rendition of the famous scene at the end.[71]
The 1991 made-for-TV film Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis stars Stacy Keach as Captain McVay.
The 2016 film USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage, directed by Mario Van Peebles and starring Nicolas Cage, is based on the sinking of Indianapolis.
See also
- USS Juneau (CL-52), another U.S. Navy cruiser sunk during World War II with substantial loss of life attributed to delayed rescue efforts
- List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II
- List of ships sunk by submarines by death toll
- List of United States Navy cruisers
- List of national memorials of the United States
Notes
- ^ While the loss of Indianapolis is the worst-ever loss of life from a single ship sinking at sea for the U.S. Navy, it is not the worst naval disaster for the U.S. Navy nor the United States military as a whole. Earlier in World War Two, the battleship USS Arizona and the troopship HMT Rohna were lost with more American lives, but the Arizona was in port at Pearl Harbor when sunk and the Rohna was primarily carrying U.S. Army personnel, not U.S. Navy personnel, when it was sunk at sea. The complement of aircraft carrier USS Franklin would also suffer upwards of 900 killed at sea throughout the war, although Franklin was not sunk. Additionally, the accidental loss of the steamboat Sultana, which exploded on the Mississippi River while carrying Union soldiers in the immediate aftermath the American Civil War, was the worst maritime disaster in U.S. history. The 1,700 U.S. military prisoners of war from the Philippines (out of a total of 1,773 Allied troops missing and killed) who died on the sunken Japanese hell ship Arisan Maru from a torpedo launched by the submarine USS Shark was the greatest loss of life from a single ship in U.S. military history.
- ^ "Little Boy", the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, was also inscribed with numerous autographs and graffiti by ground crews who loaded it into the plane. One of them read: "Greetings to the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis".[17]
References
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- ^ "Ships' Data, U. S. Naval Vessels". US Naval Department. 1 July 1935. pp. 16–23. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ a b Rickard, J (19 December 2014). "USS Indianapolis (CA-35)". Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d Neuman, Scott (23 March 2018). "Navy Admits To 70-Year Crew List Error In USS Indianapolis Disaster". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Grinberg, Emanuella (20 August 2017). "USS Indianapolis discovered 18,000 feet below Pacific surface". CNN. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
- ^ Donnelly, Joe (20 December 2018). "Actions – S.2101 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): USS Indianapolis Congressional Gold Medal Act". www.congress.gov.
- ^ Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 136.
- ^ a b c d Bauer & Roberts 1991, p. 138.
- ^ a b Miller 2001, p. 292.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Silverstone 2007, p. 32.
- ^ a b Stille 2009, p. 30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i DANFS Indianapolis.
- ^ Cook 1999, p. 398.
- ^ Nimitz, Chester (1941–1942). Steele, James S (ed.). Nimitz Graybook volume 1. p. 4.
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- ISBN 978-1473618015.
- ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 710.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0345497956.
- ISBN 978-1472800206.
- ^ Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp (2008). "Submarine I-58: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
- ^ Budge, Kent G. "The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Portland Class, U.S. Heavy Cruisers". www.pwencycl.kgbudge.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ Lewis L. Haynes (July–August 1995). "Recollections of the sinking of USS Indianapolis (CA-35) by CAPT Lewis L. Haynes, MC (Medical Corps) (Ret.), the senior medical officer on board the ship". Navy Medicine. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
- ^ Marks 1981, pp. 48–50.
- ^ Patrick, Bethanne Kelly (8 November 2017). "Navy Lt. Adrian Marks". Military.com. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ^ In Harm's Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors
- ^ "The Story (Delayed Rescue)". the USS Indianapolis National Memorial. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ Wood, Richard (29 July 2020). "The deadliest shark attack in history: USS Indianapolis survivor recounts ordeal 75 years on". 9news.com. 9news. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "Discovery Channel's Shark Week: Ocean of Fear". Amazon. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. Tit. 9 § 520.2 - Types of punishment".
- ^ a b "The Sinking of USS Indianapolis: Navy Department Press Release, Narrative of the Circumstances of the Loss of USS Indianapolis". U.S. Navy. 23 February 1946. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ Timothy W. Maier (5 June 2000). "For The Good of the Navy". Insight on the News. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
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- ^ Steven Martinovich (16 April 2001). "Review of In Harm's Way". enterstageright.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
- ^ Catarevas, Michael (4 November 2016). "Connecticut's Heroes Aboard the Doomed USS Indianapolis". Connecticut Magazine. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ Lizette, Alvarez (1 May 1998). "A Boy's School Project Aims to Revise History". The New York Times. p. 18. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ^ Toti, Cmdr. William (October 1999). "The Sinking of the Indy and the Responsibility of Command". Proceedings. U.S. Naval Institute.
- ^ "Seeking Justice: Victory in Congress". ussindianapolis.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
- ^ "Legislation exonerating Captain McVay". ussindianapolis.org. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
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- ^ Magin, Janis (13 July 2001). "Navy exonerates WWII captain". The Argus-Press. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- ^ Yarnall, Paul R. (22 August 2015). "NavSource Online: Cruiser Photo Archive – USS Indianapolis (CA 35)". Navsource.org. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^ At USS Indianapolis Museum Archived 30 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine official website, in the left-hand column, click on "USS Indianapolis Battle Stars". Retrieved 17 August 2011.
