Rhodotus
Rhodotus | |
---|---|
Rhodotus palmatus, top view of cap surface | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Agaricales |
Family: | Physalacriaceae |
Genus: | Rhodotus Maire (1926) |
Type species | |
Rhodotus palmatus | |
Synonyms | |
Agaricus palmatus (1785) |
Rhodotus palmatus | |
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Gills on hymenium | |
Cap is convex | |
Hymenium is adnate | |
Stipe is bare | |
Spore print is white to pink | |
Ecology is saprotrophic | |
Edibility is unknown |
Rhodotus is a
The unique characteristics of R. palmatus have made it difficult for
History and etymology
The
Synonymy
French botanist
Taxonomy
The placement of the genus Rhodotus in the order Agaricales is uncertain, and various authors have offered solutions to the taxonomic conundrum. In 1951, Agaricales specialist Rolf Singer placed Rhodotus in the Amanitaceae because of similarities between the tribes Amaniteae and Rhodoteae, such as spore color and ornamentation (modifications of the spore wall that result in surface irregularities), structure of the hyphae and trama, and chlamydospore production during culture growth.[14]
In 1953, French mycologists
The use of
Characteristics
The
The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem, that is, broadly attached to the stem along all or most of the gill width. The gills are thick, packed close to each other, with veins and color similar to, but paler than, the cap.[30] Some of the gills do not extend the full distance from the edge of the cap to the stem. These short gills, called lamellulae, form two to four groups of roughly equal length.[29] The stem is 1.5–3.0 cm (0.6–1.2 in) tall and 0.4–0.6 cm (0.16–0.24 in) thick (usually slightly larger near the base), and may be attached to the underside of the cap in a central or lateral manner.[30] Like the cap color, stem size is also affected by the type of light received during fruit body maturation.[28]
In nature, Rhodotus palmatus is sometimes seen "bleeding" a red- or orange-colored liquid. A similar phenomenon has also been observed when it is grown in laboratory
Microscopic features
In deposit, the spore color of Rhodotus palmatus has been described most commonly as pink,[32][33][34] but also as cream colored.[30] Viewed microscopically, the spores of Rhodotus have a roughly spherical shape, with dimensions of 6–7.2 by 5.6–6.5 µm; the spore surface is marked with numerous wart-like projections (defined as verrucose), typically 0.5–0.7 µm long.[35] The spores are non-amyloid—unable to take up iodine stain in the chemical test with Melzer's reagent.[citation needed]
The spore-bearing cells, the
Chlamydospores are asexual reproductive units made by some fungi that allow them to exist solely as mycelium, a process which helps them survive over periods unsuitable for growth;[36] Rhodotus was shown experimentally to be capable of producing these structures in 1906. The chlamydospores of Rhodotus are thick-walled cells that develop from single hyphal compartments, and have dimensions of 12–8 by 8–6 micrometres (0.00031–0.00024 in).[37]
Edibility
Depending on the source consulted, the edibility of Rhodotus palmatus is typically listed as unknown[30] or inedible.[33][38] The species has no distinguishable odor, and a "bitter" taste,[33] although one early description referred to the taste as "sweet".[13]
Antimicrobial activity
As part of a Spanish research study to evaluate the
Habitat and distribution
Rhodotus palmatus is saprobic, meaning it obtains nutrients from decomposing organic matter.[40] It grows scattered or clustered in small groups on rotting hardwoods, such as basswood, maple, and especially elm;[29] in Europe it is known to grow on horse chestnut.[28] The mushroom prefers low-lying logs in areas that are periodically flooded and that receive little sunlight, such as areas shaded by forest canopy.[29] A pioneer species in the fungal colonization of dead wood, it prefers to grow on relatively undecayed substrates. It is often found growing on dark-stained wood, especially the dried-out upper parts of trunks that have lost their bark.[41] R. palmatus tends to fruit in cooler and moister weather, from spring to autumn in the United States,[30] or autumn to winter in Britain and Europe.[33]
Described as having a circumboreal distribution,[42] R. palmatus has been reported from Canada,[42][43] Iran,[44] Hungary,[45] Italy,[46] Poland,[47] Slovakia,[48] Denmark, Sweden, Norway,[49] Germany,[50] the area formerly known as the USSR,[17] Korea,[51] Japan,[42] and New Zealand.[52] In the United States it has been found in Indiana,[53] and elsewhere in eastern North America.[30] Although often described as "rare", a 1997 study suggests that it may be relatively common in Illinois.[29] It has been suggested that an increase in the number of dead elms, a byproduct of Dutch elm disease, has contributed to its resurgence.[6][54]
Light requirements
Light at the red end of the visible spectrum has been observed to be required for the development of R. palmatus fruit bodies, contrary to the typical requirement for blue light seen with many other mushroom species.[28] Fruiting occurs in the presence of green, yellow or red light with wavelengths above 500 nm, but only when blue light (under 500 nm) is absent. Consequently, phenotypic variations observed in the field—such as size, shape, and cap color—may be influenced by differing conditions of light color and intensity. For example, specimens grown in the laboratory under green light had fruit bodies with short, straight stems and pale orange, large caps with well-developed ridges and pits, an appearance similar to specimens found in the field that were growing under a canopy of green leaves. Laboratory-grown specimens under amber light had bright orange, small caps with less pronounced reticulations; similarly, field specimens found in the fall, after the leaves had fallen, were more orange to orange-pink in color.[28]
Conservation status
In the 1980s in Europe, increases in the levels of
Notes
- ^ Index Fungorum
- ^ Bulliard JBF. (1785). Herbier de la France. France: Paris, Chez l'auteur, Didot, Debure, Belin. p. plate 216.
