Sahiwal Division
Sahiwal Division
ساہیوال ڈویژن | ||
---|---|---|
Dialling code 040[3] | | |
Website | sahiwaldivision |
Sahiwal Division (
It was formed by merging parts of
About 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Sahiwal is
Location
Sahiwal Division is located at about 30.6 degrees north latitude and 73.1 degrees longitude in east central Pakistan in the Punjab region. It lies on the Pakistan national highway N-5 about halfway between Lahore and Multan. Sahiwal division is bordered by Faisalabad Division to the west; Lahore Division to the north; Bahawalpur Division and India to the east; and, Multan Division to south.
Sahiwal division lies on the
Almost 28,956 acres of the division is forested.
The Sahiwal Division lies 500 ft (150 m) above sea level and stretches above 200m in some areas.
Administration
Sahiwal Division consists of three districts and seven tehsils.
Division | Districts | Tehsils |
---|---|---|
Sahiwal | Sahiwal | Sahiwal |
Chichawatni | ||
Okara | Okara | |
Depalpur | ||
Renala Khurd | ||
Pakpattan | Pakpattan | |
Arifwala
|
Sahiwal is one of the nine divisions of Punjab, Pakistan. In 2008, after Pakistan national elections, the new democratic government restored the former tier of divisions and appointed Commissionaires for each division.
Sahiwal Division was formed in an area of 10302 km2. Its three districts are Sahiwal District, Pakpattan District and Okara District, each governed by a District Coordination Officer. Sahiwal District has two tehsils; Sahiwal and Chichawatni. Towns in these tehsils include Qadirabad, Yousafwala, Iqbal Nagar, Kassowal, Noorshah, Gogera, Malkahans, Harappa and Ghaziabad.
History
Indus Valley civilization
Ecological factors that may have been involved in the decline include drying up of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and increased aridity in Rajasthan. The Indus River also began to flow further east and floodings occurred.[8]
Shaffer (as cited in Bryant 2001:192 ) suggested: "There were no invasions from central or western South Asia. Rather there were several internal cultural adjustments reflecting altered ecological, social and economic conditions affecting northwestern and north-central South Asia".
Alexander the Great
Ashoka period
Following Alexander's departure from the region, the Punjab region was ruled by
Mughal period
From about 1524 CE, the Sahiwal region fell under the rule of the
. Where the road passes through Gogera, it is known as the Kakhan Wali Sarak.Sher Shah Suri also constructed a fort at Shergarh, in Okara District. The Mughals' dominance in the Sahiwal area continued until 1739 CE.
Sikh period
From the time of the decline of the Mughal Empire, Sahiwal fell under the rule of the
Between 1804 CE and 1810 CE,
British period
From 1845 CE to 1849 CE, Sahiwal was embroiled in the
In 1865, a railway was opened, and the district headquarters was moved to a village on the line called "Montgomery" after Sir Robert Montgomery, a colonial administrator.[9] In 1967, Montgomery was renamed "Sahiwal".
Indian Rebellion 1857
During the
In September 1858 Khan led an insurrection in the Neeli Bar district. He held the jungles of Gogera and had some successes against the British forces. Kamalia Tehsil was sacked. General Sir Crawford Chamberlain (1821 - 1902) moved north from Multan with a small force. At Chichawatni he was besieged for days. The uprising continued for three months. Along with his companions, Murad Fatiana, Shujaa Bhadroo, and Mokha Wehniwal, Khan killed Lord Berkley the Commissioner for Gogera. Several minor actions followed in the open field, until the rebels, driven from the plain into the jungles, were defeated and dispersed. The British troops then inflicted severe punishment on the insurgent clans, destroying their villages, and seizing large numbers of cattle for sale.[10]
The insurrection was centered in a wide area including Ganji Bar, Neeli Bar and Sandal Bar. The arena of conflict was bordered by the Sutlej river, the Ravi River and Chenab River. The area was thickly forested and suitable for resistance actions. For instance, Major Crawford Chamberlain was ambushed at Chichawatni.
Partition of India
Prior to 1947, Sahiwal was part of the Lahore Division of the Punjab Province of India. Then, with the Pakistan Movement for independence came the Partition of India. Sahiwal's minority Hindu and Sikh populations migrated to India. Muslim immigrants from India arrived. Sahiwal became a part of Pakistan. In 2008, the Sahiwal region, after a few changes in borders, became a "division".
Climate
In the Köppen climate classification, Sahiwal has a Semi-arid climate. More precisely, it is intermediate between a Desert climate (BW) and a Humid subtropical climate.
Temperatures in Sahiwal vary between hot and very hot in summer and are mild in winters. In May, June and July, temperatures increase to maximums between 40 and 50 °C. In winter months, the temperature falls to minimums between 5 and 10 °C.
Sahiwal lies on the edge of the Thar Desert at a low altitude and so, wet seasons are warm and dry seasons are cool. Sahiwal is also affected by the monsoon. Precipitation is very heavy in the monsoon, and dry during the rest of the year, with few or no months bringing moderate levels of precipitation.
The annual average rainfall in Sahiwal is approximately 349 mm.[11]
The soil in Sahiwal is fertile. The vegetation is short and
Economy
The economy of Sahiwal Division depends on agriculture and associated industries. The largest crop is wheat, followed by cotton.
Agriculture
Because there are nearby rivers, Sahiwal is a fertile zone within Punjab province. There is a canal
.Sahiwal's sandy region near the dry bed of the Dias river are used for growing
Forestry
Sahiwal has 28,956 acres (117 km2) of forested land. Some are in Chichawatni and Okara.[4] Trees in Sahiwal include:
- Sacred fig(Peepal)
- Banyan (Bargad)
- Eucalyptus (Safaida)
- Salvadora persica (Peelu)
- Prosopis cineraria (Jundi)
- Sal
- Tecomella undulata(Okaan)
- Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham)
- Acacia nilotica(Kikar or Babul)
- Azadirachta indica (Neem), and
- Melia azedarach (Bakain)
Cattle
The
Other livestock types that are grown in Sahiwal include sheep, and goat. Fish and poultry are also in abundant.
