Wader

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Shorebird
)
This article is about a group of charadriiform birds. For the waterproof hip boots or fishing trousers, see Waders (footwear). For the group that refers to storks, ibises and herons by North American birders, see Wader (American).
"Shorebirds" redirects here. For the punk rock music band, see Shorebirds (band).
Waders
Temporal range: Late Oligocene–recent
Small bird with long legs standing at water's edge
Semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Neoaves
Order: Charadriiformes
Groups included
  • (Eu)
    Charadrii
  • Scolopaci
  • Dromadidae
  • Turnicidae
    (occasionally included)
  • Glareolidae (occasioally included)
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
ringed plover wading on a shore
refer to caption
Common greenshank and Common redshank
.
A flock of Dunlins and Red knots

Waders or shorebirds are

shorelines and mudflats in order to forage for food crawling or burrowing in the mud and sand, usually small arthropods such as aquatic insects or crustaceans. The term "wader" is used in Europe, while "shorebird" is used in North America, where "wader" may be used instead to refer to long-legged wading birds such as storks and herons
.

There are about 210

southern hemisphere
.

Many of the smaller species found in

coastal habitats, particularly but not exclusively the calidrids, are often named as "sandpipers", but this term does not have a strict meaning, since the upland sandpiper
is a grassland species.

The smallest member of this group is the

beach thick-knee
is the heaviest at about 1 kg (2 lb 3 oz).

Taxonomy

In the

monophyletic
suborder of plovers, oystercatchers, and their close relatives.

The waders are traditionally a group of two Charadriiform

suborders which include 13 families. Species in the third Charadriiform suborder, Lari, are not universally considered as waders,[2]
though the Larine families which may variously be included are listed below as well.

Characteristics

Shorebirds is a blanket term used to refer to multiple bird species that live in wet, coastal environments. Because most these species spend much of their time near bodies of water, many have long legs suitable for wading (hence the name 'Waders'). Some species prefer locations with rocks or mud. Many shorebirds display migratory patterns and often migrate before breeding season. These behaviors explain the long wing lengths observed in species, and can also account for the efficient metabolisms that give the birds energy during long migrations.[3]

The majority of species eat small

reptiles
.

Sexual dimorphism

Shorebirds, like many other animals, exhibit phenotypic differences between males and females, also known as sexual dimorphism. In shorebirds, various sexual dimorphisms are seen, including, but not limited to, size (e.g. body size, bill size), color, and agility. In polygynous species, where one male individual mates with multiple female partners over his lifetime, dimorphisms tend to be more diverse.[3] In monogamous species, where male individuals mate with a single female partner, males typically do not have distinctive dimorphic characteristics such as colored feathers, but they still tend to be larger in size compared to females. The suborder Charadrii displays the widest range of sexual dimorphisms seen in the order Charadriiformes.[4] However, cases of sexual monomorphism, where there are no distinguishing physical features besides external genitalia, are also seen in this order.[5]

Sexual selection

One of the biggest factors that leads to the development of sexual dimorphism in shorebirds is sexual selection.[6] Males with ideal characteristics favored by females are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genetic information to their offspring better than the males who lack such characteristics. Mentioned earlier, male shorebirds are typically larger in size compared to their female counterparts. Competition between males tends to lead to sexual selection toward larger males and as a result, an increase in dimorphism. Bigger males tend to have greater access (and appeal) to female mates because their larger size aids them in defeating other competitors.[6] Likewise, if the species exhibits gender role reversal (where males take on roles traditionally done by females such as childcare and feeding), then males will select female mates based on traits that are the most appealing. In the Jacana species, females compete with each other for access to male mates, so females are larger in size. Males choose female mates based on who presents herself as the strongest and who 'owns' the most territory.[5]

Natural selection

Another factor that leads to the development of dimorphisms in species is natural selection. Natural selection focuses on traits and the environment's response to the traits in question; if the said trait increases the overall fitness of the individual possessing it, then it will be 'selected' and eventually become a permanent part of the population's gene pool. For example, depending on the food available in a shorebird specie's respective niche, bigger bill sizes may be favored in all individuals.[6] This would essentially lead to monomorphism within the species but is subject to change once sexual selection acts on the trait. Sexual selection could give rise to males with relatively larger bills than females if males used their bills to compete with other males. If larger bill size assisted the male in gathering resources, it would also make him more attractive to female mates.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith and D.A. Stroud (2006). "Waterbirds around the world" (PDF). Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  2. Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List Version 11.2"
    . International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "Explore the World With Shorebirds." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1 Aug. 2004. Web.http://www.fws.gov/alaska/external/education/pdf/Chap4.pdf .
  4. ^ Székely, Tamás, John D. Reynolds, and Jordi Figuerola. 2000. Sexual Size Dimorphism In Shorebirds, Gulls, And Alcids: The Influence Of Sexual And Natural Selection. 54(4): 1404-413. [1]
  5. ^ a b Lindenfors, P., T. Szekely, and J. D. Reynolds. "Directional Changes in Sexual Size Dimorphism in Shorebirds, Gulls and Alcids." Journal of Evolutionary Biology J. Evolution Biol: 930-38. Print.
  6. ^ a b c Szekely, T., R. P. Freckleton, and J. D. Reynolds. "Sexual Selection Explains Rensch's Rule of Size Dimorphism in Shorebirds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2004): 12224-2227. Print.

Sources

External links

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