Timișoara

Timișoara
City
From top and left: Baroque Palace Victory Square looking towards the Metropolitan Cathedral Theresia Bastion Union Square Iulius Town Millennium Church Liberty Square
Romtelecom , and 3 for other ground telephone networks

Timișoara (UK: /ˌtɪmɪˈʃwɑːrə/,^[10] US: /ˌtiːmiː-/,^[11] Romanian: [timiˈʃo̯ara] ^ⓘ; German: Temeswar pronounced [ˈtɛmɛʃvaːɐ̯] ^ⓘ, also Temeschwar or Temeschburg;^[12] Hungarian: Temesvár pronounced [ˈtɛmɛʃvaːr] ^ⓘ; Serbian: Темишвар, romanized: Temišvar; see other names) is the capital city of Timiș County, Banat, and the main economic, social and cultural centre in Western Romania. Located on the Bega River, Timișoara is considered the informal capital city of the historical Banat region. From 1848 to 1860 it was the capital of the Serbian Vojvodina and the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar. With 250,849 inhabitants at the 2021 census, Timișoara is the country's fifth most populous city.^[9] It is home to around 400,000 inhabitants in its metropolitan area, while the Timișoara–Arad metropolis concentrates more than 70% of the population of Timiș and Arad counties. Timișoara is a multicultural city, home to 21 ethnic groups and 18 religious denominations.^[13] Historically, the most numerous were the Swabian Germans, Jews and Hungarians, who still make up 6% of the population here.^[14]

Conquered in 1716 by the Austrians from the Ottoman Turks, Timișoara developed in the following centuries behind the fortifications and in the urban nuclei located around them. During the second half of the 19th century, the fortress began to lose its usefulness, due to many developments in military technology. Former bastions and military spaces were demolished and replaced with new boulevards and neighbourhoods.

Early history

The southeastern part of the

The first identifiable civilisation in Banat were the Dacians who left traces of their past.^[37] Several Romanian historians have advanced the idea that the current location of Timișoara corresponds to the Dacian settlement of Zurobara. Although its location is unknown, the coordinates given by geographer Ptolemy in Geographike Hyphegesis place it in the northwest of Banat.^[38]

Middle Ages

It is assumed that in the 9th century Knyaz

The

Timișoara remained under the Ottoman rule for 164 years, controlled directly by the Sultan and enjoying a special status, similar to other cities in the region, such as Budapest and Belgrade.^[46] During this period, Timișoara was home to a large Islamic community and produced famous historical figures, such as Osman Ağa of Temeşvar.^[47]

Except for a period in the late 16th century, the city did not suffer sieges until the end of the 17th century. In 1594, Gregory Palotić, Ban of Lugos and Karánsebes, started an anti-Ottoman uprising in Banat, with its starting point in Nagybecskerek. Following a strong Transylvanian offensive led by György Borbély, the Christian army conquered several towns, but Timișoara remained untouched.^[48] Another attempt to retake the city took place in 1596, when an army of Sigismund Báthory began the siege of the city. After 40 days of futile efforts, the besiegers drew back.^[49]

1716–1860: Habsburg rule

After the victory at Petrovaradin on 5 August 1716, the Austrian army led by Prince Eugene of Savoy decided to conquer Timișoara. The Ottoman military, the kuruc and the Turkish civilian population were forced to leave the city after a 48-day siege marked by repeated bombings that destroyed much of the city's buildings.^[50] After the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), the Banat of Temeswar became the province of the Habsburg monarchy and was proclaimed "possession of the Crown" with a military administration which ruled Timișoara until 1751 when it was replaced by a civil one.

After the conquest of Banat, the imperial authorities in

Under the political pressure of the

In 1860, the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar was abolished and most of its territory was incorporated into the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, although direct Hungarian rule began only following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, after the establishment of the dual monarchy. As part of Austria-Hungary, the city experienced a fast economic and demographic growth. Credit institutions invested large sums in the development of local industry; at the turn of the 20th century there were many enterprises here: two breweries, an iron foundry, a match factory, a brick factory, a gas factory, a chain factory, a hat factory, a chocolate factory, etc.^[36] In this period horse-drawn tram, telephone and street lighting were introduced and roads were paved.

In 1892, Emperor

On 31 October 1918, local military and political elites established the Banat National Council, together with representatives of the region's main ethnic groups:

During World War II, Timișoara suffered damage from both Allied and Axis bombing raids, especially during the second half of 1944. On 23 August 1944, Romania, which until then was a member of the Axis, declared war on Nazi Germany and joined the Allies. The German and Hungarian troops attempted to take the city by force throughout September, but without success.

After the war, the

Taken as a whole, the relief of Timișoara appears as a relatively flat, monotonous surface, the smoothness of the surface interrupted only by the Bega riverbed. Researched in detail, the relief of the city and its surroundings presents a series of local peculiarities, represented mainly by deserted meanders, micro-depressions and ridges (generally made of coarse materials). These are the result of the deposits in the area of the Timiș and Bega rivers, before their drainage, regularization and damming (concretized altimetrically by modest bumps, which do not exceed anywhere, the interval of 2–3 m).[56]

Seismicity

Timișoara is a fairly active seismic center, but of the many

In the past, there were extensive

The main watercourse is the

From the multitude of arms that existed before the canalization of Bega, only Bega Moartă (Dead Bega; in the Fabric neighborhood) and Bega Veche (Old Bega; to the west, flowing through Săcălaz) are preserved inside the city.[56]

In addition to permanent courses and those that dry out, often during the summer, on the territory of Timișoara there are a number of lakes: either natural, formed instead of the old meanders or subsidence areas, such as those near Kuncz, Giroc, Pădurea Verde, etc., or of anthropic origin, such as those from Fratelia, Freidorf, Ciarda Roșie, Ștrandul Tineretului, etc.^[60]

Climate

Like parts of Romania, Timișoara exhibits a humid continental climate (Dfb by the 0 °C isotherm), or an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb by the -3 °C isotherm), characteristic of the southeastern part of the Pannonian Basin, with some sub-Mediterranean influences.^[64][65] Using 1991-2020 normals, however, the city's climate is classified as Cfa(Temperate climate with hot summers).

The dominant air masses, during spring and summer, are the temperate ones, of oceanic origin, which bring significant precipitations. Frequently, even in winter, humid air masses arrive from the Atlantic, bringing significant rains and snows, less often cold waves. From September to February there are frequent penetrations of continental polar air masses, coming from the east. In Banat, the influence of cyclones and hot air masses from the Adriatic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea is also strongly felt, which in winter generate complete thawing and in summer impose periods of stifling heat.^[64]

The average annual temperature was 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) between 1991 and 2020.^[66] The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 22.7 °C (72.9 °F).^[66] The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 1.0 °C (33.8 °F).^[66] The lowest temperature recorded in Timișoara was −35.3 °C (−31.5 °F), on 24 January 1963,^[67] while the highest temperature was 42 °C (108 °F), recorded in August 2017.^[68] The average number of frost days (with minimum temperatures below 0 °C [32 °F]) is 80,^[66] and the average number of winter days (with maximum temperatures below 0 °C) is 17.^[66] The average number of tropical days (with maximum temperatures above 30 °C [86 °F]) is 45.^[66]

Predominantly under the influence of the maritime air masses from the northwest, Timișoara receives a higher amount of precipitation than the cities in the Wallachian Plain.^[64] The average amount of precipitation for the year in Timișoara is 604.4 mm (23.80 in), falling on 87 days.^[66] The month with the most precipitation on average is June with 80.8 mm of precipitation.^[66] The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of 34.2 mm (1.35 in).^[66]

Demography

From a demographic point of view, Timișoara is defined, according to the

According to a study conducted by the World Bank, Timișoara was between 2001 and 2011 the regional city in Romania that attracted the highest number of in-migrants.^[79] Timișoara manifests itself as an important polarizer of the labor force for other regions of the country, with a demographic surplus, especially for the counties in northern Moldavia, northwestern Transylvania and Oltenia.^[72] Timișoara manages to attract about 8,000 new inhabitants annually, most coming mainly from Timiș County, but also from smaller cities in neighboring counties – Caraș-Severin, Hunedoara and Arad.^[80] In fact, 46.2% of the current population of Timișoara is made up of people who have moved here from elsewhere.^[79] In 2017, the former mayor Nicolae Robu stated that the city of Timișoara has an additional population of over 100,000 people compared to the officially registered residents. This includes students, workers, and other categories of floaters, who are not included in the statistical reports as they no longer acquire a residence visa.^[81]

Ethnic minorities

Timișoara has stood out since ancient times as an ethnically diverse city.

In 2018, according to official data, over 7,000 foreigners lived in Timișoara.[88] The actual figure is higher, given that many foreigners living in Timișoara do not apply for permanent residence, while spending most of their time in the city.

Religion

Although much changed throughout its history, the religious composition of Timișoara is diverse. If in 1910 most of the inhabitants were

In Timișoara there are 80 churches, 12 of which were built after 1989;

Politics and administration

The first free local elections in post-communist Timișoara took place in 1992. The winner was Viorel Oancea, of the Civic Alliance Party (PAC), which later merged with the National Liberal Party (PNL). He was the first officer who spoke to the crowd of revolutionaries gathered in Opera Square.^[97] The 1996 elections were won by Gheorghe Ciuhandu, of the Christian Democrats (PNȚ-CD). He had four terms, also winning elections in 2000, 2004 and 2008. Meanwhile, Ciuhandu took over the Christian Democratic Party and ran for president of Romania in 2004.^[98] Nicolae Robu (PNL) was elected mayor in 2012 and again in 2016. In 2020, Dominic Fritz, a native of Germany, was elected mayor on behalf of the USR with support from the FDGR.^[99]

The Local Council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. Decisions are discussed and approved by the Local Council (Romanian: Consiliu Local) made up of 27 elected councilors. After the 2020 local elections, the Local Council has the following composition by political parties:^[100][101]

Additionally, as Timișoara is the capital of

In 2003, neighborhood advisory councils were set up as a measure to improve local government consultation with citizens on local public policies.[102] As of 2013, Timișoara had 20 neighborhood advisory councils.^[103]

Timișoara is the informal capital of the

Traditionally, Timișoara was divided into ten constituencies (Romanian: circumscripții) that today have no administrative function:

Constituency	Area (ha)[105]	Romanian name	German name[106]	Hungarian name[107]	Established[108][109]
I	480	Cetate	Innerstadt	Belváros	1717
II	1,017	Fabric[a]	Fabrikstadt	Gyárváros	1744
III	668	Elisabetin	Elisabethstadt	Erzsébetváros	1896
IV	442	Iosefin	Josephstadt	Józsefváros	1744
V	493	Mehala	Franzstadt	Ferencváros	1910
VI	231	Fratelia[b]	Neutischold	Újtesöld	1919
VII	156	Freidorf	Freidorf	Szabadfalu	1950
VIII	67	Plopi	Kardosch Kolonie[110]	Kardostelep	1951
IX	72	Ghiroda Nouă	Neugiroda	Újgiroda	1951
X	102	Ciarda Roșie	Rotterhof	Vöröscsárda	1953
^ Including Viile Fabric (German: Rudolfsheim; Hungarian: Rezsőföld) ^ Including Beșenic (Hungarian: Besenyőtelep)