- ^ Fries E. M. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Lundae: Ex officina Berlingiana. p. 186. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
- ^ Maire R. (1926). "Mycological studies". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 40 (3): 293–317.
- ISBN 0-7232-0008-4.
- ^ a b Gaag H van der. (2007). "Rhodotus palmatus: the lonely mushroom" (PDF). McIlvainea. 17 (1): 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20.
- ^ "Fungi of Iowa: Rhodotus palmatus (Bull.: Fr.) Maire". Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ISBN 0-395-91090-0.
- ^ Holden, EM (2003). "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK: Report to the British Mycological Society, English Nature, Plantlife, and Scottish Natural Heritage" (PDF). Plantlife. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
- ^ Gillet C. C. (1874). Les Hyménomycètes ou Description de tous les Champignons (Fungi) Qui Croissent en France. Alençon: CH Thomas. p. 343.
- OCLC 6435019.
- JSTOR 3807763.
- ^ JSTOR 3753427.
- ^ Singer R. (1951). "The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy". Lilloa. 22: 1–832.
- ^ Kühner R, Romagnesi H (1953). Flore analytique des champignons supérieurs (agarics, boletes, chanterelles) (in French). Paris: Masson et Cie. p. 554.
- Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série D (in French). 269 (2): 142–45.
- ^ a b c Singer 1986, p. 441.
- ^ Singer 1986, pp. 433–35.
- JSTOR 1222170.
- S2CID 13102957.
- PMID 12099793. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-10-25.
- PMID 12118409.
- ^ "Rhodotus palmatus – Index Fungorum Names record". CAB International. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
- ^ "Rhodotus Maire 1926". MycoBank. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
- S2CID 255313707.
- ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7.
- ISBN 978-90-5410-616-6.
- ^ a b c d e f Miller OK Jr; Palmer JG; Gillman LS. (1980). "The fruiting and development of Rhodotus palmatus in culture". Mycotaxon. 11 (2): 409–19.
- ^ a b c d e f Sundberg WJ, Methven AS, Monoson HL (1997). "Rhodotus palmatus (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) in Illinois". Mycotaxon. 65: 403–10.
- ^ ]
- ^ Kuo M. "Testing Chemical Reactions". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ ]
- ^ Kuo M. "Rhodotus palmatus". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- JSTOR 4102870.
- ISBN 0-471-52229-5.
- .
- ^ Phillips R. "Rhodotus palmatus". Rogers Plants Ltd. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- S2CID 23654559.
- ISBN 978-0-471-10310-3.
- .
- ^ doi:10.1139/b89-384.
- ^ Kaminskyj S. "Rhodotus palmatus". University of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- ^ Saber M. (1990). "Contribution to the knowledge of Agaricales pleurotoid in habit in Iran". Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology. 26 (1–4): 29–40.
- ^ Siller I. (1999). "Rare macrofungi in the Kekes north forest reserve in the Matra mountains, Hungary". Mikologiai Kozlemenyek (in Hungarian). 38 (1/3): 11–24.
- ^ Migliozzi V, Coccia M (1998). "Fungi from lazio area. IX. 43–46". Micologia Italiana (in Italian). 27 (3): 25–36.
- ^ Bujakiewicz A, Nita J (2004). "Żyłkowiec różowawy Rhodotus palmatus (Bull.: Fr.) R. Maire – mieszkaniec białowieskich ostępów". Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą (in Polish). 60 (5): 82–85.
- .
- ^ Vesterholt J. (2005). "Notes on rare fungi collected in Denmark". Svampe. 55: 24–38.
- ^ Krieglsteiner GJ. (1979). "1st reports of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes in West Germany". Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 45 (1): 35–44.
- PMID 24039471.
- ISBN 978-0-908812-29-5.
- JSTOR 3758604.
- ISSN 0428-304X. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- ^ Senn-Irlet B, Heilmann-Clausen J, Genny D, Dahlberg A (2007). Guidance for Conservation of Macrofungi in Europe (PDF). Strasbourg: European Council for the Conservation of Fungi. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
- ^ Dahlberg A. (2007). European Red List of endangered macrofungi: Red list candidates (Excel file). European Council for the Conservation of Fungi. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
- ISBN 2-8317-0161-9.
- ^ Siller I, Dima B, Albert L, Vasas G, Fodor L, Pal-Fam F, Bratek Z, Zagyva I (2006). "Vedett nagygombafajok Magyarorszagon" [Protected macrofungi in Hungary]. Mikologiai Kozlemenyek (in Hungarian and English). 45 (1/3): 3–158.
Cited text
- Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. 4th rev. ed. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
External links