Second Revolution (Republic of China)
Second Revolution | |||||||
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Part of aftermath of Xinhai Revolution | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Southern provinces | Beiyang Government | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Sun Yat-sen Huang Xing Bai Wenwei Chen Jiongming Hu Hanmin Chen Qimei Li Liejun |
Yuan Shikai Zhang Xun Duan Qirui Long Jiguang Li Chun Ni Sichong | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
10,000 |
The Second Revolution (
The Bai Lang Rebellion was concurrent to the Second Revolution.
Background
Kuomintang leader
On May 20, 1913, Yuan concluded a deal with Russia that granted Russia special privileges in Outer Mongolia and restricted Chinese right to station troops there.[2] Kuomintang members of the Parliament accused Yuan of abusing his rights and called for his removal. On the other hand, the Progressive Party (Chinese: 進步黨; pinyin: Jìnbùdǎng), which was composed of constitutional monarchists and supported Yuan, accused the Kuomintang of fomenting an insurrection. Yuan then decided to use military action against the Kuomintang.[3]
There were several underlying reasons for the Second Revolution besides Yuan's abuse of power. First was that most Revolutionary Armies from different provinces were disbanded after the establishment of the Republic of China, and many officers and soldiers felt that they were not compensated for toppling the Qing Dynasty. These factors gave rise to much discontent against the new government among the military. Secondly, many revolutionaries felt that Yuan Shikai and Li Yuanhong were undeserving of the posts of presidency and vice presidency, because they acquired the posts through political maneuvering rather than participation in the revolutionary movement. Lastly, Yuan's use of violence (such as Song's assassination) dashed the Kuomintang's hope of achieving reforms and political goals through electoral means.
Events
Yuan Shikai's actions against KMT supporters
In the beginning of May
June 13, Military Governor of Guangdong Hu Hanmin (Kuomintang) was appointed to a position in Tibet, he was replaced by Chen Jiongming.[4]: 122 June 30, Anhui Governor Bai Wenwei (KMT) was also dismissed, on the same day Li Yuanhong made mass arrests of underground party leaders in Wuhan.[4]: 122 At the behest of Jiujiang garrison commander Chen Tingxun, on July 3, Yuan sent the Beiyang Army 6th Division under command of Li Chun into Jiangxi.[6]
Southern Provinces declare independence
On July 12 Li Liejun returned to Jiangxi and at hukou Proclaimed Jiangxi independent[7]
On July 15, Huang Xing arrived at Nanjing, organized an anti-Yuan force, and announced Jiangsu independence. Jiangsu Governor Cheng Dequan was named commander of southern forces, however Cheng declined the offer and fled to Shanghai.
On July 17, Anhui governor Bai Wenwei , declared his province's independence. On the 18, Chen Qimei announced Shanghai independence. On July 18, Chen Jiongming responded to Sun's plea to declare Guangdong's independence.[8] On July 19, Sun Daoren and Xu Zhongzhi announced Fujian independence over telegram.
On July 22, anti-Yuan forces were defeated around
On July 26,
On July 31, Ni Sichong's Beiyang force attacked Fengtai and captured Huaiyuan County. On August 2, Fengtai fell to Beiyang forces.[12]
On August 4 in Chongqing Xiong Kewu declared Sichuan independent. Yuan Shikai ordered Yunnan's general and warlord Tang Jiyao and his army into Sichuan to suppress the rebellion. Long Jiguang would be successful in this and defeated Xiong Kewu's forces. On the 8th He Haiming declared independence in Nanjing a second time, however that evening Chen Juhe[who?] went to Nanjing's 8th Division headquarters and cancelled the declaration. The next day Sun Daoren cancelled Fujian independence via telegram message.
On August 5 16:00, Beiyang forces captured Shou County. On August 7, Hu Wantai revolted against Anhui in support of Beiyang and On August 11 took control of the provincial capital of Anqing .