In addition to the above, a number of new neighborhoods have emerged in the 20th and 21st centuries:^{[102][111][112][113]}

Listed alphabetically

Metropolitan area

The Timișoara metropolitan area was outlined in 2008 following the collaboration of the local authorities from Timișoara and 14 neighboring communes (Becicherecu Mic, Bucovăț, Dudeștii Noi, Dumbrăvița, Ghiroda, Giarmata, Giroc, Moșnița Nouă, Orțișoara, Pișchia, Remetea Mare, Săcălaz, Sânmihaiu Român and Șag).^[114][115] The Timișoara metropolitan area is part of the Federation of Metropolitan Areas and Urban Agglomerations in Romania (FZMAUR).^[116] As of 2016, the metropolitan area groups over 410,000 inhabitants on an area eight times larger than the city proper.^[117]

Several localities neighboring Timișoara have experienced a significant development in recent years. Ghiroda, Giroc, Dumbrăvița, Chișoda, Moșnița Nouă and Utvin became suburbs of Timișoara due to the development of facilities, utilities and infrastructure, territorially joining the city. In the last 20 years, Timișoara has expanded its borders by about 8%, which means about 1,000 hectares, due to the construction of new neighborhoods or residential complexes.^[118] The city limits were moved outwards in 2006 by almost 5 km (3.1 mi). The largest expansion took place towards Șag.^[118]

Timișoara–Arad metropolis

In August 2016, mayors Nicolae Robu and Gheorghe Falcă signed the deed of establishment of the Timișoara–Arad metropolis,^[119] the first of its kind in Romania, part of the integrated development strategy Timișoara Vision 2030, carried out with the support of the World Bank, ADR Vest and FZMAUR. The project has been under discussion since 2006 and involved the unification of the metropolitan areas of Timișoara and Arad.^[120] In 2018, the population of the metropolis was 805,000 and is expected to exceed one million by 2030.^[121]

Economy

Timișoara is one of the most dynamic economic centers in Romania.

After 1989, major changes took place in the structure of industrial activities in Timișoara due to the restructuring and retrofitting processes, industrial production currently including both traditional sub-branches and new, modern and dynamic ones. Unlike cities such as Cluj-Napoca, Iași or Bucharest, the localization of industry within the city is specific to Timișoara.^[130] The main industrial groups in the city can be structured in three types: urban industrial areas, with large area and complex profile (Calea Buziașului, Freidorf, pericentral area along the railway, Calea Șagului, etc.), industrial platforms with unitary profile (UMT and Solventul) and dispersed industrial units, respectively.^[131] In recent decades, industrial areas have developed along major road or rail arteries, with a tendency to group units by industrial profiles.^[72]

There are eight industrial zones in Timișoara where factories and plants cover several sectors from electronics, chemical and automotive to food processing and textile industries.^[124]

Buziașului industrial area concentrates units for

The main industrial branches, which have experienced an important growth in Timișoara, are the automotive industry, the chemical and petrochemical industry, as well as the electronics industry. The automotive components industry has registered a strong development in recent years, as a consequence of the need for technological development within existing industrial units, in Timișoara concentrating renowned companies in this field (Dräxlmaier, Kromberg & Schubert, ContiTech, TRW Automotive, Mahle, Hella, Dura, Valeo, Autoliv, Honeywell, etc.).^[72] In 2016, a competence center for automotive engineering – CERC – was inaugurated in the Freidorf area.^[135] This economic branch has old traditions. Between 1988 and 1991, the Romanian car model Dacia 500 Lăstun was made in the Tehnometal factories.^[136]

The electronics and electrical engineering industry is a successful branch of Timișoara's industry, especially due to the investments of large companies with activities in high tech production (

The chemical and petrochemical industry, traditional in Timișoara, has developed especially through the investments made by Continental, Procter & Gamble and Azur.^[72]

Along with large investors from the top industries mentioned above, in Timișoara are concentrated a large number of companies, especially

The office sector has boomed in the last decade,^[137] the stock of class A offices available for rent reaching 290,000 m² in 2020, almost 10% of Bucharest's stock.^[138] The return on investment in office buildings exceeds the level in Bucharest (7%), standing at around 8.25%.^[138] The city has the lowest vacancy rate of class A office spaces, 5% in 2014.^[139]

City Business Center is the main office park in Timișoara, located in the city center. Completed in 2015, the complex is fully leased, with tenants including international companies such as Accenture, SAP, Deloitte, Wipro, IBM, Visma, Hella, etc.^[140] Named the greenest office project in Romania by BREEAM, Vox Technology Park was completed in early 2018.^[141] Bega Business Park is located near the historic center. The first two buildings were completed in 2015 and early 2018, respectively, and are fully occupied by Nokia's campus.^[142] Under construction are ISHO Offices, part of a larger project, and United Business Center.^[143] The latter will include the tallest office building in Romania (155 m).^[144]

IT&C sector

At national level, Timișoara is one of the poles of the most intense activities in the

Timișoara ranks 394th in the 2019 Innovation Cities Index, an annual list of the world's most innovation-friendly cities.[148] Bucharest and Timișoara are the only Romanian cities on the list published by the World Economic Forum.^[149]

Real estate sector

The real estate market in Timișoara, supported by the upward economic trend, has been booming lately. In 2017, about 4,000 living spaces were delivered to the market,^[150] an increase of almost 60% compared to the previous year, most of the projects representing high-rise residential complexes, addressed to the mass and mid-market segments. In the first nine months of 2016, according to the National Agency for Cadastre and Real Estate Advertising, over 32,000 sale/purchase transactions were concluded, making Timiș County the largest real estate market in Romania after Bucharest–Ilfov.^[151] 87% of them took place in Timișoara and neighboring communes. Among the largest residential complexes in Timișoara are ISHO, Adora Forest, Vivalia Grand, XCity Towers, Vox Vertical Village, Ateneo and City of Mara.^[152]

After 1989 the rural areas within the city became "hot spots" for housing investors, and the emergence of the middle class after 2000 changed both the landscape and the prices of houses and land.^[153] In 2020, for example, the price of an apartment reached 1,300 euros/m², the third-highest among Romanian big cities, after Cluj-Napoca and Bucharest.^[154] On the other hand, the phenomenon of gentrification renewed a part of the underused housing stock.

Commercial sector

Bega Shopping Center is the only shopping center in the center of Timișoara and the first in the city. Bega Shopping Center is structured on six levels and has a leasable area of 7,500 m², of which 1,300 are allocated to a Carrefour supermarket.^[155] Bega Group, the holding company that owns Bega Shopping Center, has opened three other retail parks in Buziașului, Circumvalațiunii and Lipovei.^[156]

The second mall, Shopping City, opened in March 2016.^[159] The shopping center has a leasable area of 70,000 m², covering almost 20 ha and comprising 110 stores on two levels. Within Shopping City, the largest Cinema City multiplex outside Bucharest was opened in April 2016, with 13 3D rooms, an IMAX room and a 4DX room.^[160] In the first year since its opening, Shopping City had a traffic of over nine million visitors.^[161]

The first strip mall in the city, Funshop Park, opened in 2022.^[162] Built on the former industrial platform of Azur, Funshop Park has a leasable area of 10,800 m² and is provided with an outdoor food court area.^[163]

Along with the existing stores in the central area, new supermarkets have been opened by national and international concerns such as

Timișoara is the central point of tourism in the region, attracting 80% of its tourists. In the first half of 2017, Timișoara and its surroundings attracted just over 50,000 foreign tourists to the third most visited region in Romania, after Bucharest–Ilfov and Brașov.^[165]

In 2013, in Timișoara there were 107 accommodation units (comprising 49 hotels, seven hostels, 50 pensions and an international campsite) totaling 5,547 accommodation places.^[13]

Education

Pre-university education

The specificity of pre-university education in Timișoara is the diversity of teaching languages. The city's rich multiethnic tradition has been maintained by the schools with teaching in Hungarian (Béla Bartók High School), German (Nikolaus Lenau High School), English (William Shakespeare High School), French (Jean-Louis Calderon High School) and Serbian (Dositej Obradović High School).

According to a ranking made by the AdmitereLiceu.ro portal in 2020, five high schools in Timișoara are among the top 100 high schools in Romania:

• 
  Carmen Sylva National Pedagogical College
• 
  Constantin Diaconovici Loga National College
• 
  National College of Banat
• 
  Nikolaus Lenau High School

Higher education

Higher education has a tradition of over 100 years, with the establishment of the Polytechnic University in 1920. From then until today, Timișoara has become the most important university and academic center in western Romania, with about 40,000 students enrolled in undergraduate and postgraduate study programs in four public and two private universities.^[172] There are branches of the National Alliance of Student Organizations and AIESEC. Student organizations are very active, known for events such as StudentFest, the largest international student art and culture festival in Southeast Europe^[173] or the ten-day International Student Week.^[174]

The

The student campuses are located in Complexul Studențesc–Medicinei (25 dormitories), Lipovei–Tipografilor (six dormitories) and Blașcovici (two dormitories), offering a total of about 13,000 accommodation places.[181] Complexul Studențesc in particular is known for its nightlife, with several pubs, bistros, nightclubs and themed bars concentrated here.

There are several public libraries, municipal or university, most importantly:

• Library of the Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, founded in 1946;^[182]
• Central Library of the Polytechnic University, hosted between 1947 and 2014 in the ensemble of Piarist Gymnasium;^[183]
• Eugen Todoran Central University Library, with a book fund of over one million volumes;^[184]
• Sorin Titel County Library, founded in 1904.^[185]

Scientific research

Several institutes operate within the Timișoara branch of the Romanian Academy: the National R&D Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, the National R&D Institute for Welding and Materials Testing, the Titu Maiorescu Institute of Banat Studies, the Coriolan Drăgulescu Institute of Chemistry and the Astronomical Observatory.^[186][187]

In the patrimony of the West University there are several research centers, such as: the Institute of Advanced Environmental Research, the Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen Interdisciplinary Training and Research Platform, the Creation Center of Contemporary Visual Arts, the Research Laboratory in Structural and Computational Chemistry–Physics for Nanosciences and QSAR, the Research Center in Criminal Sciences, the East European Center for Research in Economics and Business, the Center for Romance Studies, the Research Center in Computer Sciences, the Center for Social Research and Development, the Institute of Socio-Political Research, etc.^[188] Also in Timișoara there are branches of the Academy of Medical Sciences^[189] and the Academy of Technical Sciences,^[190] respectively.