The Nili-Ravi is a breed of domestic water buffalo native to the Sahiwal area.
Industry
Sahiwal's industry is cantered around products and services for its agriculture. Some industrial entities in Sahiwal include
Education
The average urban literacy rate of Sahiwal Division (Sahiwal, Okara, and Pakpattan) is 60.7 percent. The average rural literacy rate is 33.8 percent.[17]
Institutions
- COMSATS University, Sahiwal
- University of Education (established 2002)
- University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal
- Acute Business College.
- Sahiwal Medical College, DHQ Hospital Sahiwal.
- School of Nursing, DHQ Hospital, Okara.
- Government College of Technology, Sahiwal
- Government College Sahiwal (established 1942)[18]
- Divisional Public School and College, Sahiwal,
- District Public School and College, Okara
- Divisional Public School, Pakpattan
- Sahiwal Public School, Sahiwal
- College of Advanced Scientific Techniques (CAST), Sahiwal
- University of Lahore (UOL), Pakpattan
- Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal
- Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Sahiwal
- University of Okara, Okara
- Cadet College Okara, Okara
Other notable schools are Ad Alta School Sahiwal, Beaconhouse School System, BloomField Hall, The City School, Army Public School, Sahiwal, Army Public School, Okara, Government College For Women, Sahiwal, Government High School, Sahiwal, Government Mahmoodia High School, Sahiwal, Comprehensive School, Sahiwal, Government Pilot Higher Secondary School, Government Immamia College, Muhammadan Law College, Sahiwal, Multan Law College, Sahiwal, Government Commerce College, The Educators, Punjab Group of Colleges and The Limit Group of Colleges, Okara, Leading college, Sahiwal.
Libraries
Sahiwal Division has following libraries;
- Government Jinnah Public Library, Sahiwal (established 1989)
- COMSATS Sahiwal Library
- Government Post Graduate College Sahiwal Library is the largest library in Sahiwal Division.
- Sahiwal Public library (Library Bazm-e-Adab-o-Fikr) is the oldest library of Sahiwal.
Other libraries are Baldia Library, Government College for Women library, Zila Council Library and District Bar Library.
Demography
At the time of the 1998 Census in Pakistan, the population of Sahiwal Division was 6,271,247. The population density was 608 people per square kilometre. Forty-seven percent were female. Seventy-five percent lived in an urban environment. The urban literacy rate was 60.7 percent. The rural literacy rate was 33.8 percent.
According to 2017 census, Sahiwal division had a population of 7,378,065, which includes 3,769,226 males and 3,608,089 females. The Sahiwal population includes a small proportion of indigenous people living in pastoral communities. Another proportion are people whose ancestors moved to the area and were allotted lands by the British in about 1849. The Abadkar people were forcibly removed to Sahiwal from other areas of Punjab (especially the east) after the building of the irrigation canal system in Sahiwal. These people became
- Religion
Islam is the predominant religion in Sahiwal. In 1998, over 98.7 percent of residents in Sahiwal identified as Muslim. Islam was brought to the area by
- Language
Notable people
- Punjab region.
- Tufail Mohammad (1914 CE - 1958 CE) was a recipient of the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military award, for his contribution to the defence of Pakistan.
- Majeed Amjad (1914 CE - 1974 CE) was a writer of modern Urdu literature. He was educated at the Government College Lahore. He was inspired by the flora of Sahiwal. There is a park named for him.
- electroweak theory. He was born in Santokdas a village near haveli lakha tehsil depalpur where his maternal grand father was resided, raised in Jhang and is buried in Rabwah.[19]
Central Jail Sahiwal
The first jail in Sahiwal was the
People who have been housed at the jail include:
Twin cities
Sahiwal city is a twin of Rochdale, Greater Manchester, North West England. There is a direction sign in Rochdale's town centre that reads, "Sahiwal 3960 miles" and points towards Sahiwal.[20]
See also
- Divisions of Pakistan
- Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan
- Harappa
- Okara District
- Pakpattan District
- Kaluwal Mittha Village
References
- ^ "Commissioners housed in 9 Punjab divisions". GEO Television Network website. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Punjab Gateway". Government of Punjab, Pakistan website. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ Razak A. Punjabi Literary History of Sahiwal in Punjabi.
- ^ Harappa Archived 22 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- ^ Flam (1981, 1991) and Mackay (1938, 1943) as cited by Kenoyer in Erdosy (1995:224)
- ^ Montgomery District Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 17 p. 410.
- ^ a b Montgomery District Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. 17 p. 411.
- ^ Climate Profile My Weather 2 website.
- ^ Handbook of Australian Livestock Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation,1989, third edition.
- ^ Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World MSO-AGVET (Merck and Co., Inc.) Rahway, N.J. 1985.
- ^ Mason I. L. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. C.A.B International 1996. fourth edition p. 273.
- ^ Sahiwal Cattle Oklahoma State University website
- ^ RCCSC Research Centre for Conservation of Sahiwal Cattle website.
- ^ Education Archived 21 December 2012 at archive.today Government of Pakistan.
- ^ "Govt. Post Graduate College Sahiwal". Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ Kibble T. W. "Muhammad Abdus Salam, K. B. E. (29 January 1926 – 21 November 1996)" in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society November 1998, Vol. 44 p. 386 - 401.
- ^ [1] UK Parliament 1991.