On August 11, He Haiming again declared independence in Nanjing, and led 2000 soldiers in a bloody battle against the
On September 11, Xiong Kewu abandoned Chongqing, dispersed his forces, assumed an alias and fled. The next day,
Seeing the situation for his party worsen, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan in November 1913. Subsequently, Yuan gradually took over the government, using the military as the base of his power. He dissolved the national and provincial assemblies, and the House of Representatives and Senate were replaced by the newly formed "Council of State", with Duan Qirui, his trusted Beiyang lieutenant, as Prime Minister. He relied on the American-educated Tsai Tingkan for English translation and connections with western powers. Finally, Yuan had himself elected president to a five-year term, publicly labelled the KMT a seditious organization, ordered the KMT's dissolution, and evicted all its members from Parliament.
Aftermath
The KMT's "Second Revolution" ended in failure as Yuan's troops achieved complete victory over revolutionary uprisings. Provincial governors with KMT loyalties who remained willingly submitted to Yuan. Because those commanders not loyal to Yuan were effectively removed from power, the Second Revolution cemented Yuan's power.[14]
In January 1914, China's Parliament was formally dissolved. To give his government a semblance of legitimacy, Yuan convened a body of 66 men from his cabinet who, on 1 May 1914, produced a "constitutional compact" that effectively replaced China's provisional constitution. The new legal status quo gave Yuan, as president, practically unlimited powers over China's military, finances, foreign policy, and the rights of China's citizens. Yuan justified these reforms by stating that representative democracy had been proven inefficient by political infighting.[15]
After his victory, Yuan reorganized the provincial governments. Each province was supported by a military governor (都督) as well as a civil authority, giving each governor control of their own army. This helped lay the foundations for the warlordism that crippled China over the next two decades.
During Yuan's presidency, a silver "dollar" (
See also
- 1913 in China
- Xinhai Revolution
- Constitutional Protection Movement
References
- ^ Hirata Koji, "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914." Modern Asian Studies 47.3 (2013): 895–934.
- ^ Jianyong, Feng. "The 1911 Revolution and the Frontier: The 'Political Game' and 'State-Building' in Outer Mongolia during the 1911 Revolution 辛亥革命とフロンティア 外モンゴルにおける政治のゲームと国家建設." (2014). online
- ^ In Search of Modern China.
When the other Guomindang delegates had assembled in Parliament, they pressed to gain control over Yuan, to develop a permanent constitution, and to hold a full and open presidential election. The Guomindang members, in particular, were intensely critical of Yuan's handling of national finances: instead of addressing tax-collection problems directly, he had taken out another huge loan—a so-called "reorganization loan"—of over £25 million (approximately $100 million) from a consortium of foreign banks. Yuan interpreted these bitter protests as personal attacks and resolved to strike back. In early May 1913, he dismissed the leading pro-Guomindang military governors. In heavy fighting that summer, troops loyal to the Guomindang were routed by Yuan's forces, and in September, Nanjing was taken for Yuan by the reactionary general Zhang Xun, whose troops still wore their Manchu queues. In October, Yuan forced the members of Parliament to elect him president for a five-year term. (It took three ballots before he won a majority, however.) Finally, calling the Guomindang a seditious organization, he ordered the dissolution of the party and the eviction of its remaining members from Parliament. At the end of November, Sun Yat-sen left China for Japan, driven once more into exile from his own country, his republican dreams in ruins.
- ^ ISBN 978-957-32-4680-0.
- ^ 李列钧在江西一带实行政治和经济改革,整顿财政、选派留学生出国、并捉捕了彭木香等匪徒。見:李中福; 周望高. "李烈钧督赣期间的得失探析". 湖南师范大学.
吴晓平、周望高. "民初李烈钧在江西的改革". 华南师范大学学报. - ^ 向祎华 (2014-02-27). "1913年江西进入北洋军阀黑暗统治时期 都督李纯大肆搜刮在天津建". 江西晨報. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15.
- ^ "二次革命中的李烈鈞". www.itaiwannews.cn. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
- ]
- ^ 《剑桥中华民国史》第四章(二次革命)
- ^ 道客巴巴. "二次革命在广东". www.doc88.com. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
- ^ "龙济光治粤探究".
- ^ "倪嗣冲与安徽二次革命".
- ^ ""倪嗣冲与安徽二次革命"".
- ^ Bonavia 36
- ISBN 0-393-97351-4.
- ^ *Meyerhofer, Adi (2013). "袁大头. Yuan Shi-kai Dollar: 'Fat Man Dollar' Forgeries and Remints" (PDF) (in German and English). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-09-20.[self-published source?]