The first computer built in Romania (1961) was put into operation within the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara, nowadays the Polytechnic University. It was called MECIPT, an acronym for "Electronic Computing Machine of the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara" (Romanian: Mașina Electronică de Calcul a Institutului Politehnic din Timișoara).^[191] Its design was started in 1956 by a team led by mathematician Iosif Kaufmann, electronic engineer Wilhelm Löwenfeld and student Vasile Baltac.^[192]

Out of the 1,700 members of the Romanian Academy, from 1866 until 2016, 102 members come or have worked in Banat and the surrounding areas.^[193] Among them are Traian Vuia, the inventor of the first tractor monoplane, Traian Lalescu, one of the fathers of integral equations, Dumitru Prunariu, the first Romanian to fly in space and Stefan Hell, winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

In the second half of May, biannually, the Timișoara branch of the Romanian Academy organizes, collaborating and involving the local academic, cultural and scientific community, the Timișoara Academic Days.^[194]

Healthcare

Due to the specialized university programs, Timișoara is a research center in the fields of medicine and public health; there are branches of the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Student Society of Surgery, the headquarters of the Romanian Hemophilia Association,^[195] the Romanian Society of Medical Informatics^[196] and the Romanian Society of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,^[197] as well as the regional training center in emergency medicine, operated by SMURD.

In Timișoara there are eight hospitals, seven publicly owned and one private:^[198]

• Pius Brînzeu County Emergency Clinical Hospital (included by the
  Ministry of Health in the first class of competence);^[199]
• Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (first class);[199]
• Municipal Emergency Clinical Hospital;
• Louis Țurcanu Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children;
• Victor Babeș Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology;
• Victor Popescu Military Emergency Clinical Hospital;
• CF Clinical Hospital;
• Première Hospital (the largest private hospital in western Romania, owned by Regina Maria health network).^[200]

There are also: six integrated specialized

The street plot of Timișoara is composed of 1,278 streets totaling almost 750 km (470 mi).^[202] The street network is based on a radial model, consolidated by a series of five concentric rings, none of them completely built. Unlike other cities of similar size, there is no predominant corridor in terms of loading, with traffic volumes distributed fairly evenly across a series of radial and circular arteries.^[203] The shape of the road network outside the city is web-like, all the main roads in the county converging towards the capital city.

In the northern part of the city there is a bypass; its southern extension is currently under construction.^[204] The city is crossed in the northeast by the A1 motorway, a segment that continues with the M43 motorway in Hungary. The A1 is connected near Lugoj to the A6 motorway, which is under construction.^[205]

Timișoara is connected to the European and national road network by the following roads:

• European route E70 – to the border with Serbia through the Moravița customs;
• European route E671 Timișoara–Satu Mare;
• national road 6 – to the border with Hungary through Cenad customs;
• national road 59 – with branch DN59A, to the border with Serbia through Jimbolia customs;
• national road 69 Timișoara–Arad.

Locally, car transport experienced a boom after 1990, so that in 2017 the degree of

Bus, trolleybus and tram in characteristic white and purple

Timișoara's public transport network consists of nine

Timișoara has the oldest and the densest railway network in Romania, with over 91.9 km (57.1 mi) of lines for 1,000 km² (390 sq mi) of territory, although some of the components are no longer operational due to low demand and lack of maintenance.^[124] Therefore, Timișoara is the most important rail hub in Timiș County and in western Romania. Most of the railway lines that intersect in Timișoara are secondary lines; the most important are line 900 from Bucharest, with international connections to Serbia and the main line Timișoara–Arad–Oradea, which ensures the connection with line 200 (Brașov–Sibiu–Arad–Curtici) and, implicitly, with Hungary.^[72]

The city has five

Although the nature of freight traffic has changed, decreasing the requirement for maneuvering and recomposing trains, Timișoara is an important center for rail freight transport; there are several large industrial concerns that receive and ship goods by train.^[203]

Air transport

Located 12 km (7.5 mi) from Timișoara, in the northeastern part of the city,

The city's first airport, the Cioca Airfield, had remained in use for recreational and utility aviation.^[224]

Water transport

The Bega Canal is the first navigable canal built in Romania, connecting Timișoara with the Serbian town of Titel. Its total navigable length was 114 km (71 mi), of which 33 km (21 mi) on the Romanian territory.^[225] In 2018, repair works were started on the navigation infrastructure of the Bega Canal, which would allow the resumption of naval traffic between Timișoara and Serbia, halted in 1967.^[226]

Since 2018, Timișoara is the first Romanian city with urban public transport by water, made with vaporetto-like boats on a single line with six stations.^[227]

Alternative transport

Timișoara has the most developed integrated cycling system in Romania. Cyclists have access to more than 100 km (62 mi) of bike lanes,^[228] including 37 km (23 mi) outside the city via the Bega Canal cycle path, which connects Romania with Serbia,^[229] providing a direct connection to the European network of cycling routes – EuroVelo.^[230] Timișoara is the first city in Romania with a public bike-sharing system, VeloTM, inaugurated in 2015. The system has 440 bicycles in the 25 stations in the city^[231] and, depending on the season, is accessed by 1,000–1,500 people daily.

In 2019 Timișoara introduced public transport with electric scooters.^[232]

Architecture

Art Nouveau 20th century palaces in Timișoara

Timișoara has the largest architectural ensemble of historic buildings in Romania (around 14,500),

Timișoara is a city with a polynuclear urban structure. The current urban structure, the result of historical evolution, is relatively clear: in the middle of the urban agglomeration is the historic center (Cetate neighborhood) around which the other neighborhoods revolve. Due to their independent development, they have distinct features both functionally and architecturally.[237] The center of today's Timișoara is the "successor" of the Austrian military fortress built mostly between 1732 and 1761.^[238] Today, only a few parts of the old city wall remain standing, namely the Theresia Bastion in the east and a few others which are located on the western limit of the old city wall.^[239] These were later listed as part of the architectural heritage of Timișoara.

Historic neighborhoods

Cetate

Union Square

Victory Square

Liberty Square

The Cetate neighborhood, the political, administrative and cultural center of Timișoara, is divided into two distinct urban areas. The first area is the "inner city" of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Left to right: Trajan Square, Mercury Palace statue and Millennium Church

The Fabric neighborhood has earned its name from the many manufactories, workshops and guilds established here.^[255] The neighborhood is bordered by the Neptune Baths, the Timișoara East railway station, the waterworks and the Timișoreana breweries.^[255] In the center of the neighborhood is Trajan Square (Romanian: Piața Traian). This is a smaller replica of the Union Square; both are rectangular and flanked on the eastern side by a religious building. The oldest building in Trajan Square is the Serbian Orthodox Church, built between 1745 and 1755 in the classicist style.^[240] Most of the buildings in the square were built at the end of the 19th century and belong to different movements of the Art Nouveau style.^[240] In Romans' Square (Romanian: Piața Romanilor) is the Millennium Church, a historicist building with neo-Gothic and neo-Romanesque elements.^[240]

Iosefin

At the beginning, the

Like the Iosefin neighborhood, Elisabetin had a rural appearance for a long time.^[240] Only after 1892, with the dismantling of the military fortress, Elisabetin experienced a strong development. Only two buildings have been preserved in Elisabetin since the 18th century: Dissel House and the Orthodox Church in the Church Square, the oldest Romanian church in Timișoara.^[240] Although it is a protected historical area, the urban ensemble I of Elisabetin is affected by the so-called urban sprawl. Many ground floor houses, typical of the historical urban morphology of the neighborhood, have been transformed into multi-storey buildings.^[240] The buildings in the urban ensemble VIII date from 1890 to 1900. Some belong to the classicist style, while others fall into the eclectic historicist style, especially the neo-baroque movement.^[240]

One of Elisabetin's squares of historical importance is Mary Square (

The neighborhoods of individual villas, the houses with several apartments and the religious and socio-cultural endowments dating from the first half of the 20th century, especially from the interwar period, predominate in the interstitial spaces between the historic neighborhoods, giving the respective areas the aspect of a garden city.^[240]

The architecture of the new buildings erected in the interwar period kept some decorative elements widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, but the

The neo-Romanian style was consciously promoted by the state. Like secessionism, the neo-Romanian style remained a style of elites that did not influence in any way the architecture of the more modest buildings that were built in large numbers in the interwar period.[244]

1947–1989: Socialist classicism

During the communist period, like other cities in Romania, Timișoara strictly followed the Soviet style. The architects did not have creative freedom, because the ministry imposed a firm control and an austerity regime, with small budgets.^[265] The evolution of the postwar architecture of the city was strongly influenced by the activity of the architect Hans Fackelmann, who designed, among others, the West University, one of the first modern constructions in Romania and the Ion Vidu National Art College.^[266]

Despite the central policy of urban systematization, which saw entire historic neighborhoods demolished, such as the Uranus neighborhood in Bucharest, the Timișoara authorities did not demolish old buildings, but only "filled in", where there were no buildings.^[265] Thus were built the two blocks that close the front of Victory Square, on its eastern side, towards the Metropolitan Cathedral. In the late 1960s, the Communist Party called for the construction of a number of commercial venues, hotels, houses of culture, stadiums and sports halls in major cities. It was the period when the Bega store, the Continental and Timișoara hotels, the Youth House, the Modex fashion house, the Olimpia hall and others were built in Timișoara.^[265]

The communist era also meant the growth of the population of Timișoara, by moving the workers brought from all over the country. Thus arose the need for new neighborhoods. Between 1974 and 1988, huge bedroom neighborhoods were built, consisting of blocks of flats with four, eight or ten floors, made of large prefabricated panels. At the end of the 1980s, over two thirds of the population of Timișoara lived in such suburbs: Circumvalațiunii, Șagului, Lipovei, etc. The blocks had the technical-municipal installations necessary for housing, but they were poorly executed in the conditions of a pronounced economic decline.^[240]

1990–present: Contemporary architecture

The reconnection, after 1989, of the Romanian architecture to the European architectural culture proved to be very difficult. Most of the projects and constructions did not yet have enough substance or inertially continued the decorativism of the previous period.^[267] Re-established in 1990 as a department within the Faculty of Constructions, the Timișoara school of architecture brought together architects from the late 1980s who, embracing the theoretical discourse of postmodernism, perpetuated the arts and crafts philosophy of the previous generation, either by a subtle return to historical tradition (Șerban Sturdza, Mihai Botescu or Radu Radoslav), or through a critical regional approach (Vlad Gaivoronschi, Ioan Andreescu or Florin Ionașiu).^[268] Constructions such as Austria House (Mihai Botescu), BRD Tower (Radu Radoslav), City Business Center (Vlad Gaivoronschi) or Reghina Blue Hotel (Ioan Andreescu) are linked to their names.^[269][270]

Similar to other Romanian cities, Timișoara underwent large-scale de-/reindustrialization and

The 2010s represented a decade in which the city acquainted a period of urban development rebirth. Projects such as Iulius Town and ISHO were put on the map under the form of edge cities indicating the growth of the urban tissue and implicitly of the facilities of the city.^[273]

