Republic of the Rif
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Republic of the Rif Tagduda n Arrif ( Tarifit ) | |||||||||
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1921–1926 | |||||||||
Anthem: Arrif Tamurt neɣ | |||||||||
Capital | Ajdir | ||||||||
Common languages | Riffian Berber, Arabic | ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
Government | Confederal presidential republic under a military dictatorship | ||||||||
President | |||||||||
• 1921–1926 | Abd el-Krim | ||||||||
Vice President | |||||||||
• 1921–1926 | Hajj Hatmi | ||||||||
Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | 18 September 1921 | ||||||||
• Rif War | 8 June 1921 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 27 May 1926 | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• Estimate | 10.5 million[ UTC+1 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Morocco |
History of Morocco |
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The Republic of the Rif (
History
Morocco
The French and Spanish empires both colonized Morocco, and in 1912 the Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco established Spanish and French protectorates there.
France's general approach to governing the protectorate of Morocco was a policy of indirect rule, where they co-opted existing governance systems to control the protectorate.
French and Spanish
Infrastructure was discriminatory in colonial Morocco. The French colonial government built 36.5 kilometers of sewers in the new neighborhoods created to accommodate new French settlers, while only 4.3 kilometers of sewers were built in indigenous Moroccan communities.[5] Additionally, land in Morocco was far more expensive for Moroccans than for French settlers. For example, while the average Moroccan had a plot of land 50 times smaller than their French settler counterparts, Moroccans were forced to pay 24% more per hectare.[5] Moroccans were additionally prohibited from buying land from French settlers.[5]
Colonial Morocco's economy was designed to benefit French businesses at the detriment of Moroccan laborers. Morocco was forced to import all of its goods from France despite higher costs.[5] Additionally, improvements to agriculture and irrigation systems in Morocco exclusively benefited colonial agriculturalists while leaving Moroccan farms at a technological disadvantage.[5] It is estimated that French colonial policies resulted in 95% of Morocco's trade deficit by 1950.[5]
Revolutionary Wars of Independence
Zaian Wars
Between the years of 1914 to 1921 the
Rif War
Following the allowance of its interests and recognition of its influence in northern Morocco through the 1904 Entente Cordiale, 1906 Algeciras Conference and 1907 Pact of Cartagena, Restoration-era Spain occupied Ras Kebdana, a town near the Moulouya River, in March 1908[7][8] and launched the Melillan and Kert campaigns against the Riffian tribes between 1909 and 1912.[9][10] In June 1911, Spanish troops occupied Larache and Ksar el-Kebir.[11]
The Moroccan independence president
France and Spain did not recognize the Republic and collaborated to destroy it. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing Abd el-Krim to surrender in 1926. He was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Morocco became quiet, and in 1936 became the base from which Francisco Franco launched the fascist coup of July 1936.[13]
In 1921, local Rifians, under the leadership of Abd el-Krim, crushed a Spanish offensive led by General Manuel Fernández Silvestre at the Battle of Annual, and soon after declared the creation of an independent republic on 18 September 1921.[14] The republic was formally constituted in 1923, with Abd el-Krim as head of state, and Ben Hajj Hatmi as prime minister.[15]
Abd el-Krim handed the Spanish numerous defeats, driving them back to coastal outposts. With the war ongoing, he sent diplomatic representatives to London and Paris, in an ultimately futile attempt to establish legitimate diplomatic relations with other European powers.[citation needed]
In late 1925, the French and Spanish created a joint task force of 500,000 men, supported by tanks and aircraft. In April 1925, Abd el-Krim proclaimed the independent Republic in the
Abd el-Krim surrendered to
See also
References
- ISBN 978-9004201569. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ISBN 9781501704246. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ISBN 9780791057469. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ^ a b "Morocco - Decline of traditional government (1830–1912) | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bennis, Samir (1 March 2023). "What Moroccan Schools Do Not Teach About the Toxic Legacy of France's Protectorate". moroccoworldnews.com. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
- ^ a b c "Francia 3 (1975)". francia.digitale-sammlungen.de. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
- ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, p. 121.
- ^ "Périple autour des îles Jaâfarines". Le 360 Français (in French). Retrieved 2023-02-21.
- ^ León Rojas 2018, p. 50.
- ^ Ramos Oliver (2013), p. 176.
- ^ Clark 2013, p. 205.
- . Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ISBN 978-1598843361.
- ^ David S. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion (Stanford University Press, 1968), p. 96
- ^ "Morocco - The Spanish Zone". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
- S2CID 162339547
- ^ Rudibert Kunz: "Con ayuda del más dañino de todos los gases" – Der Gaskrieg gegen die Rif-Kabylen in Spanisch-Marokko in Irmtrud Wojak/Susanne Meinl (eds.): Völkermord und Kriegsverbrechen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt/Main 2004, pp. 153–191 (here: 169–185).
- ^ "Abd el-Krim – Adb el-Krim during the Rif War". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
- ^ Lepage 2008, p. 125.
- ^ Lepage 2008, p. 126.
- ^ Griffiths 2011, p. 111.
- ^ Jolly 1977.
- ^ Woolman 1968, p. 195.
- ^ Griffiths 2011, p. 113.
- ^ Ansprenger 1989, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Woolman 1968, p. 208.
Sources
- Ansprenger, Franz (1989). The Dissolution of the Colonial Empires. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-03143-1. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
- Clark, Christopher (19 March 2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-114665-7.
- Griffiths, Richard (2011-05-19). Marshal Pétain. Faber & Faber. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-571-27909-8. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
- Jolly, Jean (1977). "STEEG (JULES, JOSEPH, Théodore)". Dictionnaire des parlementaires français: notices biographiques sur les ministres, sénateurs et députés français de 1889 à 1940 (in French). Presses universitaires de France. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- León Rojas, José (2018). "Tarifa y las Campañas de Marruecos (1909-1927)". Aljaranda. 1 (92). Tarifa: Ayuntamiento de Tarifa: 47–66. ISSN 1130-7986.
- Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2008). The French Foreign Legion: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7864-6253-7. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
- Ramos Oliver, Francisco (2013). "Las guerras de Marruecos" (PDF). Entemu. Gijón: ISSN 1130-314X. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2020-08-27.
- Saro Gandarillas, Francisco (1993). "Los orígenes de la Campaña del Rif de 1909". Aldaba (22). Melilla: ISSN 0213-7925.
- Woolman, David S. (1968). Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion. Stanford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8047-0664-3. Retrieved 2013-07-07.