- ^ The coordinates given in this article are for the general area
- ^ "New Lead Uncovered in Search for USS Indianapolis". 27 July 2016.
- ^ "New Details On Final Resting Place Of USS Indianapolis". Indiana Public Media. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ "USS Indianapolis discovered 18,000 feet below Pacific surface". CNN. 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ "Wreckage of USS Indianapolis found in Philippine Sea". Indianapolis Star. 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ USS Indianapolis Live – from the Deep, retrieved 10 February 2021
- ^ Werner, Ben (23 August 2017). "Navy: USS Indianapolis Wreckage Well Preserved by Depth and Undersea Environment". USNI News. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ Emanuella Grinberg (19 August 2017). "USS Indianapolis wreckage found 72 years later". CNN.
"Wreckage of USS Indianapolis found". CBS News. 25 August 2017.
Jamie Seidel (23 August 2017). "USS Indianapolis, famous U.S. Navy ship at the centre of". NewsComAu. - ^ USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter, retrieved 10 February 2021
- ^ Hodges, Glenn (27 July 2015). "Warship's Last Survivors Recall Sinking in Shark-Infested Waters". National Geographic News. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "USS Indianapolis Survivors Reunion". ussindyreunion.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "Hundreds mark 70th anniversary of USS Indianapolis attack". 26 July 2015.
- ^ "Beilue: For the dwindling few, the USS Indianapolis reunion is too meaningful to ignore". Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ^ "War Memorial: Services for Cleatus Lebow, USS Indy survivor, to be held Sunday". www.yahoo.com. 6 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- The Vacaville Reporter. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "USS Indianapolis Museum - Mission & Vision Statement". www.ussindianapolis.us. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "Indiana War Memorial: USS Indianapolis Memorial". State of Indiana official website. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "USS Indianapolis". Indiana War Memorials Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ "Public Law 103-160". U.S. House of Representatives – Office of the Law Revision Counsel – United States Code. 30 November 1993. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- ^ Network Indiana. "I-465 Renamed In Honor Of USS Indianapolis". Indiana Public Media. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "A Concurrent Resolution honoring the Heslar Naval Armory and its staff for their many contributions to our nation and our state" (PDF). Indianapolis State Senate. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ PacificWrecks.com. "Pacific Wrecks".
- ^ Rowe, Peter (1 August 2016). "Focus: Saving WWII Indianapolis story from sharks". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Millar, Rupert (24 August 2017). "The USS Indianapolis and Quint's monologue". Union Press Ltd. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Green, Jesse (10 August 2023). "Review: A Bloodless Postscript to 'Jaws' in 'The Shark Is Broken'". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
Sources
- Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. ISBN 978-0313262029.
- ISBN 978-0140178944. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- "Indianapolis II". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- Marks, R. Adrian (April 1981). "America Was Well Represented". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute.
- Miller, David M. O. (2001). Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World. New York: ISBN 978-0760311271.
- Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Simon & Schuster.
- Silverstone, Paul (2007). The Navy of World War II, 1922–1947. New York: ISBN 978-0415978989.
- Stille, Mark (2009). USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser: Guadalcanal 1942. ISBN 978-1846034664.
Further reading
- Fahey, James C. (1941). The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, Two-Ocean Fleet Edition. Ships and Aircraft.
- Harrell, David (2005). Out of the Depths. As told by Edgar Harrell. Out of the Depths. ISBN 1597811661.
- Hashimoto, Mochitsura (2010) [1954]. Sunk: The Story of the Japanese Submarine Fleet, 1941–1945 (Reprint ed.). New York: Progressive Press. ISBN 978-1615775811.
- Loynd, Ray (1978). The Jaws 2 Log. London: W. H. Allen. ISBN 0426188683.
- Lech, Raymond B. (1982). All the Drowned Sailors. Jove Books.
- ISBN 006018471X.
- Taylor, Theodore (1954). The Magnificent Mitscher. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591148502.
- Vincent, Lynn; Vladic, Sara (2018). Indianapolis: The True Story of the Worst Sea Disaster in U.S. Naval History and the Fifty-Year Fight to Exonerate an Innocent Man. Simon & Schuster..
External links
- USS Indianapolis Museum official website
- USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization
- Another USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization
- Maritime Quest Indianapolis Pictures
- 1945 Kamikaze Damage Report – filed by Mare Island Naval Shipyard
- Allied Warships: USS Indianapolis (CA 35), Heavy cruiser of the Portland-class
- "USS Indianapolis Collection, 1898–1991 (Bulk 1945–1946 and 1984–1991), Collection Guide". Indiana Historical Society. 13 October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- IndySurvivor.com – website and book by survivor Edgar Harrell, USMC
- Announcement of the Father Thomas Conway Memorial (June 2006). (At USS Indianapolis Museum official website, in the left-hand column, click on "2006 Museum Activities".)
- BBC Magazine
- Photo gallery of USS Indianapolis at NavSource Naval History
12°2′N 134°48′E / 12.033°N 134.800°E
- USS Indianapolis (decked in flags) and the passenger liner Aquitania at the Statue of Liberty
- Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis (1991) on YouTube
- Missing The USS Indianapolis on YouTube, a History Channeldocumentary
- Roll of Honor