Culture

Visual arts

In Timișoara there are eight contemporary art galleries, five of which are publicly funded: the Pygmalion Gallery (House of Arts), the geamMAT Gallery of the Art Museum, the Helios Gallery (Fine Artists' Union), the Mansarda Gallery (Faculty of Arts and Design) and the City Hall Gallery.^[235]

Performing arts

Timișoara is the only city in Europe that has three state

The Romanian National Opera as an institution in its current form has existed since 1947, when the Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida opened its first season, on 27 April.^[275]

Literature

Literary life has been revitalized in Timișoara over the last decade: open, public readings of prose and poetry have turned into social-literary experiments and two new literary festivals have been launched – LitVest and Timișoara International Literature Festival.^[276]

The

Before having a proper musical society, in Timișoara there was the choral association Temeswarer Männergesangverein, founded in 1845. The repertoire of this choir included works of great popularity, belonging mainly to German romantic music.^[279] The Philharmonic Society was founded later, in 1871, as a men's choral society. The inaugural concert took place on 8 December and included the ballads Die Frithjof-Saga by Max Bruch and Der Taucher by Heinrich Weidt.^[279] Over the years, guest musicians of the Philharmonic Society were invited to perform in Timișoara, among them Franz Liszt, Johann Strauss II, Joseph Haydn, Pablo de Sarasate, Henryk Wieniawski, Johannes Brahms and Béla Bartók.^[279][280] The current Banatul Philharmonic was founded in 1947 by royal decree.^[281] The Philharmonic has been organizing the Timișoara Muzicală International Festival since 1968, the longest-running cultural festival in Timișoara.^[235]

Museums

The Art Museum is housed in the Baroque Palace, a

The Banat Village Museum is conceived as a traditional village from Banat, a living museum and open-air folk architecture reserve located in the Green Forest; it includes rustic households belonging to various ethnic groups in Banat, buildings with social function of the traditional village (town hall, school and church), technical installations and workshops.^[235] The Corneliu Miklosi Public Transport Museum is subordinated to the local public transport company. Various types of

In addition, there are several independent museums in Timișoara, including the Museum of the Communist Consumer, arranged as a typical house of the Golden Age,[290] the museum dedicated to the Romanian cartoonist Popa's^[291] and the Kindlein Museum, a reenactment of Peter Kindlein's jewelry and clock shop and workshop.^[292]

Festivals

In 2013, around 400 cultural manifestations and events (shows, concerts, exhibitions, art and literature salons, festivals, etc.) were organized in Timișoara.^[13] Some of these include the music festivals Codru, DISKOteka (largest 1980s and 1990s music festival in Europe), Flight (largest music festival in western Romania), JAZZx, Plai and Vest Fest, the film festivals Ceau, Cinema!, European Film Festival and Festival du Film Français, the theatre festivals Eurothalia, FEST-FDR and TESZT, LitVest (literature festival), the Medieval Festival, the Festival of Hearts (festival of world folklore) and Timișoara Pride Week.^[293]

Parks and green spaces

Timișoara is known as the "city of parks" for its parks and green spaces.^[2] These are mainly located around the old town, forming a green belt along the Bega Canal.^[294] At the end of 2009, the area of the city parks was 117.57 ha.^[295] In 2015, Timișoara had only 16 m² of green spaces per capita, under the EU recommendation of 26 m².^[296]

One of the most famous parks in Timișoara is the Anton Scudier Central Park, founded in 1850.

Queen Marie Park, formerly known as the People's Park, is the oldest park in Timișoara, established at the initiative of the governor of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, Count Johann von Coronini-Cronberg, in 1852.^[295] The Botanical Park, improperly called by the locals the Botanical Garden, is thought of as a dendrological park and was inaugurated in 1986, after a project by the architect Silvia Grumeza.^[295] The park contains collection species grouped in eight sectors, depending on the region of origin of the plant.^[304] One of the newest parks, the Civic Park was arranged over the former military barracks, demolished between 1956 and 1959.^[305] The main attraction of the park is the floral clock, built in 1971.

• 
  Monument to the Unknown Soldier in the Anton Scudier Central Park
• 
  Rose Park
• 
  Ion Creangă Children's Park
• 
  The Secession entrance gate to the Queen Marie Park
• 
  The floral clock in the Civic Park

Sports

Dan Păltinișanu Stadium

(right) before its demolition

The amateur and performance sports activity has an old tradition in Timișoara through sports associations and clubs. The first

Saracens Timișoara), motorcycling and tennis.^[309]

With a capacity of 32,000 seats,

Electrica Stadium

near the Green Forest.

There are many sports centers in the city as well. Most of these facilities are

sports halls and swimming pools,^[56] many of them built by the municipality in the past several years. The main indoor venue is Constantin Jude Sports Hall, formerly known as Olimpia Hall. Used as a local base for men's and women's basketball, volleyball, handball and futsal teams in the city, the hall hosted matches of EuroBasket Women 2015.^[312]

Mass media

Print media

The first newspaper printed in Timișoara in 1771, edited by typographer Matthias Joseph Heimerl, was called Temeswarer Nachrichten and appeared in 13 editions.

printing machines, driven by a distribution wheel, were replaced by those driven by electricity, after the establishment of the power plant. The first machine of this kind in Timișoara was a Druckmaschine belonging to the episcopal printing house in the Diocese of Cenad, which was inaugurated in 1891.^[315] The outbreak of World War I led to a stagnation of printing activity, but, after the city was taken over by the Romanian authorities, it was revived; in 1920 no less than nine printing houses were known in Timișoara.^[315]

The interwar years were marked by numerous political, humorous, medical, cultural, economic, religious, agricultural, commercial or almanac weeklies.[315] Also in the interwar period, numerous bilingual or even trilingual publications appeared. The first publication in Romanian, German and Hungarian was the monthly Apicultorul – Bienenzüchter – Méhész.^[315] In addition to the publications in the languages spoken in Timișoara, between 1930 and 1936 the Esperanto quarterly Urmiginta Statoj de Europe appeared, edited by Josef Zauner, and in 1932 the publication Tel-Chaj (טל צ׳ג) was registered, a Jewish bimonthly in Hungarian, but no number appeared.^[315] From a catalogue prepared by Florian Moldovan and Alexander Krischan, in the documentary fund of the County Library of Timișoara were registered in the early 1970s no less than 143 newspaper and magazine titles, of which 60 were Romanian, 39 Hungarian and 40 German.^[316]

After 1945, but especially since 1948, the number of newspapers and magazines was reduced to a few, all published or under the political control of the Communist Party. There were the following papers in Timișoara between 1970 and 1977: Drapelul roșu, Neue Banater Zeitung (German language), Szabad szó (Hungarian language), Banatske novine (magazine, Serbian language) and the literary revue Orizont, all of them with an important circulation.^[317] Even if the years of 1965–1971 are better known as providing a relative political freedom, press in Romania went away with the PCR control. Media was obliged both to put in light the socialist reality in Romania and to combat the ideological bourgeois influences and retrograde mentality.^[318] The cultural revues had to promote the "involved" militant socialist arts and literature and criticize the tendencies to separate the artistic creation from the socialist realities; it was the way the Romanian press became an instrument of the PCR.^[318]

Apart from the publications previously censored under communist rule, which quickly changed their orientation under new names, in the first months after the

Romanian Revolution

, the number of newspaper and magazine titles on the local press market increased dramatically.

Currently, in Timișoara appear:^[319]

• dailies: in Romanian: Renașterea bănățeană (successor of Drapelul roșu), Timiș Expres and Ziua de Vest; in Hungarian: Nyugati jelen;
• one biweekly: Timpolis;
• one triweekly: Timișoara;
• weeklies: in Romanian: Opinia Timișoarei and Bănățeanul; in German: Banater Zeitung (weekly supplement of Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Rumänien); in Hungarian: Heti új szó; in Serbian: Naša reč;
• monthly: in Romanian: Orizont, Monitorul Primăriei municipiului Timișoara and Agenda Consiliului Județean Timiș; in Hungarian: Irodalmi jelen; in Italian: Azienda Italia;
• quarterly: in Romanian: Orient latin and Anotimpuri literare; in Serbian: Književni život;
• annuals: in Romanian: Almanahul Agenda; in Hungarian: Mindenki kalendáriuma; in German: Die Stafette;
• sporadic periodicity: Helion magazine of the homonymous science fiction club.

In recent years, more and more publications have given up the printed version, continuing their activity only in the online version.

Audiovisual media

Radio stations

Radio Timișoara, a public station, is part of Radio România Regional, the network of local and regional public

radio station in Timișoara was advanced for the first time in July 1930. The first broadcast of Radio Timișoara dates from 5 May 1955, with Andrei Dângă and Emilia Culea as broadcasters.^[321] Today, Radio Timișoara broadcasts in 10 languages on four frequencies that cover a large part of the counties in western Romania.^[321] West City Radio has been broadcasting since 1995, when it received the first broadcasting license in western Romania. The station is addressed to an audience aged between 24 and 48 years.^[322]

Another local private radio station is Radio Europa Nova, founded in July 1995. Its broadcasting area covers 20–30 km (12–19 mi) around the city.

In recent years, numerous local stations of some national stations have appeared, such as Digi FM, Europa FM, Virgin Radio, Radio Impuls, Radio ZU, RFI România, Pro FM, Kiss FM, Radio Guerrilla, etc.^[323]

Television stations

TVR Timișoara is one of the four territorial studios of the

Romanian Television Society. It broadcasts since 17 October 1994 and covers the western part of Romania (Timiș, Arad, Caraș-Severin and Hunedoara counties), as well as the Romanian communities in Vojvodina (Serbia) and southeastern Hungary.^[324] TVR Timișoara is a member of CIRCOM Regional and has collaborated over the years with regional public televisions in Novi Sad (Serbia), Szeged (Hungary) and Uzhhorod (Ukraine).^[324] Teleuniversitatea (Teleuniversity) has the status of a department within the Polytechnic University, obtaining a broadcasting license in 1994. Teleuniversitatea is a television station

with educational objectives, which operates on a non-profit basis, without a budget allocation. TV Europa Nova is the only local private television station. It first aired on 1 May 1994.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Timișoara

Honorary citizens

Among the recipients of the honorary citizenship of Timișoara are:^[325]

Date	Name	Notes
14 November 1995	Corneliu Coposu	Politician, political prisoner
23 January 1996	Corina Peptan	Chess player
24 September 1996	Ioan Holender	Operatic baritone, director of the Vienna State Opera
30 June 1998	Iolanda Balaș	Olympic high jumper
22 February 2000	Ana Blandiana	Poet, novelist, publicist, essayist
27 February 2001	Wolfgang Clement	Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia
29 January 2002	Cosmin Contra	Football player and manager
11 November 2003	Simona Amânar	Olympic gymnast
18 May 2004	Johnny Weissmuller	Olympic swimmer , actor
30 January 2007	Paul Goma	Novelist, essayist, memoirist, anti-communist dissident
24 April 2007	Mihai Șora	Philosopher, essayist
31 July 2007	Mugur Isărescu	Governor of BNR, prime minister of Romania
23 April 2013	Francesco Illy	Founder of illy, inventor of espresso machine
22 October 2013	Chester Williams	Rugby player
23 January 2015	Stefan Hell	Physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
20 March 2015	Peter Freund	Physicist
10 May 2016	Dumitru Prunariu[326]	Cosmonaut
27 November 2019	Ion Ivanovici[327]	Clarinettist, conductor, composer

International relations

Timișoara hosts two general consulates (Germany and Serbia)^[328] and 18 honorary consulates (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Moldova, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Peru, Poland, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and Tunisia).^[329][330]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Timișoara is twinned with:^[331]

• Graz, Austria (1982)
• Mulhouse, France (1991)
• Faenza, Italy (1991)
• Karlsruhe, Germany (1992)
• Rueil-Malmaison, France (1993)
• Szeged, Hungary (1998)
• Gera, Germany (1998)
• Treviso, Italy (2003)
• Novi Sad, Serbia (2005)
• Palermo, Italy (2005)
• Shenzhen, China (2007)
• Nottingham, United Kingdom (2008)
• Chernivtsi, Ukraine (2010)
• Trujillo, Peru (2010)
• Da Nang, Vietnam (2014)
• Lublin, Poland (2016)
• Porto, Portugal (2018)
• Cancún, Mexico (2019)^[332]

References

1. ^ "Timișoara "Orașul Rozelor"". Vocea Timișului. 1 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Strutz, Rudolf J. (2013). Timișoara. JR-Design. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
3. ^ Ciupa, Vasile (2018). Timișoara oraș grădină, oraș al parcurilor, oraș al florilor: monografie. ArtPress.
4. ^ "Timișoara". Arcanum. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
5. ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
6. ^ "Studiu de potențial privind dezvoltarea la nivelul municipiilor Timișoara și Arad" (PDF). Fonduri UE. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
7. ^ "Constituire". ADI-PCT. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
8. ^ "POP107D - POPULAȚIA DUPĂ DOMICILIU la 1 ianuarie pe grupe de vârstă și vârste, sexe, județe și localități". TEMPO Online. Institutul Național de Statistică. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
9. ^ ^{a b c} "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
10. ^ "Timișoara". Lexico. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021.
11. ^ "Timișoara". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
12. ^ "Timișoara (Temeschwar)". Aktuelles Lexikon 1974–2000. Munich: DIZ 2000. 1989.
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Strategia de dezvoltare integrată a polului de creștere Timișoara 2015–2020" (PDF). Primăria municipiului Timișoara. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
14. ^ Pascual, Carlos (11 November 2023). "Secreta y bella Timisoara, descifrando la capital cultural europea 2023". El País. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
15. ^ ^{a b} Glăvan, Ciprian (2013). "Defortificarea cetății Timișoara" (PDF). Analele Banatului, Arheologie–Istorie. XXI: 421–430. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
16. ^ ^{a b c d} "Premiere ale orașului Timișoara". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
17. ^ Chapple, Amos (18 December 2018). "Romania's Revolution, Then And Now". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
18. ^ Trincia, Andy (27 October 2023). "It Might Be Time to Consider Timisoara". The New York Times.
19. ^ Deaconescu, Roxana (28 October 2014). "Turism medical în Timișoara: cât de pregătiți suntem să primim bolnavi străini și ce le putem oferi? FOTO!". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
20. ^ "Romanian city comes out first in the world in Internet download speed ranking". Romania-Insider.com. 3 July 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
21. ^ Deaconescu, Roxana (5 May 2014). "Parcurile din Timișoara, promovate pe Youtube. Tu știi câte parcuri există în capitala Banatului?". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
22. ^ "Cities". Art Nouveau European Route. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
23. ^ "Timișoara". Eurocities. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
24. ^ "Ediții". Capitala Tineretului din România. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
25. ^ "Coronavirus: Commission proposes to extend 2020 European Capitals of Culture into 2021". European Commission. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
26. ^
    ISBN 963-05-3346-4. Archived
    from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
27. ISSN 1842-8479
    .
28. ^ Hochstrasser, Gerhard (2001). Historische und Philologische Untersuchung des Ortsnames Temeschburg – Temesvár – Timișoara. Editura Eurobit. p. 7.
29. ISBN 978-3-89861-722-2
    .
30. ^ Răuț, Octavian (1976). "Originea toponimului Timișoara și a hidronimului Bega". Studii de limbă, literatură și folclor. III: 141–156.
31. ^ "Ortschaften mit ehem. deutscher Bevölkerung im Banat". Jetscha.de. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
32. ^ ^{a b} "Timișoara". KNAB. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
33. ^ Ungureanu, Alexandru (1974). "Hărți referitoare la Țările Române în arhivele și bibliotecile pariziene". Revista Arhivelor. XXIV (4): 638–654.
34. ^ ^{a b} "Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire". GeoNames. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
35. ^ Abraham, Eugene (1950). לקורות היהדות בטרנסלבניא. A. Lamberger. p. 29.
36. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l [unreliable source?]} "Istoria Timișoarei". Enciclopedia României. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
37. ^ "Vestigii ale dacilor ies la iveală. Localitate antică pomenită de Ptolemeu, descoperită în Banat". Digi24. 1 August 2015. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
38. ^ Pârvan, Vasile (1982). Getica. O protoistorie a Daciei (2nd ed.). Bucharest: Editura Meridiane. p. 154. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
39. ^ ^{a b c} "Timișoara". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
40. ^ Vistai, András János. "Tekintő. Erdélyi helynévkönyv" (PDF). Adatbank. p. 1063. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
41. ^ Both, Ștefan (20 April 2015). "Prima atestare documentară a Timișoarei, controversă printre istorici: "Singura dată neatacabilă este 1266"". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
42. ^ Szentkláray, Jenő (1911). Temesvár története. Budapest: Országos Monográfia Társaság. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
43. ^
    ISBN 973-7836-56-1. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 3 September 2013.
44. ISBN 973-585-650-6
    .
45. ^ Both, Ștefan (28 July 2012). "Aniversare tristă pentru Timișoara: în 1552 s-a lăsat întunericul dominației otomane în Banat". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
46. ISBN 978-1-003-13003-1
    .
47. ISSN 0473-5129
    .
48. ^ Dragalina, Patriciu (1900). Din istoria Banatului de Severin. Vol. II. Biblioteca Noastră. pp. 44–45.
49. ISBN 978-973-36-0422-8
    .
50. ^
    ISBN 973-7836-92-8
    .
51. ^ ^{a b} "Istorie și urbanism". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
52. ^ Both, Ștefan (29 April 2014). "Industria Timișoarei, de la înflorirea din imperiul Austro-Ungar la intreprinderile comuniste și la șmecheriile din "democrația originală"". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
53. ^ Popescu, Cristina (1 September 2018). "Fabricile celebre ale Timișoarei din comunism, făcute una cu pământul în capitalism!". Banatul Azi. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
54. ISBN 978-0-8129-6679-4. Archived
    from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
55. ^ "20 decembrie 1989: Timișoara, primul oraș liber de comunism". Digi24. 20 December 2013. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
56. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} "Statutul municipiului Timișoara" (PDF). Primăria municipiului Timișoara. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
57. ^ ^{[unreliable source?]} "Timișoara". Enciclopedia României. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
58. S2CID 139174616. Archived
    from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
59. ^ Georgescu, Emil-Sever; Dobre, Daniela; Dragomir, Claudiu-Sorin; Borcia, Ioan Sorin. "Timișoara și seismele bănățene" (PDF). ROEDUSEIS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
60. ^ ^{a b c d e} Cadrul natural și peisagistic al municipiului Timișoara (PDF). Vol. I. Primăria municipiului Timișoara. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
61. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ciupa, Vasile (2011). "Cadrul natural, peisagistic și calitatea mediului în municipiul Timișoara" (PDF). Buletinul AGIR (2): 3–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
62. ^ Piticariu, Bogdan (6 March 2014). "Parcul Dendrologic Bazoș – de la câini spânzurați la Ziua Consulatelor". Timpolis. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
63. ^ "Prezentare". CarpatZoo. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
64. ^ ^{a b c} "Strategia locală privind schimbările climatice în municipiul Timișoara" (PDF). Direcția de Mediu a municipiului Timișoara. 2010. pp. 9–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
65. ^ "Timișoara, Romania". weatherbase. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
66. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "Timișoara Climate Normals 1991–2020". NOAA. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
67. ^ "Ce așteaptă meteorologii în ianuarie, luna cu cea mai scăzută temperatură din România, dar și cu maxime de 22 de grade". Digi24. 6 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
68. ^ "Valul de caniculă "Lucifer" a făcut deja victime în România. Ce ne așteaptă în zilele următoare". Știrile Pro TV. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
69. ^ "Klimatafel von Temeswar (Temeschburg) / Rumänien" (PDF). Deutscher Wetterdienst (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
70. ^ "Geografie, meteorologie și mediu înconjurător" (PDF). Institutul Național de Statistică. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
71. NOAA
    . Retrieved 14 February 2024.
72. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} "Starea economică, socială și de mediu a municipiului Timișoara". Primăria municipiului Timișoara. 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}
73. ^ "HOTĂRÂRE nr. 998 din 27 august 2008". Portal Legislativ. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
74. ^ "Tab3. Populația stabilă pe sexe și grupe de vârstă – județe, municipii, orașe, comune". Institutul Național de Statistică. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
75. ^ Pantea, Raluca (18 January 2023). "Ciudățenia cifrelor: Timișul are mai puțini locuitori ca acum 10 ani, însă Timișoara rămâne cel mai atractiv oraș, după București". Express de Banat. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
76. ^ Iedu, Liliana (31 January 2023). "Prefectul de Timiș: Timișoara a scăzut cu 68.440 de locuitori pentru că Primăria Timişoara nu a reușit să angajeze recenzori/ Dominic Fritz: este evident că populația noastră nu este în scădere". News.ro. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
77. ^ Pop, Iulia (1 February 2023). "Recensământ. Aproape 70.000 de timişoreni, daţi "dispăruţi". Scandal după ultima numărătoare: reacţie dură a primarului Dominic Fritz". Observator.
78. ^ "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
79. ^
    ISBN 978-973-0-24659-9. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
80. ^ "Studiu Banca Mondială: Aproape jumătate din locuitorii Timișoarei sunt născuți în alte părți". TION. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
81. ^ Zorfie, Raluca (30 July 2017). "Timișoara a crescut miraculos ca număr de locuitori! Cine spune acest lucru". Banatul Azi. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
82. doi:10.1556/HStud.21.2007.1-2.1
    .
83. ^ ^{a b} Varga, E. Árpád. "Temes megye településeinek etnikai (anyanyelvi/nemzetiségi) adatai 1880–1992" (PDF). A Kulturális Innovációs Alapítvány Könyvtára. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
84. ^ Danciu, Liliana; Runcan, Patricia Luciana (2013). "Timișoara: A Multi-Cultural, Multi-Ethnic, Multi-Confessional and Tolerant Community (Tradition and Modernity)". Scientific Annals of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași. 6 (1): 145–159. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
85. ^ "RAPORT DE ȚARĂ. Timișoara, orașul multiculturalității și al premierelor". Digi24. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
86. ^ "Numărul ungurilor din Timiș e în scădere. Soarta comunităților maghiare dispersate, dezbătută la Timișoara". TION. 15 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
87. doi:10.2298/GEI0452117P. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
88. ^ "533 de străini depistați în situații ilegale, în primul trimestru al anului 2018". Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
89. ^ "Structura etno-demografică pe arii geografice". Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
90. ^ "Tab8. Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune". Institutul Național de Statistică. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
91. ^ "2.2 Populația rezidentă după etnie". RPL 2021. Institutul Național de Statistică. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
92. doi:10.2298/BALC1344391N. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
93. ^ "Numărul bisericilor în Timișoara s-a dublat după Revoluție! Vezi câte lăcașe de cult s-au ridicat în ultimii 22 de ani!". Opinia Timișoarei. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
94. ^ Haraszti, György. "Timișoara". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
95. ^ Both, Ștefan (24 September 2015). "Povestea sinagogii ortodoxe din Timișoara, singurul loc din capitala Banatului în care se mai roagă evreii". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
96. ^ "Sinagoga din Cetate, reinaugurată în stil mare". Adevărul. 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
97. ^ Milin, Miodrag (1990). Timișoara, 15–21 decembrie '89. Întreprinderea Poligrafică Banat. p. 162.
98. ISSN 0193-175X. Archived
    from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
99. ^ Iedu, Liliana (28 September 2020). "ALEGERI LOCALE 2020 – Dominic Fritz, noul primar al municipiului Timișoara, cu peste 52% din voturi – Rezultate parțiale". News.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
100. ^ "Rezultate". Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
101. ^ "Componența Consiliului Local din mandatul 2020–2024". Primăria municipiului Timișoara. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
102. ^ ^{a b} "Hotărârea 195/16.09.2003 privind constituirea Consiliilor Consultative de Cartier". Timișoara HCL. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
103. ^ "Hotărârea 586/21.11.2013 privind reorganizarea pe zone a Consiliilor consultative de cartier din municipiul Timișoara". Timișoara HCL. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
104. ^ "LEGE nr. 215 din 23 aprilie 2001". Camera Deputaților. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
105. ISBN 3-7995-2501-7
     .
106. ^ "Banat (Ost-Banat)". Exonyme – Vergessene Ortsnamen NG. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.
107. ISBN 973-8468-01-9. Archived
     from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
108. ^ "Timișoara". Stefan Jäger Archiv. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
109. ^ Mladin, Maria (1 April 2013). "Fișa Primăriei municipiului Timișoara pe anul 2013". Consiliul Județean Timiș. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
110. ISSN 1618-1980. Archived
     (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
111. ^ "Cartiere". Heritage of Timișoara. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
112. ^ "Listă cartiere". GAL Timișoara.
113. ^ "Analiza situației actuale". Strategia Integrată de Dezvoltare Urbană a municipiului Timișoara și a zonei urbane funcționale (PDF). p. 6.
114. ^ "Timișoara își pregătește zona metropolitană". Ziarul Financiar. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
115. ^ "Modele de cooperare interjurisdicțională" (PDF). The World Bank. 2018. pp. 152–153. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
116. ^ Mitrică, Bianca; Grigorescu, Ines (2016). "Dezvoltarea urbană și ariile metropolitane". In Bălteanu, Dan; et al. (eds.). România. Natură și societate. Editura Academiei Române. pp. 250–291.
117. ISSN 2066-2181. Archived
     (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
118. ^ ^{a b} "În ultimii 20 de ani, Timișoara s-a extins cu 1.000 de hectare! Vezi aici în ce direcții și cum anume a crescut orașul!". Opinia Timișoarei. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
119. ^ "A fost semnat actul de naștere al metropolei Timișoara-Arad. Cum se vor dezvolta cele două municipii împreună?". Opinia Timișoarei. 2 August 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
120. ^ Toma, Bianca (8 August 2006). "Zona Metropolitană a Aradului se va uni cu cea a Timișoarei". Evenimentul zilei. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
121. ^ Mîț, Adriana (13 January 2018). "De ce Timișoara trebuie să "facă pace" cu Aradul". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
122. ^ Both, Ștefan (27 February 2015). "Timișoara are cea mai dinamică economie din România. Valoarea exporturilor a ajuns la 4.125 milioane euro. Creștere cu 965 milioane de euro". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
123. ^ "Polii de creștere – Faza următoare" (PDF). The World Bank. 2013. p. 206. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
124. ^
     hdl:10986/24362. Archived
     (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
125. ^ Riols, Yves-Michel (1 September 2005). "La deuxième révolution de Timișoara". L'Express. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
126. ^ Panait, Andrei (5 February 2016). "Forbes Best Cities 2016: Timișoara, din nou pe primul loc". Forbes România. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
127. ^ "Numărul șomerilor înregistrați, pe județe, la sfârșitul lunii decembrie 2019" (PDF). Ministerul Muncii. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
128. ^ Panaete, Mădălina (26 March 2017). "Povestea fabricii Timișoreana, prima fabrică de bere din România". Ziarul Financiar. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
129. ^ Stefan Both (7 August 2022). "Industria Timişoarei, de la înflorirea din imperiul Austro-Ungar la intreprinderile comuniste şi la şmecheriile din "democraţia originală"". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
130. ^ Mischie, Dana (4 September 2023). "Cum s-a transformat economic Timișoara, de la Manchesterul muncitoresc al Ungariei, la hub modern de start-up-uri IT". Panorama.
131. ^ Popa, Nicolae (2007). "Investiții, investitori și mutații urbane în Timișoara" (PDF). Geographica Timisiensis. 16 (1–2): 41–54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
132. ^ "A fost inaugurat proiectul Optica Business Park". TION. 1 July 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
133. ^ "Microsoft, Linde Gaz și ZTE, chiriași în birourile Optica Business Park din Timișoara". Bursa. 29 April 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
134. ^ "Afaceri în Timiș: Parcul Industrial și Tehnologic din Timișoara – locul destinat întreprinderilor mici și mijlocii". TION. 20 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
135. ^ "Afaceri în Timiș: CERC, un centru esențial pentru firmele din sectorul automotive". TION. 22 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
136. ^ Ilaș, Gheorghe (18 December 2011). "Lăstunul, autoturismul de colecție "made in Timișoara"! Dacia 500 s-a fabricat în halele fostei întreprinderi Tehnometal". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
137. ^ Panait, Andrei (25 February 2017). "Ascensiune pe piața office din Timișoara". Forbes România. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
138. ^ ^{a b} Roșu, Roxana (10 December 2020). "JLL: Cel puțin 170.000 metri pătrați de birouri vor fi livrați până la sfârșitul lui 2022 în marile orașe din afara Bucureștiului. "Vom vedea și în perioada următoare tranzacții record pe aceste piețe"". Ziarul Financiar. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
139. ^ "Timișoara are cele mai puține spații de birouri neocupate din România". TION. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
140. ^ "City Business Center". Activ Property Services. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
141. ^ Drăgan, Aurel (23 January 2019). "Vox Technology Park named the greenest real estate project in Romania by BREEAM". Business Review. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
142. ^ "Bega Business Park". Activ Property Services. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
143. ^ ^{a b} Avram, Marian (12 March 2020). "Best Office Hubs 2020. Timișoara 2.0". Forbes România. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
144. ^ "Zeci de firme participă la cel mai ambițios proiect office din România. Progresează lucrările la cea mai înaltă clădire de birouri din țară, din Iulius Town Timișoara, o investiție de peste 115 milioane de euro". TION. 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
145. ^ "Cele mai active orașe din România în domeniul IT". Wall-Street. 19 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
146. ^ "Romania IT Talent Map, 2014" (PDF). Brainspotting. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
147. ^ Both, Ștefan (28 April 2014). "S-a inaugurat Incuboxx, clădirea făcută din policarbonat, după modelul incubatorului de afaceri din Barcelona". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
148. ^ "Innovation Cities™ Index 2019: Global". Innovation Cities™ Program. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
149. ^ "Timișoara, unul dintre cele două orașe din România în TOP 500 Orașe Inovatoare 2019". TION. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
150. ^ Popescu, Marius (13 August 2018). "Timișoara, printre cele mai mari piețe rezidențiale din România. Câte locuințe au fost "livrate" anul trecut". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
151. ^ "Timișul, în topul tranzacțiilor imobiliare din România! Câte case și terenuri s-au vândut?". Opinia Timișoarei. 31 October 2016. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
152. ^ "Ansambluri rezidențiale". Korter. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
153. ^ Voiculescu, Sorina, ed. (2009). The Romanian Post-socialist City: Urban Renewal and Gentrification. Editura Universității de Vest. p. 78.
154. ^ Panduru, Adrian (4 June 2020). "A scăzut prețul apartamentelor în Timișoara". TION. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
155. ^ "Bega Shopping Center Timișoara se modernizează și își schimbă chiriașii". Wall-Street. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
156. ^ "Despre noi". BEGA. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
157. ^ "Timișoara are cel mai mare mall". Wall-Street. 24 October 2005. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
158. ^ "La un an de la inaugurare, birourile din Iulius Town Timișoara au 5.000 de angajați, iar suprafața de retail, de 120.000 mp, are 450 de magazine". Economica.net. 31 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
159. ^ Both, Ștefan (31 March 2016). "S-a deschis cel de-al doilea mall din Timișoara. Shopping City a costat aproape 100 de milioane de euro". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
160. ^ Both, Ștefan (20 April 2016). "A fost inaugurat la Timișoara cel mai modern cinematograf din România. A costat 8 milioane de euro". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
161. ^ "Shopping City Timișoara aniversează un an de shopping, cu super premii și un Ford Fiesta". Shopping City Timișoara. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
162. ^ "Timișoara". Funshop Park. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
163. ^ "Funshop Park Timișoara, cel mai nou strip mall din Timișoara, își deschide porțile cu promoții și surprize pentru clienți. Va avea și o zonă de food court exterioară". Opinia Timișoarei. 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
164. ^ Grenby, Ed (23 May 2023). "The EU's silly Capital of Culture scheme adds nothing to this intriguing Romanian city". The Telegraph.
165. ^ Tiron, Mirabela (16 August 2017). "Topul județelor care au atras cei mai mulți turiști străini. Brașov, Timiș, Cluj și Sibiu au atras 20% din totalul străinilor care s-au cazat în hotelurile din țară în primul semestru". Ziarul Financiar. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
166. ^ ^{a b} "Educație și învățământ". Primăria municipiului Timișoara. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
167. ^ "Licee". Inspectoratul Școlar Județean Timiș. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
168. ^ Both, Ștefan (25 April 2018). "O școală ca la Cambridge se deschide la Timișoara. Cât plătesc părinții pentru a-și trimite copiii la o școală cu ștaif, cu sistem de învățământ internațional". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
169. ^ "În toamnă, la Iulius Town se va deschide prima grădiniță din Timișoara cu predare după curriculum britanic și o școală primară". TION. 12 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
170. ^ Iedu, Liliana (24 July 2019). "Prima grădiniță din Timișoara cu predare în limba engleză, după curriculum din Finlanda, pentru copiii care vor locui la Vox Vertical Village ori ai căror părinți lucrează în Vox Technology Park". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
171. ^ "Top licee". AdmitereLiceu.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
172. ISSN 1220-3246. Archived
     (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
173. ^ "StudentFest 2018. Festivalul care promovează tinerii artiști își așteaptă participanții". TION. 19 April 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
174. ^ "ISWinT 2020, sub semnul diversității și al incluziunii". Opinia Timișoarei. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
175. ^ "Clasificarea universităților din România: Care sunt cele mai bune instituții de învățământ superior". Mediafax. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
176. ^ "Romania 2018". SCImago Institutions Rankings. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
177. ^ Pantazi, Raluca (24 September 2014). "Topul celor mai mari universități de stat. Plus: Pentru multe universități particulare se pune problema pur și simplu a existenței". HotNews.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
178. ^ Ionescu, Stejărel (3 November 2017). "Consorțiul "Universitaria" reunește la Timișoara rectorii celor mai bune universități". Banatul Azi. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
179. ^ "Raportul Rectorului cu privire la starea Universității de Vest din Timișoara". Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara. 2019. p. 12. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
180. ^ "Astăzi se desfășoară examenul de admitere la cele șase Universități tradiționale de Medicină din România". Ro Health Review. 26 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
181. ^ Mîț, Adriana (7 October 2018). "Provocarea cazării pentru studenții din Timișoara. Cum se desfășoară "bătaia" pe locurile în cămin". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
182. ^ "Biblioteca Universității de Farmacie și Medicină "Victor Babeș" Timișoara". Biblioteca Națională a României. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
183. ^ "Biblioteca Centrală a Universității Politehnice Timișoara". Biblioteca Națională a României. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
184. ^ "Rapoarte/Statistici". Biblioteca Centrală Universitară "Eugen Todoran" din Timișoara. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
185. ^ "Biblioteca Județeană "Sorin Titel" Timiș". Biblioteca Națională a României. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
186. ^ "Institute Naționale de Cercetare-Dezvoltare (INCD) în coordonare". Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
187. ^ "Institute". Academia Română – Filiala Timișoara. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
188. ^ "Centre de cercetare". Departamentul pentru Cercetare Științifică și Creație Universitară. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
189. ^ "Secții și filiale". Academia de Științe Medicale din România. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
190. ^ "Filiale". Academia de Științe Tehnice din România. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
191. ^ Baltac, Vasile (October 2005). "MECIPT – Mașina Electronică de Calcul a Institutului Politehnic din Timișoara: Evocări și Documente". Bucharest. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
192. LCCN 2010932197. Archived
     from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
193. ^ Rusu, Dorina N.; Otiman, Păun Ion (2016). "Membrii Academiei Române din Banat 1866 – 2016". Viața academică în Banat 1866 – 2016 (PDF). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. pp. 219–223. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
194. ^ "Zilele Academice Timișene – Ediția a XVI-a, 2019". Academia Română – Filiala Timișoara. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
195. ^ "Contact". Asociația Română de Hemofilie. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
196. ^ "Contact". Societatea Română de Informatică Medicală. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
197. ^ "Contact". Societatea Română de Otorinolaringologie Pediatrică. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
198. ^ "Analiza stării de sănătate a populației județului Timiș" (PDF). Direcția de Sănătate Publică Timiș. 19 September 2016. p. 42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
199. ^ ^{a b} "Clasificarea spitalelor". Ministerul Sănătății. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
200. ^ "Rețeaua de sănătate REGINA MARIA preia Spitalul Première din Timișoara, cel mai mare spital privat din vestul țării". Regina Maria. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
201. ^ "TENtec Interactive Map Viewer". European Commission. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
202. ^ "Nomenclatorul stradal al municipiului Timișoara". Primăria municipiului Timișoara.^{[permanent dead link]}
203. ^ ^{a b} "Planul de Mobilitate Urbană Durabilă pentru polul de creștere Timișoara" (PDF). Primăria municipiului Timișoara. 2015. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
204. ^ Cozmei, Victor (25 March 2020). "Varianta de ocolire Timișoara Sud – 26 km, o singură bandă pe sens: A fost emis ordinul de începere al lucrărilor". HotNews.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
205. ^ Cozmei, Victor (18 December 2013). "Ziua marilor inaugurări: de la autostrada care ocolește Sebeșul, la tronsonul care se termină brusc în câmp". HotNews.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
206. ^ "Robu anunță că sunt peste 125.000 de autovehicule înmatriculate în Timișoara, dar a uitat ceva..." TION. 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
207. ^ Deaconescu, Roxana (9 May 2020). "Unde vor fi stații de încărcare pentru mașini electrice, în Timișoara". TION. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
208. ^ "LEKTRI.CO se pregătește de inaugurarea Charging Plaza Hub700—cea mai mare infrastructură publică de încărcare a mașinilor electrice din România". LEKTRI.CO. 3 October 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
209. ^ "Rețeaua traseelor STPT". Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
210. ^ "Secții ale STPT". Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
211. ^ "Timișoara | Transport public școlar, trafic mai redus". Digi24. 15 January 2019. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
212. ^ Deaconescu, Roxana (11 September 2020). "Traseele STPT pentru transportul școlar în 2020: 14 minibuze îi duc pe elevi la școli". TION. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
213. ^ "Listă Taxiuri Timișoara". Taximetre.ro. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
214. ^ "Închirieri auto în Timișoara". EuroCars. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
215. ^ "Mersul autobuzelor în Timișoara". Autogari.ro. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
216. ^ "Acces cu autobuzul". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
217. ^ Both, Ștefan (15 November 2020). "Licitație adjudecată și contract semnat pentru reabilitarea clădirii Gării de Nord din Timișoara". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
218. ^ Both, Ștefan (23 October 2013). "Gara Mare din Timișoara a fost bijuterie arhitectonică. Astăzi este o clădire de tristă amintire". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
219. ^ "Anexa nr. 4. Centralizator fișe observații" (PDF). Consiliul Național de Supraveghere din Domeniul Feroviar. 2017. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
220. ^ "Traficul de pasageri pe aeroporturile din România a crescut în anul 2022 cu 87,53%". airportaar.ro. 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
221. ^ "Aeroportul Internațional Timișoara, La Final De An". Aerotim. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022.
222. ISSN 2065-7129. Archived
     (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
223. ^ "Aeroportul Internațional Timișoara Continuă Procesul De Dezvoltare Și Modernizare". Aerotim. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
224. ^ Both, Ștefan (17 February 2016). "Povestea Aeroportului "Cioca", visul neîmplinit al Timișoarei interbelice". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
225. ^ Herbst-Rădoi, Atena (1969). Geografia economică a Republicii Socialiste România. Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. p. 255.
226. ^ "Proiect transfrontalier de 14 milioane de euro. Anul 2021 ar putea aduce reluarea circulației navale pe Bega, între Timișoara și Serbia". TION. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
227. ^ "V1 M. Viteazul – Ardealul" (PDF). Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
228. ^ Ionescu, Stejărel (28 July 2017). "Timișoara va deveni primul oraș din România cu 100 de kilometri de piste pentru bicicliști". Banatul Azi. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
229. ^ Deaconescu, Roxana (25 March 2015). "E gata! Cea mai lungă pistă de biciclete din România ne duce din Timișoara în Serbia, pe malul Begăi. De când vom putea închiria biciclete?". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
230. ^ "Romania". EuroVelo. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
231. ^ Mîț, Adriana (6 September 2017). "Primăria Timișoara a mai cumpărat 140 de biciclete pentru sistemul VeloTM. Ce le transmite primarul bicicliștilor". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
232. ^ Dichiș, Bianca (1 April 2019). "Liber la trotinetele electrice gratuite la Timișoara. Prima a fost preluată din rastel de primarul Nicolae Robu. Foto și video". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
233. ^ "Lista monumentelor istorice din județul Timiș". Direcția Județeană pentru Cultură Timiș. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
234. ^ ^{a b} "Timișoara, construită ca un oraș ideal. Ce-l face atât de special?". TION. 16 February 2017. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
235. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Strategia culturală a municipiului Timișoara 2014 – 2024" (PDF). Primăria municipiului Timișoara. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
236. doi:10.4000/germanica.565
     .
237. ^ "Partea III. Profilul spațial". Strategia Integrată de Dezvoltare Urbană 2015–2020 (PDF). Primăria municipiului Timișoara. pp. 275–302. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
238. ^ Bocicai, Adina (2014). "Fișa istorică a municipiului Timișoara – atașată PUG" (PDF). Primăria municipiului Timișoara. pp. 13–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
239. ISBN 9789739244350. Archived
     from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
240. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Junie, Aurelia; Opriș, Mihai. "Zone construite protejate – Timișoara 2011". Primăria municipiului Timișoara. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
241. ^ "Lista monumentelor istorice 2015 – județul Timiș" (PDF). Institutul Național al Patrimoniului. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
242. ^
     ISBN 978-973-1958-28-6
     .
243. ^ ^{a b} "Timișoara". Art Nouveau European Route. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
244. ^ ^{a b} Székely, Gabriel (2006). "Arhitectura vernaculară și cea cultă din Timișoara și Arad 1700–1918" (PDF). Patrimonium Banaticum. V: 149–155. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
245. ^ ^{a b c d} "Piețele de poveste ale Timișoarei. Centrul istoric, unic în România". TION. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
246. ^ "Palatul Episcopal Ortodox Sârb". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
247. ^ Both, Ștefan (30 May 2015). "Clădirile spectaculoase ale Timișoarei au fost opera unui singur arhitect. Cum a schimbat definitiv Székely László fața capitalei Banatului". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
248. ^ ^{a b} "Istoric și premierele instituției". Opera Națională Română Timișoara. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
249. ^ "Catedrala Mitropolitană". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
250. ^ "Piața Libertății". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
251. ^ Glăvan, Ciprian (2006). "Istoria și așezămintele ordinelor religioase din Banat în secolul al XVIII-lea" (PDF). Patrimonium Banaticum. V: 71–79. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
252. ^ Petrovics, István (2013). "The Bishopric of Csanád/Cenad and the Ecclesiastical Institutions of Medieval Temesvár/Timișoara". Transylvanian Review. XXII (suppl. 4): 240–252.
253. ^ Stanici, Georgeta (14 February 2014). "Arheologii au deslușit misterul bisericilor din Piața Sf. Gheorghe după două luni și jumătate de săpături. Câte orașe sunt sub actualul municipiu". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
254. ^ ^{a b} "Piața Sf. Gheorghe". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
255. ^ ^{a b} Păun, Liana (18 May 2014). "Fabric, cartierul breslelor și al meșteșugurilor (I). Prin ce transformări au trecut, de-a lungul timpului, faimoasele Băi Neptun". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
256. ^ Păun, Liana (4 May 2014). "Iosefin, cartierul premierelor. Ce mistere ascund clădirile construite de mari arhitecți ai lumii". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
257. ^ "Cartierele Iosefin, Elisabetin". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
258. ^ "Clădiri". Heritage of Timișoara. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
259. ^ Opriș, Mihai; Botescu, Mihai (2011). XIII Piața Alexandru Mocioni. Monitorul Primăriei municipiului Timișoara.
260. ^ "Biserica Ortodoxă din Iosefin". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
261. ^ Păun, Liana (15 September 2013). "Legende urbane de-a lungul timpului". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
262. ^ "Biserica Romano-Catolică Elisabetin". Emporis. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019.
263. ^ ^{a b c} Păun, Liana (5 October 2014). "Clădirile construite în perioada interbelică în centrul orașului. Ce arhitect bucureștean și-a pus amprenta asupra urbei moderne". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
264. ^ Brătuleanu, Anca (2016). Timișoara interbelică. Urbanism și arhitectură. Artpress.
265. ^ ^{a b c} Both, Ștefan (12 September 2017). "Povestea unui faimos arhitect care a proiectat blocuri în "Epoca de Aur". Continental – cea mai înaltă clădire din Timișoara socialistă". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
266. ^ Opriș, Mihai (4 March 2013). "În traducere, Fackelmann înseamnă "bărbat făclie"". Arhitectura. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
267. ^ "Istoria arhitecturii". Centrul Cultural META. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
268. ^ Blidariu, Cristian (15 July 2011). "Școala timișoreană de arhitectură". Arhitectura. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
269. ^ "Vlad Gaivoronschi". ArhiForum. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
270. ^ "Ioan Andreescu". ArhiForum. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
271. S2CID 213520726. Archived
     from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
272. ^ ^{a b} "On Housing. Collective Housing: In-Between Product and Process". BETA Exhibition Catalogue. 2018. p. 55. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
273. ^ "Ovidiu Sandor demareaza constructia unui nou proiect imobiliar in Timisoara: cum arata Isho Offices". wall-street.ro (in Romanian). Patrick Vrabie via Wall-Street.ro. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
274. ^ Both, Ștefan (2 April 2019). "Orașul din România care se află la un pas de Guinness Book. Patru teatre de stat, în patru limbi diferite". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
275. ^ Halunga, Otilia (9 February 2018). "#UnicInEuropa – Teatrul Național din Timișoara a renăscut mereu din propria-i cenușă, asemeni păsării Phoenix". AGERPRES. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
276. ^ ^{a b} Crețu, Tudor (2020). "Editorial". The Romanian Riveter (PDF) (8th ed.). European Literature Network. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
277. ^ Kienlechner, Sabina (2010). "'Unter dem Einfluß der bürgerlichen Ideologie'. Die 'Aktionsgruppe Banat' in den Akten der Securitate". Sinn und Form. 6: 746–769. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
278. ^ Sora, Alexandra (11 February 2010). "EXCLUSIVITATE: Scriitorul Richard Wagner despre Securitate, istorie și adevăr". DW. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
279. ^ ^{a b c} Bratu, Lava (2007). "Evoluția vieții muzicale timișorene în perioada antebelică" (PDF). Analele Banatului, Arheologie–Istorie. XV: 215–229. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
280. ^ "Istoricul Filarmonicii Banatul Timișoara". Filarmonica Banatul Timișoara. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
281. ^ Both, Ștefan (8 March 2016). "Legătura sufletească între Regele Mihai și Timișoara. A ctitorit Catedrala, a înființat Universitatea de Vest și Filarmonica Banatului". Adevărul. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
282. ^ "Expoziții permanente". Muzeul de Artă Timișoara. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
283. ^ "Istoricul Muzeului". Muzeul Național al Banatului. 21 September 2016. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
284. LCCN 72-82323. Archived
     from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
285. ^ "Muzeul de Transport Public "Corneliu Miklosi"". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
286. ^ "Centrul pentru Artă, Tehnologie și Experiment, MultipleXity". Ordinul Arhitecților din România. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
287. ^ "Muzeul Militar Timișoara". Muzee și Colecții din România. Institutul Național al Patrimoniului. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
288. ^ "Un nou pas făcut pentru realizarea Muzeului Național al Revoluției Anticomuniste din Decembrie 1989 de la Timișoara". TION. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
289. ^ "Memorialul Revoluției din Decembrie 1989". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
290. ^ "Muzeul Consumatorului Comunist". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
291. ^ "Muzeul Popa's". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
292. ^ "Muzeul Kindlein". Muzee și Colecții din România. Institutul Național al Patrimoniului. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
293. ^ "Festivaluri". Timisoreni.ro. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
294. ^ Szekely, Gabriel (2017). "Changes and evolution of the urban landscape of Timișoara and its Metropolitan Region" (PDF). Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology. 21 (4): 77–81. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
295. ^ ^{a b c} Tigirlas, Sergiu (2010). Cadrul natural și peisagistic al municipiului Timișoara. Vol. II. Primăria municipiului Timișoara. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
296. ^ Păun, Liana (11 September 2017). "Timișoara și Aradul, în coada clasamentului spațiilor verzi între orașele din România". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
297. ^ Marcus, Rică (1958). Parcuri și grădini în România. Bucharest: Editura Tehnică.
298. ^ "Hotărârea 132/24.03.2009 privind conferirea unei identități culturale, artistice, turistice și educative Timișoarei prin realizarea în Parcul Central a unei Alei a Personalităților de către Consiliul Local al Municipiului Timișoara". Timișoara HCL. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
299. ^ Dichiș, Bianca (2 August 2019). "Liber la plimbare și stat pe iarbă în Parcul Central din Timișoara. Fântâni iluminate, pianine în foișor și zeci de mii de flori. Foto și video". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
300. ^ "Istoria parcurilor din Timișoara. Vezi ce povești au în spate locurile de promenadă din oraș". Știrile Pro TV. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
301. ^ ^{a b} "Parcul Rozelor". Timisoara-Info.ro. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
302. ^ "Istoria uitată a parcurilor din Timișoara". ArcGIS. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
303. ^ Deaconescu, Roxana (1 June 2012). "Parcul Copiilor a fost redeschis. Prichindeii timișoreni au avut parte de cea mai frumoasă surpriză de 1 iunie! FOTO!". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
304. ^ "Grădina Botanică". Direcția de Mediu a municipiului Timișoara. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
305. ^ Dichiș, Bianca (22 November 2019). "Schimbarea la față a Parcului Civic din Timișoara. Vor apărea o fântână decorativă, o mulțime de flori și arbuști. Pornește șantierul în câteva zile". Opinia Timișoarei. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
306. ^ Biholari, Cornel (10 November 2019). "Povestea CAT-ului, primul club de fotbal al Timișoarei. Aproape de trofee, fuzionat cu RGMT și persecutat de fasciști". pressalert.ro. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
307. ^ Dudaș, Iosif (1971). Timișoara, leagănul fotbalului românesc. Consiliul Județean pentru Educație Fizică și Sport Timiș.
308. ^ "Ripensia, înviată după 64 de ani! Planul "nostalgicilor" timișoreni pentru cvadrupla campioană". Știrile Pro TV. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
309. ^ "Despre noi". SCM Timișoara. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
310. ^ "Un stadion istoric va fi demolat și noua arenă va costa 100 de milioane de euro! Anunțul autorităților". Digi Sport. 21 November 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
311. ^ Deaconescu, Roxana (9 October 2020). "Alte promisiuni pentru stadionul și sala polivalentă din Timișoara. Alin Nica a făcut două vizite la CNI". TION. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
312. ^ Both, Ștefan (28 April 2017). "Povestea bătrânei arene "Olimpia" din Timișoara. Din 1968, rămâne sala de sport cea mai importantă din oraș". Adevărul.
313. ^ Glăvan, Ciprian (2011). "Premisele, geneza și evoluția presei de limbă germană din Banat între anii 1771–1867" (PDF). Analele Banatului, Arheologie–Istorie. XIX: 359–376. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
314. ^ "Banatski almanah". Digitalna biblioteka Srba u Rumuniji.
315. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Păun, Liana (31 August 2013). "Tipografii și ziare de la habsburgi până la comuniști". pressalert.ro.
316. ISBN 978-3883560380
     .
317. ISBN 9789731257266
     .
318. ^ ^{a b} Rămneanțu, Vasile (2019). "Controlul Partidului Comunist Român asupra mediei timișorene în anii '70 ai secolului al XX-lea". Banatica. 2 (29): 443–473.
319. ^ "Instituții de presă". Oficiul de Cadastru și Publicitate Imobiliară Timiș.
320. ^ "Contact". West City Radio. 8 December 2023.
321. ^ ^{a b} "Din istoria Radio Timișoara". Radio România Timișoara. 30 May 2018.
322. ^ "Despre noi". West City Radio. 3 February 2024.
323. ^ "Posturi de radio în Timișoara". Radiomap.eu.
324. ^ ^{a b} "Despre TVR Timișoara". TVR Timișoara.
325. ^ "Cetățeni de onoare ai Timișoarei". Monitorul Primăriei Timișoara. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
326. ^ "Hotărârea nr. 145/2016". Timișoara HCL.
327. ^ Halunga, Otilia (27 November 2019). "Timiş: Compozitorul valsului Valurile Dunării, Iosif Ivanovici, Cetăţean de Onoare post mortem al municipiului Timişoara". AGERPRES. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
328. ^ "Misiuni în România". www.mae.ro (in Romanian). Ministerul Afacerilor Externe.
329. ^ "Consulate". Timisoara-Info.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
330. ^ "Timișoara Consular Body". Investing in Timiș. The Investor's Guide (PDF). Timiș County Council. 2020. p. 36.
331. ^ "Starea economică, socială şi de mediu a municipiului Timişoara 2020: Cooperarea internaţională" (PDF) (in Romanian). Timișoara. April 2021. p. 93. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
332. ^ Both, Ștefan (5 March 2019). "Timișoara s-a înfrățit cu orașul mexican Cancún. Ambasadorul a făcut cadou filmul care a câștigat Premiul Oscar 2019 pentru cel mai bun film străin". Adevărul.

External links

• Timișoara at the Encyclopædia Britannica